Diabetes in the Torres Strait Islands of Australia: better clinical systems but significant increase in weight and other risk conditions among adults, 1999-2005

OBJECTIVES: To (i) assess changes in clinical indicators of adults diagnosed with diabetes and (ii) estimate changes in risk factors and incidence of diabetes among adults without diabetes living in the Torres Strait and Northern Peninsula Area Health Service District in Queensland from 1999 to 2005. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: (i) Annual audit of clinical records of Torres Strait Islander adults on diabetes registers in 21 primary care clinics, and (ii) a 5-year follow up of a community cohort of 207 Torres Strait Islander adults without diabetes who participated in the Well Person's Health Check in 2000-01 and 2005-06. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Weight, height, waist circumference, fasting blood sugar (those without diabetes) and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c; those with diabetes) levels, blood pressure (BP), fasting triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio and smoking status. RESULTS: The number of adults included on the diabetes register increased from 555 in 1999 to 1024 in 2005. The mean age of patients diagnosed with diabetes decreased from 53.3 to 51.5 years, and their mean weight increased from 86.8 kg to 95.6 kg. Mean HbA1c level remained unchanged at about 9%, but the proportion with HbA1c level < 7% increased from 18.4% to 26.1%, and the proportion prescribed insulin increased from 14% in 2002 to 22% in 2005. The proportion with BP < 140/90 mmHg increased from 40.3% in 1999 to 66.8% in 2005. In the sample of 207 adults without diabetes, from 2000 to 2006, there was a weight gain of about 1 kg per person per year, and an annual increase in waist circumference of 0.8 cm in men and 1.2 cm in women. Crude incidence of diabetes was 29 (95% CI, 19-41) per 1000 person-years. There was a significant increase in diastolic blood pressure and fasting blood sugar levels, and no change in smoking habits. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical care of adults with diabetes has improved and more people with diabetes are being diagnosed. However, weight gain and high rates of glycaemia remain a challenge and will result in a large burden of complications, including renal failure. Incidence data from this sample extrapolate to 120 (95% CI, 103-147) new cases of diabetes in the District each year. Urgent action to improve nutrition, decrease smoking and increase physical activity is required to improve metabolic fitness in younger people.     

Improving diabetes care in the primary healthcare setting: a randomised cluster trial in remote Indigenous communities.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a system for improving diabetes care in remote Indigenous communities. DESIGN: Randomised, unblinded cluster trial over one year (1 March to 29 February 2000). PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Primary healthcare staff in 21 primary healthcare centres in the Torres Strait and Northern Peninsula Area (NPA) Health Service District, north Queensland, and 678 people with diabetes, mostly Torres Strait Islanders. INTERVENTION: Diabetes recall system established at eight of the 21 sites, as well as staff training in basic diabetes care, regular phone calls from the project officer, a two-monthly newsletter and a mid-project workshop. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Regular checks of weight, blood pressure, eye and foot care, serum lipid levels and glucose monitoring and control, urinary albumin to creatinine ratio and serum creatinine levels, and administration of recommended vaccines; hospitalisation in the previous 12 months. RESULTS: There was improvement in most measures at most sites, except for blood pressure monitoring and control, and vaccination status. Intervention sites showed greater improvement in most indicators than control sites (combined relative risk [RR], 1.21; 95% CI, 1.03-1.43). The intervention group showed a 32% reduction in hospital admissions for diabetes-related conditions over the study period (P=0.012). At follow-up, patients in intervention sites were 40% less likely to be hospitalised for a diabetes-related condition than those in control sites (RR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.41-0.86; P=0.007). CONCLUSION: A simple recall system, managed by local healthcare workers and supported by a diabetes outreach service, achieved significant improvements in diabetes care and reduced hospitalisations in a high-risk population.     

2型糖尿病患者不同尿白蛋白排泄率尿MCP-1的变化及临床意义

目的观察2型糖尿病(DM2)患者不同尿白蛋白排泄率尿单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)含量变化及临床意义。方法59例糖尿病患者根据尿蛋白排泄量(UAE)分成3组,分别测定其尿MCP-1的水平及血肌酐(SCr)、尿素氮(BUN)、血脂、血压、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c),并与27例年龄、性别、体质指数(BMI)与观察组相匹配的对照组相比较。结果2型DM患者尿MCP-1水平明显高于对照组,在正常蛋白尿组中尿MCP-1就已经开始升高(P<0.05),微量蛋白尿组及临床蛋白尿组尿MCP-1水平明显高于正常蛋白尿组,且临床蛋白尿组尿MCP-1水平显著高于微量蛋白尿组;2型DM患者尿MCP-1水平与UAE、收缩压、舒张压、LDL-C、CHO呈显著正相关(P<0.05),而与HbA1c、HDL-C、TG无统计学相关性。结论MCP-1可能参与了糖尿病肾病(diabetic nephropathy,DN)的发生发展,检测尿中MCP-1含量对于早期DN的诊断及其干预有重要意义。     

Diabetes guidelines: easier to preach than to practise?

