Diabetes care in remote northern Australian Indigenous communities

OBJECTIVE: To assess primary care processes and clinical characteristics of adults with diabetes in remote northern Australian Indigenous communities. DESIGN: Clinical audit from diabetes registers in 21 remote primary healthcare centres in the Torres Strait Health Service District (n = 921), three in Cape York, Queensland (n = 252), and three in the Northern Territory (n = 194), between September 2002 and February 2003. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults with diabetes who were receiving their routine diabetes care in these 27 centres. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Provision of regular checks for weight, blood pressure, glycaemia (HbA(1c)), proteinuria, lipid levels, renal function, eyes and feet, influenza and pneumococcal vaccination. Weight, blood pressure and glycaemic control. RESULTS: Most routine diabetes checks were delivered according to recommended schedules, except for eye and foot checks in the NT. There were uniformly high rates of appropriate treatment for hypertension and albuminuria, but low rates of insulin treatment and self-monitoring despite a high mean HbA(1c) level (8.9%). Vaccination rates were low in the NT. Torres Strait Islanders with diabetes were significantly heavier than Aboriginals, but had lower mean diastolic blood pressure (77.3 mmHg compared with 79.5 mmHg) and lower prevalence of albuminuria and smoking. CONCLUSION: A high proportion of Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders requiring treatment for high blood pressure and proteinuria are receiving it. However, there is dissonance between the relatively high rates of routine checks and apparent lack of therapeutic action on glycaemia. More intensive management of glycaemia, including improved nutrition, exercise and (probably) insulin, is required to reduce microvascular complications.     

Diabetes in the Torres Strait Islands of Australia: better clinical systems but significant increase in weight and other risk conditions among adults, 1999-2005

OBJECTIVES: To (i) assess changes in clinical indicators of adults diagnosed with diabetes and (ii) estimate changes in risk factors and incidence of diabetes among adults without diabetes living in the Torres Strait and Northern Peninsula Area Health Service District in Queensland from 1999 to 2005. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: (i) Annual audit of clinical records of Torres Strait Islander adults on diabetes registers in 21 primary care clinics, and (ii) a 5-year follow up of a community cohort of 207 Torres Strait Islander adults without diabetes who participated in the Well Person's Health Check in 2000-01 and 2005-06. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Weight, height, waist circumference, fasting blood sugar (those without diabetes) and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c; those with diabetes) levels, blood pressure (BP), fasting triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio and smoking status. RESULTS: The number of adults included on the diabetes register increased from 555 in 1999 to 1024 in 2005. The mean age of patients diagnosed with diabetes decreased from 53.3 to 51.5 years, and their mean weight increased from 86.8 kg to 95.6 kg. Mean HbA1c level remained unchanged at about 9%, but the proportion with HbA1c level < 7% increased from 18.4% to 26.1%, and the proportion prescribed insulin increased from 14% in 2002 to 22% in 2005. The proportion with BP < 140/90 mmHg increased from 40.3% in 1999 to 66.8% in 2005. In the sample of 207 adults without diabetes, from 2000 to 2006, there was a weight gain of about 1 kg per person per year, and an annual increase in waist circumference of 0.8 cm in men and 1.2 cm in women. Crude incidence of diabetes was 29 (95% CI, 19-41) per 1000 person-years. There was a significant increase in diastolic blood pressure and fasting blood sugar levels, and no change in smoking habits. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical care of adults with diabetes has improved and more people with diabetes are being diagnosed. However, weight gain and high rates of glycaemia remain a challenge and will result in a large burden of complications, including renal failure. Incidence data from this sample extrapolate to 120 (95% CI, 103-147) new cases of diabetes in the District each year. Urgent action to improve nutrition, decrease smoking and increase physical activity is required to improve metabolic fitness in younger people.     

