江苏省中小学生身体形态变化趋势分析

目的了解江苏省中小学生身体形态变化情况。方法收集1985年、1995年、2005年和2014年江苏省中小学生体质调研数据,对7～18岁学生身高和体重指标变化情况进行对比分析。结果 1985—2014年江苏省7～18岁中小学生身高和体重均呈增加趋势。2014年与1985年相比,各年龄组城市男生身高增加3.9～11.9cm,乡村男生增加5.4～17.9cm,城市女生增加2.7～8.9cm,乡村女生增加3.3～14.4cm,城市男生体重增加6.9～15.5kg,乡村男生增加6.6～17.6kg,城市女生增加4.5～10.6kg,乡村女生增加1.5～13.0kg。平均身高和体重最大增幅男生高于女生,乡村高于城市。2014年城市组学生平均身高和体重增幅低于1995年和2005年,乡村组学生相对稳定增长。结论 1985—2014年江苏省中小学生身体形态各指标持续增加,发育状况得到了极大改善。     

1975-2005年中国7岁以下儿童体格发育变化趋势

目的 了解1975-2005年间我国儿童体格发育变化趋势和特点.方法 资料来源于1975、1985、1995及2005年中国9个城市7岁以下儿童体格发育调查.调查点为北京、哈尔滨、西安、上海、南京、武汉、福州、广州及昆明市的城区及郊区县.采取随机整群抽样的方法,抽取刚初生至差1 d不满7岁的健康儿童,分22个年龄组,每市、每个年龄组、城乡男女儿童各150～200名.1975年样本量为158 400名,1985年样本量为152 874名,1995年样本量为157 362名,2005年样本量为138 775名.分析7岁以下儿童身高、体重、头围、胸围的变化.结果 30年间,无论城、乡、男、女,多数年龄组儿童的平均体重、身高均有明显增长.其中12～15个月组体重增长0.76～1.14 kg,6～7岁组增长2.58～3.26 ks;12～15个月组身高增长2.7～3.8 cm,6～7岁组增长5.0～7.6 cm.胸围4个月前几乎无增长,4个月后略有增长;头围增长幅度最小,增幅在0.1～1.0 cm之间.1975-1985年、1985-1995年、1995-2005年身高、体重每10年的增幅逐渐变大,其中5～6岁城市男童体重分别增长0.58、1.02、1.67 kg,身高分别增长1.5、2.0和2.6 cm.身高的城乡差距逐渐缩小,其中6～7岁组男童的城乡差别由1975年的4.9 cm降至2005年的2.6 cm;体重城乡差距的变化则为3岁前略有缩小,3岁后却逐渐增大,其中6～7岁组男童体重的城乡差异由1975年的1.14 kg增大至2005年的1.72 kg.身高、体重的地区差别也有逐渐缩小的趋势.结论9个城市儿童生长发育水平明显提高,呈快速增长趋势;身高、体重的城乡差别、地区差别有逐渐缩小趋势.     

宁夏回族青少年1985-2005年生长变化趋势分析

目的分析1985-2005年回族儿童青少年生长发育长期变化,为制定学校卫生工作发展规划提供依据。方法采用1985-2005年"全国学生体质健康调研"体系资料,分析宁夏回族自治区7～18岁回族中小学生身高、体重和BMI各阶段变化,并进行比较。结果20 a来回族7～18岁男、女生身高平均增加4.0和2.7 cm,体重平均增加4.5和3.1 kg,BMI平均增加1.1和0.9 kg/m2。18岁男、女生身高分别增加了1.5和1.1 cm。结论回族儿童青少年身高、体重和BMI均出现全面增长,呈明显的生长长期趋势。应注意儿童期生长提高速度减缓和乡村学生生长发育问题。     

龙岩市城区中小学生形态发育状况的动态分析

目的　了解龙岩市城区中小学生生长发育现状及变化趋势。　方法　于 1983～ 2 0 0 1年 3次对 4所学校的 2 0 2 0 0名学生形态发育水平进行调查分析。　结果　 18年间 ,龙岩市中小学生生长发育水平明显提高 ,男生身高、体重、胸围平均增长 9.2cm、9.5kg、5 .3cm ,女生平均增长 7.7cm、6 .8kg、4 .9cm ,10年平均增长值均高于全国水平 ;各形态指标发育曲线交叉年龄和发育高峰年龄提高 1～ 2年 ;身高发育水平高于日本儿童 ,低于全国儿童 ,体重发育水平在突增后期低于日本和全国儿童。　结论　龙岩市城区中小学生青春期有前移倾向 ,其生长发育水平呈长期加速趋势。     

我国中小学生体格发育南北差异比较

目的了解中国北方与南方儿童青少年体格发育水平与变化趋势,为开展学校卫生保健工作提供信息与指导。方法根据全国1985年和2005年学生体质调研的资料,统一按照1985年首次全国学生体质调研所确定的南北方省份,采用加权平均值法对2005年公布的14个北方省份、14个南方省份的数据进行合并。结果 1985年和2005年北方学生身高、体重和胸围的生长水平持续高于南方同龄学生(P<0.05或P<0.01);1985-2005年的20 a间,7~18岁北方与南方学生身高差距平均缩小了0.08 cm(城男)、0.12 cm(城女)、0.63 cm(乡男)和0.80 cm(乡女),体重差距平均扩大了1.07 kg(城男)、0.51 kg(城女)、0.69 kg(乡男)和0.22 kg(乡女),胸围差距平均扩大了0.24 cm(城男)、0.55 cm(乡男)和0.43 cm(乡女)。结论我国学生体格发育呈现"北高南矮"的趋势,身高发育的南北差距缩小,体重和胸围发育的南北差距扩大。     

