土壤对污水有机致突物的净化作用

污灌引起土壤污染,但土壤微生物对有机污染物有一定的降解作用,本文报告土壤对进入其中的有机致突物的降解以及色谱/质谱联机的测定结果。 一、材料与方法 1.样品采集和处理:污水、地下水取自北京东郊高碑店污水处理厂和污水灌溉区。经XAD-2树脂柱吸附后,依次以30％丙酮-     

污水提取物致突变性研究(综述)

本文综述了近年来研究污水有机化合物的致突变性问题。着重介绍了污水致突物的各种浓缩方法,说明了用Ames试验检测污水提取物致突变性的可行性以及污水致突物在土壤中降解的可能性。     

污灌区土壤,地下水,蔬菜的致突变性研究

为探讨灌田用污水中致突物质是否在污灌区土壤中蓄积并在环境因素之间迁移，经食物链对人体健康产生潜在性危害，我们以天津市３０余年污灌史的灌区土壤、深层地下水及蔬菜为研究对象，通过小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验，对共有机提取物的致突变性进行了检测。     

用彗星实验和微核实验反映土壤有机污染物的联合毒性

目的 利用彗星实验和微核实验反映土壤有机污染物的联合毒性.方法 选取某污灌农田土壤为研究对象(下称“污灌区”),地下水灌溉农田土壤为对照(下称“对照区”),采用超声振荡法提取土壤中的有机污染物,用气相色谱质谱联用仪(GC/MS)对土壤中的有机物进行分析;采用灌胃的方式对小鼠进行染毒,用单细胞凝胶电泳实验和徽核试验检测土壤有机提取物的联合毒性.结果 污灌区土壤检出的主要污染物为烷烃类、苯系物及多环芳烃,有机污染物的种类及含量高出对照区数倍;与试剂对照组和对照区相同染毒剂量组比较,污灌区各组拖尾率、微核率均增高(P＜0.05).结论 该污灌区土壤已受到一定程度的有机物污染,且污染物对小鼠具有一定的毒性.     

清,污灌区深层地下水致突变性研究

清、污灌区深层地下水致突变性研究杜宇欣１张淑兰２于德奎２刘凤贞２韩树清２污水灌溉充分利用了污水这一宝贵资源，缓解了灌溉用水供需矛盾。随着城市工业迅猛发展，城市污水成分日趋复杂，它含有大量致突原、致癌原、致畸原，长期使用未经任何处理的污水灌溉农田，势必...     

某污灌区土壤有机污染物成分分析

[目的]了解污灌区土壤中有机物污染现状，为研究污灌区土壤污染特征提供实例。[方法]选取某污灌区土壤为研究对象，采用超声振荡法提取土壤中的有机污染物，用气相色谱．质谱联用仪（GC-MS）对土样定性定量分析。[结果]该污灌区土壤有机污染物的成分主要为胺类、烷烃类、苯系物及多环芳烃。[结论]该污灌区存在一定程度的有机物污染。     

污灌土壤中有机污染物对小鼠的DNA损伤与氧化损伤效应

[目的]研究污灌土壤中有机污染物对小鼠的遗传毒性和氧化损伤效应.[方法]选取某污灌农田土壤为研究对象,地下水灌溉农田的土壤为对照,采用超声振荡法提取土壤中的有机污染物,对小鼠灌胃染毒后,进行单细胞凝胶电泳实验和总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活力、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活力和丙二醛(MDA)含量的测定.[结果]与试剂对照组比较,污灌区低剂量组、高剂量组拖尾率均增高(P＜0.05),与对照区相同染毒剂量组比较,污灌区低剂量组、高剂量组拖尾率均增高(P＜0.05);与试剂对照组比较:对照区高剂量组的T-SOD活力和GSH-PX活力降低,污灌区各组的T-SOD活力、GSH-PX活力均降低(P＜0.05),与对照区相同染毒剂量组比较:污灌区高剂量组T-SOD活力降低(P＜0.05).[结论]该污灌区土壤有机提取物中含有致小鼠遗传毒性和氧化损伤的有机污染物.     