OBJECTIVE: To review the management of glycaemia, blood pressure and serum lipids in a hospital outpatient diabetes clinic, the director of which co-authored the current national diabetes management guidelines. DESIGN: Retrospective audit. SETTING: Outpatient diabetes clinic in a tertiary referral teaching hospital, Sydney, NSW. STUDY POPULATION: 96 patients with type 1 diabetes (mean age, 44.4 [SD, 12.8] years) and 509 patients with type 2 diabetes (mean age, 64.4 [SD, 12.0] years) attending the clinic in 2003, who had undergone formal review of complications. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Weight, height, control and treatment of glycaemia, blood pressure and serum lipids, and prevalence of diabetic microvascular complications. RESULTS: Glycated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) was < 7% in 13% of type 1 and 30% of type 2 diabetes patients, and > 8% in 47% and 34%, respectively. 35% of patients with type 1 diabetes and 71% of patients with type 2 diabetes were treated with antihypertensive agents. Of these patients, 29% and 24%, respectively, had blood pressure readings 相似文献   

TIR 与糖尿病蛋白尿相关性的临床观察

  目的  探究2型糖尿病患者葡萄糖在目标范围内时间（time in range，TIR）与糖尿病蛋白尿（Diabetic albluminuria）有无相关性。  方法   收集120例年龄在30～65岁，病程在10 a内的确诊2型糖尿病的患者，运用动态血糖监测系统（continuous sugar monitoring system，CGMS）观测出患者的TIR，以TIR 30%，50%，70%为切点，将120例患者分为4组，每组各30例:研究1组:TIR > 70%。研究2组:50% < TIR≤70%，研究3组:30% < TIR≤50%，研究4组:TIR≤30%。观察4组间的一般特征、实验室资料及血糖监测系统的血糖数据，总结TIR与糖尿病蛋白尿之间的相关性。  结果   TIR 4组间LDL-C、HbA1c、UAER、尿微量白蛋白，差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05），4组的年龄、性别、BMI、血压、血脂、肾功等，差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05)；在矫正患者的年龄、血压等一般资料后，使用Logistic回归分析后发现TIR是糖尿病蛋白尿的独立危险因素（ P < 0.05）。  结论   TIR与糖尿病蛋白尿的发生及程度有密切相关性。     

上海市社区2型糖尿病患者清蛋白尿的患病情况及相关危险因素调查

目的了解上海市社区糖尿病人群清蛋白尿的患病情况及相关危险因素。方法选择上海市社区卫生服务机构管理的2型糖尿病患者,收集患者的临床资料(包括人口学资料和实验室检查结果),根据尿清蛋白/尿肌酐比值(ACR)来评价糖尿病患者的清蛋白尿情况。结果共调查了2 044例患者,其中男性852例,女性1 192例,平均年龄(67.6±9.6)岁。微量清蛋白尿占22.7%,临床清蛋白尿占5.0%。糖尿病患者中清蛋白尿的患病率随着年龄、糖化血红蛋白和病程的增长而增高。Logistic回归分析显示,年龄≥80岁、高血压、糖化血红蛋白≥7%和三酰甘油(TG)水平是糖尿病患者发生微量清蛋白尿的独立危险因素;病程≥10年、高血压和总胆固醇(TC)水平是糖尿病患者发生临床清蛋白尿的独立危险因素,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)则是糖尿病患者避免发生临床清蛋白尿的保护因素。结论上海市社区糖尿病患者中清蛋白尿的患病率较高,糖尿病肾病可能与血压、体质量、血脂和血糖相关,提示降低血压、控制体质量、控制血脂和血糖对预防和治疗糖尿病肾病有着很大的重要性。     

Long-term trends in Indigenous deaths from chronic diseases in the Northern Territory: a foot on the brake, a foot on the accelerator

