汉坦病毒Vero细胞灭活疫苗候选毒种筛选

目的将肾综合征出血热疫苗后备筛选毒株适应于Vero细胞，并对其抗原性和免疫原性进行研究。方法将新分离的4株汉坦病毒接种敏感动物，在乳沙鼠脑内连续传代。比较脑内病毒抗原的含量以及乳鼠的发病情况；在Vero细胞中传代，比较培养液中的病毒滴度和抗原滴度以及细胞的病变情况；利用筛选出的毒株研制Veto细胞灭活疫苗。研究疫苗的免疫原性。结果4株病毒经乳沙鼠脑内传代，鼠脑悬液的病毒滴度和抗原滴度分别达7．00～7．75LgCCID50／ml和1：3201：1280；4株毒株经Vero细胞连续传5代，培养液病毒滴度和抗原滴度分别达6．50～7．50LgCID50／ml和1：160～1：768；疫苗免疫家兔2针后，其中出血热病毒株Z34与ZJ5株疫苗免疫血清对同型毒株的中和效价达到1：10。结论ZJ4与ZJ5两毒株已适应于Vero细胞，且具有病毒滴度高和免疫原性良好的特性，适合用作Vero细胞肾综合征出血热疫苗理想的候选毒株。     

不同狂犬病毒抗原免疫马匹的效价比较

[目的]对不同狂犬病毒抗原免疫马匹的效价进行比较。[方法]采用狂犬病毒aG株羊脑抗原和vero细胞培养的CTN株抗原分别免疫马匹,采用小鼠法分别进行病毒毒力和中和抗体效价检测。[结果]狂犬病毒aG株羊脑抗原毒力为6.0~7.5 logLD50/ml,免疫马匹后的中和抗体效价平均可达1∶30000以上;vero细胞培养的CTN株抗原毒力为4.5~6.0 logLD50/ml,免疫马匹后的中和抗体效价平均可达1∶10000以上,但狂犬病毒aG株羊脑抗原免疫马匹易引起变态反应,马匹淘汰率高。[结论]狂犬病毒aG株羊脑抗原与vero细胞培养的CTN株抗原相比,前者毒力强,免疫效价高,但易引起变态反应。     

HFRS病毒Z37株在绿猴肾传代细胞的病变作用和传代适应

[目的]研究肾综合征出血热（HFRS）病毒39疫苗株在绿猴肾传代细胞（vero,vero-E6)上的病变和传代适应增殖情况,为应用vero细胞研制出血热疫苗提供科学依据。[方法]将肾综合征出血热疫苗株Z37适应在绿猴肾传代细胞（vero,vero-E6)上,对细胞进行细胞病变（CPE）的动态观察,并于不同的时间取样,测定病毒滴度,比较静置培养、转瓶培养滴度的差异情况。[结果]Z37株不使vero-E6细胞产生病变,用HEPES诱导,3d可见明显病变现象。Z37株不使vero细胞产生病变,用HEPES诱导病变现象未获成功,Z37株在vero细胞中可高滴度繁殖,滴度达到10^7/ml,转瓶培养病毒滴度略高于静置培养。[结论]应用vero细胞研制HFRS疫苗是可行的。     

不同狂犬病毒毒株在Vero细胞上培养的病毒滴度与免疫原性比较

在狂犬病疫苗生产过程中 ,所用毒种的病毒滴度和免疫原性与疫苗的效力关系极大。目前 ,我国地鼠肾细胞狂犬疫苗生产过程中所用的毒株主要是ａＧ株。为选择高病毒滴度、高免疫原性的Ｖｅｒｏ细胞适应株 ,我们对几种狂犬病毒毒株在Ｖｅｒｏ细胞上的病毒滴度、免疫原性进行了比较。1　材料与方法1.1　生产用毒株　狂犬病毒ＣＴＮ -Ｖ6株、狂犬病毒ＣＴＮ-Ｖ10 Ｍ3 株、狂犬病毒ＣＴＮ -ＢＨＫ3 株、狂犬病固定毒ａＧ株 ,均由中国药品生物制品检定所提供 ,毒力在 7.5～ 8.0ＬｏｇＬＤ50 /ｍｌ之间。1.2　细胞株　非洲绿猴肾Ｖｅｒｏ细胞 ,来源于…     

肾综合征出血热疫苗后备筛选毒株在Vero细胞上的适应传代及其抗原性研究

〔目的〕将肾综合征出血热疫苗后备毒株适应于Vero细胞 ,观察病变情况 ,并对其抗原性和繁殖特性进行研究。〔方法〕将新分离的汉坦病毒ZJ2、ZJ4、ZJ7株和汉城病毒ZJ5株在Vero细胞上进行连续传代 ,采用间接免疫荧光法(IFA)、反向被动血凝试验 (RPHA) ,研究传代后毒株的病毒滴度、抗原量以及细胞的病变情况 ,同时将传代后的病毒接种敏感动物 ,观察动物的发病情况和毒株的繁殖特性。〔结果〕经过 5次连续传代 ,四株病毒在Vero细胞上均显示出良好的适应性 ,从第二代开始病毒滴度稳定在 6.0 0LgTCID5 0 ml以上 ,第五代时最高达 7.5 0LgTCID5 0 ml ,第三代毒株抗原量均已达到 1:12 8,ZJ7株抗原量最高时达 1:768,四株毒株感染Vero细胞 ,连续观察 12d不见细胞产生病变 ,第五代细胞病毒液接种敏感动物 ,9d后动物发病甚至死亡。〔结论〕四株病毒已适应于Vero细胞 ,且具有病毒滴度高、毒力强和抗原性良好的特性 ,是Vero细胞肾综合征出血热灭活疫苗良好的后备筛选毒株。     