某地不同灌溉用水土壤中有机污染物的成分分析

[目的]了解不同灌溉用水土壤中有机物污染现状,为研究污灌区土壤污染特征提供实例。[方法]选取某地不同灌溉用水的土壤为研究对象,采用超声振荡法提取土壤中的有机污染物,用气相色谱质谱联用仪(GC/MS)谱库自动检索和标准曲线法对样品进行定性定量分析。[结果]污水灌溉土壤含有有机污染物,主要类别有胺类、烷烃类、苯系物及多环芳烃。[结论]污水灌溉存在一定程度的有机物污染。     

造纸厂废水灌溉农田土壤中有机污染物的GC/MS分析

[目的]了解污灌土壤中有机物污染现状,以期对我国土壤有机物环境质量标准的完善提供依据. [方法]选取造纸厂废水灌溉农田的土壤为研究对象,采用超声振荡法提取土壤中的有机污染物,并用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC/MS)谱库自动检索和标准曲线法对样品进行定性定量分析. [结果]该污灌区土壤含有有机污染物,主要类别有胺类、烷烃类、苯系物和多环芳烃. [结论]该污灌区土壤存在一定程度的有机物污染.     

某污灌区大白菜中有机提取物对小鼠的遗传毒性

[目的]研究污灌区大白菜有机提取物对小鼠的DNA损伤.[方法]以某污灌农田产出的大白菜为处理因素(下称"污灌区"),地下水灌溉的大白菜为对照(下称"对照区"),采用超声振荡法提取白菜中的有机污染物,灌胃法染毒.小鼠共分5组:试剂对照组(二甲亚砜)、对照区低剂量组、对照区高剂量组、污灌区低剂量组及污灌区高剂量组.每日染毒1次,连续染毒2周.用单细胞凝胶电泳实验和徼核试验检测白菜有机提取物对小鼠的DNA损伤情况.[结果]单细胞凝胶电泳实验:与试剂对照组比较,污灌区低剂量组拖尾长度增加(P＜0.05);污灌区高剂量组拖尾率、拖尾长度均增加(P＜0.05);且污灌区高剂量组拖尾率高于对照区高剂量组.微核试验:污灌区高剂量组微核率高于试剂对照组(P＜0.05). [结论]该污灌区白菜中含有致小鼠遗传毒性的有机污染物.     

某鱼塘养殖污水有机提取物的遗传毒性

目的评价养殖污水有机提取物的遗传毒性.方法健康昆明种小鼠,按体重随机分组,每组8只,雌雄各半.以养殖污水有机提取物原液、1/2原液、1/4原液、1/8原液对小鼠染毒,分别相当于25、12.5、6.25、3.125L/kg,以DMSO为阴性对照,环磷酰胺(40 mg/kg)为阳性对照,连续染毒3天.应用小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞(PCE)微核试验、小鼠外周血淋巴细胞彗星试验对养殖污水有机提取物进行遗传毒性检测.结果养殖污水有机提取物原液、1/2原液组小鼠PCE微核率均高于阴性对照组,差别均有统计学意义(P＜0.01,P＜0.05);各剂量组小鼠外周血淋巴细胞拖尾率均高于阴性对照组(P＜0.01),原液、1/2原液组彗星平均尾长均高于阴性对照组,差别均有统计学意义(P＜0.01,P＜0.05).结论养殖污水中含有机致突变物质,可能对人体健康产生潜在的危害.     