OBJECTIVE: To examine trends in Northern Territory Indigenous mortality from chronic diseases other than cancer. DESIGN: A comparison of trends in rates of mortality from six chronic diseases (ischaemic heart disease [IHD], chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], cerebrovascular disease [CVD], diabetes mellitus [DM], renal failure [RF] and rheumatic heart disease [RHD]) in the NT Indigenous population with those of the total Australian population. PARTICIPANTS: NT Indigenous and total Australian populations, 1977-2001. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Estimated average annual change in chronic disease mortality rates and in mortality rate ratios. RESULTS: Death rates from IHD and DM among NT Indigenous peoples increased between 1977 and 2001, but this increase slowed after 1990. Death rates from COPD rose before 1990, but fell thereafter. There were non-significant declines in death rates from CVD and RHD. Mortality rates from RF rose in those aged > or = 50 years. The ratios of mortality rates for NT Indigenous to total Australian populations from these chronic diseases increased throughout the period. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality rates from IHD and DM in the NT Indigenous population have been increasing since 1977, but there is evidence of a slower rise (or even a fall) in death rates in the 1990s. These early small changes give reason to hope that some improvements (possibly in medical care) have been putting the brakes on chronic disease mortality among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.     

240例社区糖尿病肾病的进展状况分析

目的观察2型糖尿病常规治疗情况下其肾脏病变的进展状况。方法用前瞻性的研究方法，将240例符合2型糖尿病和糖尿病肾病的患者分为：正常白蛋白尿组、微量白蛋白尿组和临床肾病组，各组患者均予常规控制血糖、血压，以及糖尿病饮食、糖尿病教育和其他对症治疗。检测尿微量白蛋白排泄率（UAER）、尿白蛋白／肌酐比值（A／C）、内生肌酐清除率（CCr）、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlC）、平均动脉血压等指标。结果开始接受治疗时各组平均动脉压、糖化血红蛋白差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；试验结束时血压、糖化血红蛋白与试验前比较有显著下降（P〈0．05）；临床肾病组均高于正常蛋白尿组（P〈0．05），而其余各组间差异仍无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；UAER和A／C三组均升高，临床肾病组升高最快（P〈0．01）。平均每年CCr下降值和Cr升高值以临床肾病组最多；正常白蛋白尿组有20．00％、微量白蛋白尿组有33．33％、临床肾病组有40．00％的病例有进展，临床肾病组与正常蛋白尿组差异有统计学意义（P=0．008〈0．01），其余各组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论UAER和A／C比值的增加均伴随着肾功能快速减退，除控制血压、血糖外，更要从肾脏病变的角度，需肾内科医生的及早临床干预，尤其是对蛋白尿的干预显得尤为重要。     

Classical cardiovascular risk factors in Trinidadian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are not influenced by the level of plasma glycaemia

The aim of this study is to assess the plasma glycaemia of patients attending the diabetes mellitus outpatients' clinics in Trinidad and to determine how different plasma glycaemia would affect cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. One hundred and ninety-one patients (64 males, 127 females, mean age 56.6 +/- 0.8 yr) with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (mean duration 9.2 +/- 0.6 yr) attending diabetes mellitus clinics from January to April 2000 participated in the study. Anthropometric indices (weight, height, waist and hip circumferences) and blood pressure were measured and overnight fasting blood samples were collected for glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), glucose, lipids (triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol) and creatinine determinations. The patients were categorized into Group 1 ('well controlled'; HbA1c < 7.0%) and Group 2 ('poorly controlled'; HbA1c > 7.0%). Although the majority (85%) of patients were poorly controlled', there were no significant differences in the age, duration of diabetes mellitus, body mass index and waist/hip ratios between the two groups of patients (p > 0.05). Similarly, the blood pressure and lipid (total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol) levels did not differ between the two groups (p > 0.05) although triglyceride (1.4 +/- 0.1 vs. 2.2 +/- 0.1 mmol/L) levels were higher in patients in Group 2 compared with Group 1 (p < 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis indicates that the levels of blood pressure, lipid and anthropometric parameters were not significantly dependent on the plasma glycaemia of the patients (p > 0.05). Analysis of the data has shown that the majority of patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus attending primary care clinics in Trinidad had poor glycaemic control. The poorly controlled patients had similar levels of CVD risk factors to 'well controlled' patients although the former were potentially at greater risk of progressing to cardiovascular disorder than 'well controlled' patients.     