肾综合征出血热疫苗后备毒株的分离和生物学特性研究

目的从肾综合征出血热(HFRS)疫区阳性鼠肺中分离汉坦病毒(HV),并对分离到的病毒进行型别鉴定和生物学特性研究,为HFRS疫苗后备毒种库的建立打下基础。方法疫区阳性鼠肺研磨液接种长爪沙鼠分离病毒,并将分离到的HV经乳沙鼠脑内连续传代,采用直接免疫荧光法和酶联免疫吸附试验,检查毒株的型别,研究传代后毒株的繁殖特性、病毒滴度和抗原滴度。结果从疫区32份阳性鼠肺中分离到9株HV,经单克隆直接荧光血清检查6株为汉滩病毒株,3株为汉城病毒株,经乳沙鼠脑内连续传代,其中4株毒株的病毒滴度和抗原滴度较高,汉滩和汉城毒株的病毒和抗原滴度最高分别达106.50、106.00和1∶5120、1∶5120。结论4株毒株的病毒滴度和抗原滴度均较高,可作为HFRS疫苗后备毒种的筛选毒株。     

不同狂犬病毒毒株在Vero细胞上的传代研究

近年来,我国狂犬病流行较为严重,病死数居所有传染病之首。预防和治疗狂犬病的惟一方法是注射狂犬病疫苗,因此,生产优质高效的狂犬病疫苗显得尤为重要。在狂犬病疫苗生产过程中,所选用的毒株直接影响到疫苗的病毒滴度和免疫原性,为了给生产厂家提供一些有效的参考数据,我们对不同的狂犬病毒毒株在Vero细胞上进行了传代比较。1　材料和方法　狂犬病毒液体毒株CTN 1V10 株、CTN BHK株,狂犬病毒脑毒株CTN 1V10 M3 株、aG株,均由中国药品生物制品检定所提供,病毒滴度均在7.0～8.0LogLD50 /ml之间。Vero细胞来源于美国ATCC ,由中国药品…     

甲型肝炎减毒活疫苗(H2株)的开发研究

1992年我国研究开发成功甲型肝炎(甲肝)减毒活疫苗(H2株).十几年中建立了普通狨猴动物模型;将细胞-病毒培养系统的生产工艺做了重大改进;对1989～1997年生产的16批疫苗做了现场人体观察,未见不良反应及血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)升高,接种后抗体阳转率为81.8%～100.0%,几何平均滴度(GMT)为12.1～15.0.K7疫苗病毒为IB基因亚型,经体内外多次传代或从接种者排出的病毒做序列分析,其与K7株的同源性达99.3%～100.0%,显示减毒性质、遗传稳定性不变.易感者接种疫苗后粪便排毒率为85.7%～90.3%,接触者为63.6%～71.9%,说明活疫苗接种后有次传播能力,但毒株均显弱毒性质,无毒力返祖现象.结果表明H2株甲肝减毒活疫苗的安全性、免疫原性良好,应该继续推广使用.     

从三带喙库蚊分离出一株低毒力乙脑病毒的报告

5株从印尼三带喙库蚊分离的乙脑病毒中,有二株毒力较低,其空斑滴度,鼠脑滴变比值分别为2.23和3.23。经二次空斑选种获得到三周鼠脑内基本不致死的6-2株,当在鸡胚繁殖一代,病毒滴度为Log10PFU4.0/ml和7.0/ml时,用不同稀释度的病毒免疫小白鼠,经强毒株攻击,其保护指数分别为0.00001和0.000001。文中讨论了这种高比例的低毒力的毒株在自然界的存在与当地不显性感染率高的关系,以及可能从自然界获得免疫力好的活疫苗毒株的可能性。     

甲型肝炎减毒活疫苗(H_2株)的开发研究

1992年我国研究开发成功甲型肝炎 (甲肝 )减毒活疫苗 (H2 株 )。十几年中建立了普通狨猴动物模型 ;将细胞-病毒培养系统的生产工艺做了重大改进 ;对 1989～ 1997年生产的 16批疫苗做了现场人体观察 ,未见不良反应及血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶 (ALT)升高 ,接种后抗体阳转率为 81 8%～ 10 0 0 % ,几何平均滴度 (GMT)为 1∶2 1～ 1∶5 0。K7疫苗病毒为IB基因亚型 ,经体内外多次传代或从接种者排出的病毒做序列分析 ,其与K7株的同源性达99 3%～ 10 0 0 % ,显示减毒性质、遗传稳定性不变。易感者接种疫苗后粪便排毒率为 85 7%～ 90 3% ,接触者为6 3 6 %～ 71 9% ,说明活疫苗接种后有次传播能力 ,但毒株均显弱毒性质 ,无毒力返祖现象。结果表明 :H2 株甲肝减毒活疫苗的安全性、免疫原性良好 ,应该继续推广使用     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.