Re-Examination of the Genotoxic Activity of Water Taken From the Songhua River in P. R. China

The Songhua River, in northeast China, has heavy organic contamination due to domestic sewage and industrial wastewater. Thus, it is important to further determine its genotoxic activity, which is a potential hazard for human health. Short-term genotoxic bioassays using Salmonella, the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay, and mouse liver cell comet assay were employed to further examine the genotoxic activity of diethyl ether extracts of water samples taken from the Songhua River. Ames test results showed that there were still frame-shift mutagens, both direct and indirect, in water samples at doses of 5.0 or 7.0 L water equivalent/plate. The mutagenicity seems to be less when compared with the results from 2002 to 2003. A dose–response relationship was also obtained between DNA damage in mouse liver cells by comet assay and micronuclei formation by CBMN assay. These results indicate that the water samples showed genotoxic activity with a mutagenic potency. 88 and 104 compounds, respectively, were identified in summer and winter water sample extracts by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. Four priority pollutants listed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and six priority pollutants listed by the Chinese Environment Protection Agency were found in summer or winter water samples, respectively. The results indicate that the diethyl ether extracts of surface water samples taken from the Songhua River still show genotoxic activity (≥3.0 L water). The risks of potential carcinogenicity for human health in the Songhua River should be studied further.     

秦皇岛经济技术开发区农村饮用水情况调查报告

目的:了解秦皇岛经济技术开发区农村饮用水卫生现状,为改善农村饮用水工作提供科学依据。方法:覆盖全区所有村镇,开展农村生活饮用水水源类型、供水方式、水源污染等情况以及生活饮用水水质监测等调查,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)对水质卫生质量进行评价。结果:秦皇岛经济技术开发区农村枯水、丰水期水质合格率分别为42.32%和21.45%,地面水、地下水水质合格率分别为30.56%和32.04%,以地下水为水源的深水井与浅水井水质合格率为39%和19.27%,集中式供水与分散式供水合格率为35%和31.23%。结论:秦皇岛经济技术开发区的农村改水工作应进一步完善,农村饮用水消毒工艺必不可少,今后应加大饮水卫生宣传力度及监督监测频率,以保证全区农村饮水的卫生和安全。     

Mutagenic potential of plants grown on municipal sewage sludge-amended soil

TheSalmonella/microsome assay was used to monitor the mutagenic potential of the organic extract of plants grown on municipal sewage sludge amended soils. The solvent-extractabie organic chemicals from sewage sludge, unamended Padina fine sand (Grossarenic Paleustalf), sludge amended Padina fine sand, and two forage crops; alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and coastal bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) were tested withSalmonella strain TA98 with and without metabolic activation. The mutagenic potential of the sludge-amended soil was greater than that of the unamended soil. Fractions extracted from the sludge amended soil over a 154 day period displayed an increase in mutagenicity. None of the plant extracts, whether collected from plants grown on sludge amended or unamended soils, induced a positive response (doubling of revertants at two consecutive dose levels) in the bioassay. Thus, for the evaluated conditions, plants are not likely to translocate significant quantities of organic mutagens from municipal sludge amended soil.     

Assessment of the quality of sewage effluents from dry weather flow channel, Calcutta

The quality of sewage effluent of Dry Weather Flow Channel, Calcutta in respect of salinity, sodicity, chlorides, sulphate and bicarbonate toxicity and heavy metal hazards was assessed in order to utilize it for irrigation. Although raw sewage in the winter season was toxic in respect of chlorides, sulphates, bicarbonate, BOD, COD; its dilution in the monsoon decreased the toxicity hazards considerably, making it worth using for irrigation. The sewage effluents were rich in N and K, but poor in P status with marginal concentrations of micronutrients (Fe, Cu, Zn & Mn). Heavy metal contents of the soil treated with effluents were also studied.     

Assessment of the quality of sewage effluents from dry weather flow channel,Calcutta

The quality of sewage effluent of Dry weather Flow channel, Calcutta in respect of salinity, sodicity, chloride, sulphate and bicarbonate toxicity and heavy metal hazards was assessed in order to utilize it for irrigation. Although raw sewage in the winter season was toxic in respect of chlorides, sulphates, bicarbonate, BOD, COD; its dilution in the monsoon decreased the toxicity hazards considerably, making it worth using for irrigation. The sewage effluents were rich in N and K, but poor in P status with marginal concentrations of micronutrients (Fe, Cu, Zn & Mn). Heavy metal contents of the soil treated with effluents were also studied.     