2型糖尿病肾病的危险因素分析

目的探讨糖尿病肾病(diabetic nephropathy,DN)发生的危险因素。方法对381例2型糖尿病患者根据尿白蛋白排泄率(urinary albumin excretion rate,UAER)分为3组:正常白蛋白尿(normal albuminuria,NA)组、微量白蛋白尿(microalbuminuria,MA)组、临床白蛋白尿(clinical proteinuria,CP)组。比较3组患者年龄、糖尿病病程、收缩压(systolic blood pressure,SBP)、舒张压(diastolic blood pressure,DBP)、腰臀比(waist-to-hip ratio,WHR)、体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)、空腹血糖(fasting plasmaglucose,FPG)、糖化血红蛋白(glycosylated hemoglobin,HbA1c)、三酰甘油(triglyceride,TG)、胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、高密度脂蛋白(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白(low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)、尿酸(uric acid,UA)以及空腹C肽(fasting blood C-peptide,C-P)等指标。采用Logistic回归分析DN与各因素的相关性。结果年龄、病程、WHR、SBP、DBP、LDL-C、TC、HbA1c、C肽、UA等指标在各组间的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,病程、SBP是DN的独立危险因素(OR值分别为1.029、1.088,P值均小于0.05)。结论 DN的发生及其严重程度与糖尿病病程及SBP独立相关,重视对DN相关因素的监测与评价有助于DN的预防和治疗。     

Prediabetes: a position statement from the Australian Diabetes Society and Australian Diabetes Educators Association

Prediabetes, the presence of impaired fasting glucose/glycaemia and/or impaired glucose tolerance, affects about 16.4% of Australian adults. People with prediabetes are at increased risk of developing diabetes, and cardiovascular and other macrovascular disease. Management includes reducing cardiovascular disease risk factors, specifically lipid and blood pressure abnormalities, and smoking-cessation counselling. To help prevent progression to diabetes, people with prediabetes who are overweight or obese require intensive lifestyle intervention. Medication to help prevent diabetes may also be used, but only after a minimum of 6 months of lifestyle intervention. In people with prediabetes, there is no role for routinely testing: capillary blood glucose; glycated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) levels; serum insulin or pancreatic C-peptide levels; or testing for ischaemic heart disease or the microvascular complications of diabetes. Follow-up assessment of glycaemia in prediabetes requires a formal 75 g oral glucose tolerance test, initially performed annually, with subsequent individualised testing frequency.     

ACEI对血压正常的早期糖尿病肾病治疗作用的Meta分析

目的：对血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（ＡＣＥＩ）能否延缓血压正常的早期糖尿病肾病（ｄｉａｂｅｔｉｃ ｎｅｐｈｒｏｐａｔｈｙ,ＤＮ）患者的病情进展进行系统评价。方法：检索ＭＥＤＬＩＮＥ及中国生物医学文献数据库中收录的１９９０年１月至１９９９年４月间,有关ＡＣＥＩ对伴微量白蛋白尿的早期ＤＮ治疗作用的随机对照临床试验方面的文献。按照入选标准,最终有１０项随机对照临床试验纳入本研究。用ＲｅｖＭａｎ３．１软件对１     

A Meta-analysis of angitensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on normotensive early diabetic renal diseases

Objective: To make a systematic assessment on whether the progression of early diabetic renal disease with normotension may be slowed down by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Methods: Randomized clinical experiments published on MEDLINE from January 1990 to April 1999 and on China Biological Medicine were reviewed for studying the effects of ACE-inhibitors on normotensive patients with early diabetic renal diseases. Based on the inclusion criteria, 10 studies were selected. Their results were combined and analyzed with RevMan3.1 software.Results: The pooled effect of urinary microalbumin excretion rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial blood pressure were -77.502 mg/24 h [-100.748 to-54.256], -5.002 mmHg [-9.630 to 0.685], -2.949mmHg [-4.005 to 1.892], -4.284 mmHg [-5.444 to 3.123] respectively. Using clinical albuminuria as the end-point, the pooled odd ratio was 0.27 [95% CI 0.18 0.40]. The sub-group analysis showed that those results had no difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. There was no significant correlation between the pooled effects of urinary micro-albuminutia excretion rate and systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure or mean arterial blood pressure. Conclusion:ACE inhibitors can decline urinary micro-albuminuria excretion rate in normotensive patients with early diabetic renal disease and delay the progression of early diabetic renal disease to clinical albuminuria. These effects may not be dependent on its blood pressure-reduction effect.     

