单侧三维多功能外固定架治疗胫腓骨开放粉碎性骨折

目的探讨三维多功能外固定架治疗胫腓骨开放性粉碎性骨折的优势及并发症防治.方法利用单侧三维多功能外固定架治疗胫腓骨开放粉碎性骨折60例.按Gustilo分型:Ⅰ型9例,Ⅱ型26例,ⅢA 16例,ⅢB 9例.结果随访时间6～24个月,平均12个月,4例皮下感染,60例均达骨性愈合,无一例骨不连及再次骨折发生.结论应用外固定架治疗胫腓骨开放性粉碎性骨折创伤小,感染率低,应力遮挡小,骨折愈合快.     

组合式外固定架治疗胫腓骨多段粉碎性骨折

目的 探讨和总结组合式外固定架治疗胫腓骨多段粉碎性骨折的效果。方法 近3年收治胫腓骨多段粉碎性骨折25例，其中男18例，女7例，年龄18～52岁，平均37．5岁，均采用组合式外固定架治疗。结果 经3～15个月随访，25例患骨折全部愈合，平均愈合时间5．8个月，拆除全部外固定时间平均7．6个月。3例发生针道感染，4例轻度畸形愈合。结论 组合式外固定架是治疗胫腓骨多段粉碎性骨折的理想方法。     

42例交通伤开放性胫腓骨骨折V型外固定架治疗体会

目的　探讨治疗交通伤胫腓骨开放性骨折的固定方法。方法　应用AOV型管状外固定架治疗交通伤胫腓骨开放性骨折 ,闭合复位单纯应用V型外固定架 17例 ,切开复位有限内固定结合V型外固定架治病 2 5例。结果　其中 4 1例骨折愈合 ,愈合时间 4～ 18个月 ,平均 12 .6个月 ,1例闭合复位单纯应用外固定架治疗者于术后 1a骨折不愈合。结论　AOV型管状外固定架治疗交通伤胫腓骨开放性骨折 ,操作简便 ,创伤小 ,固定效果可靠 ,结合拉力螺钉内固定可以获得更好的复位效果并缩短手术时间。对于交通伤胫腓骨开放性骨折外固定架的动力化及拆除不要过早。晚期的针道感染需要重视。     

多节段外固定架治疗胫腓骨多段粉碎性骨折

目的探讨多节段外固定架治疗胫腓骨多段粉碎性骨折的疗效。方法对2003年10月至2005年10月我院收治的9例胫腓骨多段粉碎性骨折患者进行多节段外固定架治疗,术后早期功能锻炼。结果术后所有患者平均随访13.5个月,骨折愈合时间为5-8个月,平均6.3个月,1例出现针道感染。结论多节段外固定架治疗胫腓骨多段粉碎性骨折是一种简便又安全有效的治疗方法。     

胫腓骨远端粉碎性骨折的治疗

目的 探讨钢板在胫腓骨远端粉碎性骨折中的应用。方法 应用钢板固定治疗胫腓骨远端粉碎性骨折67例。按AO分类：A型27例，B型23例，C型17例。开放性骨折20例，闭合性骨折47例。结果 67例均获随访，时间12～36个月，所有病例均骨性愈合。参照Mazur等制定的踝关节症状与功能评分系统，优46例，良12例，可7例，差2例。优良率86．6％。其中波及关节面的B、C型骨折优良率为77．5％。结论 胫腓骨远端粉碎性骨折应积极手术治疗，钢板固定可使胫腓骨远端粉碎性骨折获得良好的复位和牢固固定，有利于骨折愈合和关节功能恢复，疗效较好。     

外固定架固定治疗开放性胫腓骨骨折的疗效分析

目的探讨外固定架固定治疗开放性胫腓骨骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2014-02—2017-02采用外固定架固定治疗的54例GustiloⅡ、Ⅲ型开放性胫腓骨骨折。结果 54例均获得随访,随访时间平均25.3(6~36)个月。骨折愈合时间平均8.9个月,24例GustiloⅡ型骨折愈合时间平均7.6个月,30例GustiloⅢ型骨折愈合时间平均11.4个月。骨折愈合质量按Merchant评分标准评定:优28例,良18例,可6例,差2例,优良率85.2%。2例术后骨折不愈合,行切开植骨内固定,术后骨折顺利愈合。末次随访时疗效采用Johner-Wruhs评分标准评定:优32例,良14例,可7例,差1例,优良率85.2%。结论外固定架固定治疗GustiloⅡ、Ⅲ型开放性胫腓骨骨折不仅操作简便、对骨折断端血供破坏少、感染发生率低,而且患者能够早期功能锻炼,促进骨折愈合,为创面修复及肢体功能重建创造良好的前提条件。     

Hoffmann Ⅱ外固定架治疗胫腓骨粉碎性骨折的疗效观察

目的探讨HoffmannⅡ外固定架治疗胫腓骨粉碎性骨折的疗效。方法自2009-09—2012-04采用HoffmannⅡ外固定架治疗胫腓骨粉碎性骨折43例。结果所有患者均获得随访,平均随访时间8.2个月,骨折全部愈合,平均愈合时间7.1个月,拆除全部外固定时间平均7.8个月。并发症包括骨质疏松2例,钉道感染3例。结论 HoffmannⅡ外固定架治疗胫腓骨粉碎性骨折操作方便,固定牢靠,安装方便,容易拆除,无需二次手术取出。     

单侧三维外固定支架治疗胫骨GustiloⅢ型骨折

目的探讨外固定支架治疗胫腓骨重度开放性骨折的治疗效果。方法利用单侧三维外固定架治疗21例，其中GustiloⅢa型骨折8例，Ⅲb型13例。结果本组21例均经过5～12个月的随防，平均骨折愈合时间为4～5个月。结论外固定支架治疗复杂的GustiloⅢ型骨折，能够缩短骨折愈合时间，减少并发症。而提供了一个有效的固定方法。     

三维外固定架结合有限内固定治疗肱骨干粉碎性骨折

[目的]探讨三维外固定架结合有限内固定治疗肱骨干粉碎性骨折的临床疗效。[方法]2000年1月-2006年5月，收治肱骨干粉碎性骨折28例，骨折根据AO／ASIF分类，其中：B1型5例，B2型3例，B3型9例，C1型6例，C2型4例，C3型1例，采用三维外固定架结合螺钉和／或钢丝有限内固定治疗，术后3d行合理的康复治疗。从手术情况、并发症、骨折愈合及功能评价等方面对疗效进行分析。[结果]28例患者术后获平均13（10—15）个月随访，27例患者获骨性愈合，愈合率96．4％，骨折愈合时间12—33周，平均19．5周。除1例骨折未愈合外，余肩、肘关节功能均正常，优良率92．8％。[结论]三维外固定架结合有限内固定是治疗肱骨干粉碎性骨折的较好方法，符合骨折治疗的微创生物学原则，操作简单，固定可靠，功能恢复满意。     

单臂外固定支架配合跟骨牵引治疗胫腓骨粉碎性骨折

目的报告单臂外固定架配合跟骨牵引治疗胫腓骨粉碎性骨折的疗效。方法186例胫腓骨粉碎性骨折,其中开放骨折42例,闭合骨折142例,均采用单臂外固定架,配合跟骨牵引治疗。结果随访185例,183例骨愈合,平均愈合时间6个月,按Johner-Wrichs,优113例,良69例,差2例。针为17.5%。结论单臂外固定支架配合跟骨牵引治疗胫腓骨粉碎性骨折,方法,疗效肯定。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.