少数民族儿童青少年生长长期变化趋势分析

目的探讨回族、维吾尔族、壮族、朝鲜族儿童青少年1985-2005年生长长期变化特点、规律和趋势,为改善和提高中国少数民族儿童青少年生长发育水平提供科学依据。方法分析中国学生体质与健康调研中的回、维、壮、朝鲜族7~18岁中小学生身高、体重、体质指数(BMI)、身高最大增长年龄(MIA)的增幅和不同阶段增速,并以18岁年龄组为个案计算成年身高的持续增长和性别差异。结果 1985-2005年,回、维、壮、朝鲜族7~18岁中小学生身高平均增长幅度男生为3.76~6.10 cm,女生为1.62~4.81 cm;体重增长幅度男生为3.37~7.03 kg,女生为1.95~5.42 kg;体质指数(BMI)增长幅度男生为0.71~1.72 kg/m2,女生为0.36~1.43 kg/m2;MIA除回族外均提前1~3岁;成年身高出现增长,但幅度大多数不大,性差不足13 cm。结论回、维、壮族人群处于生长长期趋势的初期阶段,朝鲜族已步入快速阶段,4个少数民族人群生长长期趋势潜力较大。     

2011年上海市松江区中小学生生长发育状况分析

目的 了解现阶段上海市松江区中小学生生长发育的状况和规律,分析生长发育的变化趋势,为青春期保健的研究提供参考数据.方法 从松江区30所小学和33所中学中随机抽取27 834名7 ～17岁在校生,按规范测量其身高、体重.结果 松江区7～17岁男生平均身高年均增长4.6 cm,女生年均增长3.5 cm;7～17岁男生平均体重年均增长3.8 kg,女生年均增长2.9 kg.7～17岁男女生的身高及体重差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01),均随年龄的增长而增加.结论 松江区中小学生生长发育规律符合全国总体规律,女生生长发育突增年龄与上海市一致,而男生稍晚,生长发育趋势有其显著的年龄性别特征.     

云南省1985-2014年汉族儿童青少年生长长期趋势分析

分析1985-2014年云南省汉族儿童青少年的生长长期变化,为促进学生体质与健康提供依据.方法 收集1985、1995、2005和2014年4次云南省7~18岁汉族学生的身高、体重、体质量指数(BMI)、月经初潮(女)和首次遗精(男)年龄以及坐高/身高指数资料进行动态分析.结果 近30 a来,7~18岁城男、乡男、城女和乡女的身高平均增幅分别为6.8,9.0,4.9,7.2 cm,体重平均增幅分别为8.9,7.6,5.2,5.0 kg.2014年男生首次遗精和女生月经初潮年龄分别较1995或1985年提前了0.29岁和1.10岁.30 a间,城男、乡男、城女和乡女BMI平均增幅分别为2.2,1.4,1.3,0.8 kg/m2.2014年云南省汉族城男、乡男、城女和乡女成年身高分别比1985年增高了3.5,4.6,1.4,2.8 cm.结论 云南省汉族儿童青少年儿童期生长水平提高、青春期提前、身材比例变化、成年身高增长,步入生长长期趋势轨道.应加强重视,采取各种有效措施促进儿童青少年的健康成长.     

基于身高变化的中国7~12岁儿童健康公平性研究

分析1985-2010年基于身高变化我国儿童健康公平状况及变化情况,为相关政策的制定提供依据.方法 利用1985-2010年中国学生体质与健康调研报告中的7~12岁儿童身高资料和国家统计数据库的GDP资料,分析儿童身高与人均GDP的相关性,比较城乡及东中西部儿童身高的差异,利用集中指数定量研究儿童健康公平性及变化情况.结果 1985-2010年人均GDP与城乡7~12岁儿童身高之间存在正相关,除12岁年龄组外,相关系数r值均>0.8(P值均<0.05).1985-2010年间,城乡儿童身高差值男生从4.13 cm减少至3.24 cm,女生从4.57 cm减少至3.07 cm;东部和中部地区的平均身高差值男生从1.62 cm增大至2.27 cm,女生从1.78 cm增大至2.61 cm,东、西部差值男生从3.01 cm增大至4.41 cm,女生从2.92 cm增大至4.57 cm.各省身高的集中指数均为正值,25年间男生集中指数由0.006增长至0.007,女生由0.006增长至0.008.从1985到2005年,除1991年最低外,集中指数的绝对值逐年增大,而2010年略有降低.结论 经济水平与儿童身高存在正相关,1985-2010年儿童身高的城乡差异缩小,东中西部差异有所扩大.自1985-2005年儿童健康不公平程度有所增加,2010年略有下降.     

青少年成年身高的长期变化及其影响因素

一、成年身高增长是生长长期趋势的重要表现 　　生长长期趋势（secular growth trend）,是近两个世纪以来发生的人类生物学重大现象之一,表现为儿童生长水平提高,青春期发育提前,成年身高持续增长.欧美各国儿童和少年1880至1998年的生长变化表明：5～7岁人群的身高和体重增幅分别为1 cm/10年和0.3 kg/10年;8～11岁人群的身高和体重增幅分别为1.3 cm/10年和0.5 kg/10年;12～15岁青春期阶段身高增幅男性为2.5 cm/10年、女性为2.1 cm/10年,体重增幅男性为2 kg/10年、女性为1.5 kg/10年;18岁成年男女性身高增幅分别为0.6～1.1 cm/10年和0.4～0.8 cm/10年.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.