初发2型糖尿病强化治疗的血压和血糖及血脂变化

目的:比较初发2型糖尿病强化治疗与常规治疗的血糖和血脂及血压控制情况.方法:160例初发糖尿病患者按照入组时间顺序分成2组(先收集常规治疗组80例,再收集强化治疗组80例),治疗前检测空腹血糖(FBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1C)、血压、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白-C(LDL-C)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)及谷草转氨酶(AST).常规治疗组予门诊常规治疗,强化治疗组定期检测血压和血糖及血脂,对未达标患者调整治疗方案,直至血压和血糖及血脂达到治疗标准.6个月后再次检测相关指标,比较2组各观察指标的差异.结果:6个月时强化治疗组TC和LDL-C,与常规治疗组比较均有明显降低(P<0.05).结论:2型糖尿病强化干预治疗在控制血糖的同时能使血脂得到进一步控制.     

2型糖尿病合并不同程度蛋白尿患者的血清对足细胞自噬的影响

目的:探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并不同程度蛋白尿患者的血清对足细胞自噬的影响。方法:选取40例T2DM患者,根据尿白蛋白与尿肌酐比值(UACR)分为正常白蛋白尿组(15例)、微量白蛋白尿组(14例)和大量白蛋白尿组(11例),同时选取14例正常体检者为对照组,比较4组空腹血糖(FBG)、糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)、收缩压、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、ACR等临床指标。分别用各组受试者的血清处理小鼠足细胞48 h后,观察电镜下足细胞自噬形态、自噬蛋白LC3及凋亡蛋白Cleaved-caspase 3水平的变化。结果:与对照组比较,T2DM各组ACR、FBG、Hb A1c、LDL-C、收缩压明显升高,HDL-C明显降低(P<0.01);T2DM各组ACR比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。与对照组比较,T2DM各组自噬数目下降,LC3-Ⅱ表达量降低,Cleaved-caspase 3表达量增加;与正常白蛋白尿组比较,微量白蛋白尿组和大量白蛋白尿组LC3-Ⅱ表达量下降(P<0.05),Cleaved-caspase 3表达量增加(P<0.01);LC3-Ⅱ表达量水平与T2DM患者蛋白尿增加呈负相关(P<0.05)。结论:T2DM合并不同程度蛋白尿患者的血清能降低足细胞自噬,提示患者血清中含有相关因子调控自噬,进而损伤足细胞,促进蛋白尿产生。     

End-stage renal disease in aboriginals in New South Wales: a very different picture to the Northern Territory

OBJECTIVES: To compare the incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) among Aboriginals in New South Wales with the incidence among Aboriginals in the Northern Territory, and to compare the patterns of ESRD among Aboriginals and non-Aboriginals in NSW. DESIGN: Secondary data analysis of information from unpublished and published Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry reports. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Average annual incidence of ESRD (persons per million); form of renal replacement therapy; mortality at 31 March 1998; patient and graft survival one and five years after transplant. RESULTS: Each year in NSW, 5-17 new Aboriginal patients are treated for ESRD. There was no increase in the average annual incidence of ESRD among NSW Aboriginals (118 per million in 1988-1989 and 111 per million in 1996-1997), whereas incidence in the NT increased from 255 per million to 800 per million. In NSW, ESRD was attributed to diabetes in 32% of Aboriginal patients, compared with 13% of non-Aboriginal patients (P < 0.001). In NSW, Aboriginal patients were younger and more likely to be female, a pattern similar to that in the NT. The outcome of ESRD treatment is not significantly different between Aboriginals and non-Aboriginals in NSW. CONCLUSION: There is a different pattern of incidence of ESRD and of outcomes with treatment among Aboriginals in NSW compared with those in the NT. A possible explanation is that the lower incidence in NSW reflects less profound socioeconomic disadvantage and better access to primary and specialist care.     

2型糖尿病患者蛋白尿程度与振动感觉阈值的关系

目的 探讨2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白/肌酐比值(urinary albumin creatinine ratio,UACR)的影响因素及其与振动感觉阈值(vibration perception threshold,VPT)的相关性.方法 测定538例2型糖尿病门诊患者的UACR和VPT,根据UACR分为无蛋白尿组(NA,...     