Runoff of genotoxic compounds in river basin sediment under the influence of contaminated soils

Contaminated sites must be analyzed as a source of hazardous compounds in the ecosystem. Contaminant mobility in the environment may affect sources of surface and groundwater, elevating potential risks. This study looked at the genotoxic potential of samples from a contaminated site on the banks of the Taquari River, RS, Brazil, where potential environmental problems had been identified (pentachlorophenol, creosote and hydrosalt CCA). Samplers were installed at the site to investigate the drainage material (water and particulate soil matter) collected after significant rainfall events. Organic extracts of this drained material, sediment river samples of the Taquari River (interstitial water and sediment organic extracts) were evaluated by the Salmonella/microsome assay to detect mutagenicity and by Allium cepa bioassays (interstitial water and whole sediment samples) to detect chromosomal alterations. Positive mutagenicity results in the Salmonella/microsome assay of the material exported from the area indicate that contaminant mixtures may have drained into the Taquari River. This was confirmed by the similarity of mutagenic responses (frameshift indirect mutagens) of organic extracts from soil and river sediment exported from the main area under the influence of the contaminated site. The Allium cepa test showed significant results of cytotoxicity, mutagenic index and chromosome aberration in the area under the same influence. However, it also showed the same similarity in positive results at an upstream site, which probably meant different contaminants. Chemical compounds such as PAHs, PCF and chromium, copper and arsenic were present in the runoff of pollutants characteristically found in the area. The strategy employed using the Salmonella/microsome assay to evaluate effects of complex contaminant mixtures, together with information about the main groups of compounds present, allowed the detection of pollutant dispersion routes from the contaminated site to the Taquari River sediment.     

某市水中有机提取物对人外周血淋巴细胞DNA的损伤作用

目的 了解某市生活饮用水及源水对人外周血淋巴细胞DNA断裂损伤.气相色谱固定相GDX－102吸附水中有机物，单细胞凝胶电泳实验检测细胞DNA损伤。结果 相同剂量时，地面水及以地面水为源水的自来水比深层地下水及以深层地下水为源水的自来水对细胞DNA损伤严重；各水样对细胞DNA损伤级别有显著的剂量－反应关系。结论 某市各水源水及自来水中有机提取物对人外周血淋巴细胞DNA存在不同程度断裂损伤作用。     

2011年河南省南阳市农村集中式供水现状分析

目的了解河南省南阳市农村集中式供水水质卫生状况,为改善农村饮用水卫生安全工作提供依据。方法选择有代表性的230处农村集中式供水工程进行调查,并按照《生活饮用水标准检验方法》（GB／T5750—2006）,于枯水期和丰水期分别采集并检测其出厂水和末梢水水质,对监测结果按照《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB5749—2006）进行分析、评价。结果230处工程中,水源类型以地下水为主,占90．87％,检测的920份水样中,水质总合格率为57．72％,枯水期水质好于丰水期,以地下水为水源的水质好于以地表水为水源的水质,对水源水完全处理和仅消毒处理的水质好于经沉淀过滤和未处理的水质,单项指标检测以总大肠茵群和茵落总数合格率较低,分别为69．35％和84．24％,消毒剂余量合格率仅为39．94％。结论农村集中式供水工程建设和管理不完善,水质合格率较低,微生物超标和消毒剂余量不足是主要原因,存在一定的安全隐患,应加强建设和管理,以保障农村饮水卫生安全。     

Regulating and Motivating the Driver

This report evaluates the possibility that atmospheric iodine (I) can make a significant contribution to I nutrition and concludes that the combustion of gas and oil can increase atmospheric H. Sedimentation treatment of water supplies extracts some I from raw water, and sewage plants concentrate I and return it to the environment via sewage effluent. The I cycle in nature is discussed, and it is concluded that minute amounts of I usually are present in the atmosphere but are not usually in significant enough amounts to contribute substantially to bodily I requirements.