卡维地洛对慢性肾功能不全患者保护作用观察

目的：探讨卡维地洛对慢性肾功能不全患者血压及蛋白尿的作用，并对因此而产生的对患者保护作用进行观察。方法：对62例慢性肾功能不全（CRF）患者，随机分为卡维地洛治疗组40例，对照组22例。基础治疗药物相同，对照组不加用卡维地洛。结果：治疗组治疗后收缩压平均下降11.5mmHg，舒张压平均下降8.5mmHg，蛋白尿平均下降25.5％，均较治疗前明显下降。对照组治疗后收缩压下降，舒张压及蛋白尿降低不明显。二组比较有明显差异，治疗组作用优于对照组。结论：卡维地洛对慢性肾功能不全患者血压及蛋白尿均有良好影响。同时，由于其对心血管的良好作用和相对较少的副作用，应该成为保护慢性肾功能不全患者的优选良药之一。     

Diabetes control and complications in private primary healthcare in Malaysia

This Diabcare-Asia project was initiated to study the status of diabetes care and prevalence of diabetic complications in Asia and this study was done to evaluate the above in primary private healthcare in Malaysia. A total of 49 private clinics participated in this study from which a total of 438 patients were included and analysed. The majority of patients (96.5%) had type 2 diabetes mellitus and 81.4% had BMI > or =23 kg/m2. Only 12.0% of the patients had their HbA1c measured in the preceding 12 months. As for glycaemic control only 20% of the patients had HbA1c <7% and 11% had FPG < 6.7 mmol/L. As for lipid levels, only 12.3% of the patients had total cholesterol < 4.8 mmol/L; 30.9% had HDL-cholesterol > 1.2 mmol/L and 49.8% had triglycerides < 1.7 mmol/L. Despite the high proportion of patients having dyslipidaemia. only 12.4% of the patients were on lipid lowering therapy. As for blood pressure, 55.9% of the patients had systolic pressure > or =140 mmHg and 40.9% had diastolic pressure > or =90 mmHg. However, only 32.4% of the patients were on antihypertensive medication. Only 37.4% of the patients admitted to adhering to diabetic diet regularly and 32.0% exercised regularly. As for glucose monitoring only 6.9% of the patients did home blood glucose monitoring and 6.2% did home urine glucose. There was also a high complication rate with the commonest being neuropathy (30.1%) followed by background retinopthy (23.5%), albuminuria (22.9%) and microalbuminuria (20.4%). In conclusion, the majority of diabetic patients treated at the primary care level were not satisfactorily controlled and this was associated with a high prevalence of complications. There is an urgent need to educate both patients and health care personnel on the importance of achieving the clinical targets and greater effort must be made to achieve these targets.     

Prevalence of hypertension, diabetes and obesity: baseline findings of a population based survey in four provinces in Sri Lanka

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of selected cardiovascular risk factors in adult Sri Lankan population in four provinces. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, based on a stratified cluster sampling method. SETTINGS: Four provinces, namely the Western, North Central, Southern and Uva. PATIENTS: Six thousand and forty seven participants (2692 men) between the age of 30 and 65 years were surveyed. MEASUREMENTS: Risk factors measured included height, weight, waist and hip circumference. Waist to hip ratio and body mass index were calculated, and overweight (23 kg/m2) and obesity (> or = 25 kg/m2) determined. Hypertension (systolic blood pressure > or = 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure > or = 90 mmHg or use of anti-hypertensive medications), and diabetes mellitus (fasting serum plasma glucose level > or = 7 mmol/L or use of anti-diabetic medications) and impaired fasting glycaemia (> or = 6.1 to < 7 mmol/L) were also determined. RESULTS: The prevalence of hypertension as defined was 18.8% (CI 14.5-23.1) for men and 19.3% (CI 12.2-26.4) for women. The prevalence of diabetes was 14.2% (CI 11.9-16.5) for men and 13.5% (CI 6.9-20.1) for women while impaired fasting glycaemia was 14.2% for men and 14.1% for women. The mean body mass index was 21.5 kg/m2 (SD = 3.7) in men. It was lower than that in women, 23.3 kg/m2 (SD = 4.5). The prevalence of obesity was 20.3% in men and 36.5 % in women. Regional differences were seen in the mean fasting blood glucose and prevalence of diabetes, and mean BMI and prevalence of obesity were highest in Western province. Mean blood pressure and prevalence of hypertension were highest in the Uva Province. Southern Province had the lowest prevalence of hypertension and diabetes, and North Central Province had lowest anthropometric measures of obesity. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of the selected cardiovascular risk factors is common in the adult Sri Lankan population surveyed. Regional differences exist in the prevalence of these risk factors. The prevalence of high level of risk factors requires urgent public health action.