Health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in remote Far North Queensland: findings of the Paediatric Outreach Service

AIM: To describe the pattern of disease and other health problems in children living in remote Far North Queensland (FNQ). DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Retrospective review of the FNQ Paediatric Outreach Service's Medical Director database for the period June 2001 to February 2006. Three subpopulations were compared: children from predominantly Aboriginal communities, predominantly Torres Strait Islander communities, and other communities. All children referred to the service during the study period were reviewed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of children seen and common diagnoses. RESULTS: 3562 children were referred during the study period, and a total of 3932 diagnoses were made; 56% of the paediatric population of the Aboriginal communities and 23% of the paediatric population of Torres Strait Islander communities were seen. Of 40 separate diseases/health problems reviewed, the three most common reasons for presentation were chronic suppurative otitis media, suspected child abuse and neglect, and failure to thrive. In the paediatric population of Aboriginal communities, the prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder was at least 15/1000 (1.5%), and in Torres Strait Islander children, rheumatic heart disease prevalence was at least 6/1000 (0.6%). Rheumatic fever rates were among the highest in Australia. CONCLUSION: Rates of preventable complex and chronic health problems in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in remote FNQ are alarmingly high. Areas requiring urgent public health intervention include alcohol-related conditions and rheumatic fever.     

CGMS引导下个体化护理干预在糖尿病管理中的作用研究

目的探讨动态血糖监测系统（CGMS）引导下个体化护理干预在糖尿病患者管理中的应用及护理管理方法,为构建规范的糖尿病健康教育模式提供依据与经验。方法68例糖尿病患者,应用动态血糖监测系统监测血糖33例（动态组）,指尖血糖监测血糖35例（对照组）,比较两组患者给予相应的护理干预后,分别在第3个月、第6个月时空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇的变化。结果动态组在第6个月的糖化血红蛋白水平明显低于入院时（P〈0．05）,该组的总胆固醇水平显著低于入院时（P〈0．01）,上述其他观察指标两组间差异无显著性。结论采取CGMS引导的个体化护理干预,可获更良好的糖脂代谢控制;借助于CGMS直观的血糖图,可进一步增加患者对糖尿病相关知识教育的效果,能进一步增强患者的治疗信心、提高患者自我管理水平及治疗依从性,从而有助于改善糖脂代谢控制水平、延缓慢性并发症的发生。     

A multifaceted health-service intervention in remote Aboriginal communities: 3-year follow-up of the impact on diabetes care

OBJECTIVE: To examine the trends in processes of diabetes care and in participant outcomes after an intervention in two remote regions of Australia. DESIGN: Follow-up study over 3 years. SETTING: Seven health centres in the Tiwi Islands and the Katherine West region of the Northern Territory. PARTICIPANTS: 137 Aboriginal people with type 2 diabetes. INTERVENTION: Implementation of a multifaceted trial, including transfer of purchasing and planning responsibility to local health boards, the development and dissemination of clinical guidelines supported by electronic registers, recall and reminder systems and associated staff training, and audit and feedback. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Trends in the proportion of Aboriginal people receiving services in accordance with clinical guidelines and in the proportion for whom specified levels of blood pressure and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) were achieved; health staff perceptions of barriers to effective service delivery. RESULTS: An initial improvement in overall service levels from 40% to 49% was not fully sustained over the 3-year period. The overall proportion of services delivered varied from 22% to 64% between communities and over time. The proportion of participants whose most recent HbA(1c) level was less than 7% improved from 19% to 32%, but there was little change in blood pressure control. Perceived barriers to service delivery included discontinuities in staffing, lack of work-practice support and patients' acceptance of services. CONCLUSIONS: Multifaceted interventions can improve quality of care in this environment, but achieving sustainable, high-quality care in a range of services and local conditions presents particular challenges. Developing and testing strategies for consistent and sustained improvement should be a priority for service providers and researchers.     

茶碱类药物对运用造影剂后相关肾损害的预防作用——基于19个随机对照研究的Meta分析

目的 系统评价茶碱类药物对造影剂肾病(CIN)的预防作用。 方法 按系统评价的要求,综合全面的查找茶碱类药物对造影剂相关肾损害预防的相关文献,采用RevMan 5.0软件进行Meta分析。 结果 共纳入19个随机对照研究(RCTs),茶碱类药物vs.其他预防治疗组,结果显示茶碱类药物比其他预防治疗能更有效地降低CIN的发生率(RR=0.39,95%CI:0.22~0.68,P=0.001),但比较血肌酐值差异无统计学意义(RR=0.03,95%CI:-0.11~0.18,P=0.650),且比较肾小球滤过率(GFR)值差异无统计学意义(RR=-3.24,95%CI:-29.60~23.11,P=0.810);茶碱类药物vs.安慰剂组,结果显示茶碱类药物比安慰剂能更有效地降低CIN的发生率(RR=0.44,95%CI:0.29~0.67,P<0.001),能更有效地降低血肌酐值(RR=-0.12,95%CI:-0.18~-0.07,P<0.001),更有效地升高GFR值(RR=11.82,95%CI:7.25~16.39,P<0.001)。 结论 基于现有资料,茶碱对造影剂相关肾损害有一定的预防作用,特别是对于年轻及不伴有糖尿病或高血压的患者。但由于采用亚组分析,导致亚组组内样本量少,上述结论尚需要更多高质量、大样本的随机盲法对照试验加以证实。      

Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus among Swampy Cree women in Moose Factory, James Bay

BACKGROUND: Although high rates of gestational diabetes mellitus have been documented in native populations, few studies have examined rates of the disease among native Indians in Canada. The authors conducted a study to estimate the prevalence of gestational diabetes among Swampy Cree women, to identify factors predictive of the occurrence of gestational diabetes, and to identify delivery and infant outcomes related to the presence of the disease. METHODS: Information on Swampy Cree women who gave birth at Weeneebayko Hospital, Moose Factory, James Bay, Ont., between 1987 and 1995 was obtained from medical charts. Patients with and without gestational diabetes were compared. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of gestational diabetes. Delivery and infant outcomes that occurred secondary to gestational diabetes were also identified by means of logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 1401 deliveries occurred at Weeneebayko Hospital over the study period, of which 1298 were included in the study. Gestational diabetes was diagnosed in 110 (8.5% [95% confidence interval (CI) 6.9%-9.9%]) of the 1298 pregnancies. Factors predictive of gestational diabetes were age 35 years or more (relative risk [RR] 4.1, 95% CI 1.5-11.7), a history of gestational diabetes in a previous pregnancy (RR 6.4, 95% CI 3.5-11.7), diastolic blood pressure of 80 mm Hg or higher at the first prenatal visit (RR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.8), weight greater than 80 kg at the first prenatal visit (RR 4.9, 95% CI 1.8-12.9) and having a first-degree relative with diabetes (RR 3.0, 95% CI 1.4-6.1). The only delivery outcome independently associated with the presence of gestational diabetes was an increased likelihood of needing assisted delivery (forceps or vacuum extraction) (RR 2.8, 95% CI 1.1-7.0). Shoulder dystocia was indirectly associated with gestational diabetes owing to increased infant birth weight. Infant outcomes associated with the presence of gestational diabetes were birth weight greater than 4500 g (RR 2.4, 95% CI 1.4-3.8), hyperbilirubinemia (RR 2.9, 95% CI 1.4-6.1), hypoglycemia (RR 7.3, 95% CI 3.7-14.4) and hypocalcemia (RR 8.9, 95% CI 2.3-33.7). INTERPRETATION: Gestational diabetes occurred in a significant minority of Swampy Cree women and was associated with a number of adverse outcomes.     

The excess incidence of diabetic end-stage renal disease among blacks. A population-based study of potential explanatory factors.

OBJECTIVE--To investigate whether the excess incidence of diabetic end-stage renal disease (ESRD) among African Americans could be explained by racial differences in putative ESRD risk factors. DESIGN--Population-based, ecologic study using the 1981 and 1982 Maryland Statewide Household Hypertension Survey for data on risk factor prevalence. PARTICIPANTS--A total of 2.1 million adults residing within the boundaries of the Maryland Regional ESRD Registry, grouped by race and ZIP code into 26 subpopulations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE--Incidence rates of treatment for diabetic ESRD between 1980 and 1985 from the Maryland Regional ESRD Registry by subpopulation. RESULTS--Between 1980 and 1985, 442 persons entered treatment for diabetic ESRD. At the level of the subpopulation, diabetic ESRD incidence was positively associated with black race (relative risk [RR], 3.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.84 to 4.13), prevalence of diabetes (RR, 2.35; 95% CI, 1.92 to 2.87), prevalence of poorly controlled hypertension (RR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.45 to 1.86), lack of a regular source of health care (RR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.62 to 2.05), and lower socioeconomic status as indicated by lack of college education (RR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.32 to 1.52) (all, P < .0001). After adjusting for these risk factors, black race remained strongly associated with the overall incidence of diabetic ESRD (RR, 2.70; 95% CI, 1.89 to 3.86; P < .0001). Further analyses suggested that this excess risk among blacks was confined to ESRD related to non-insulin-dependent diabetes (RR, 4.80; 95% CI, 3.09 to 7.46; P < .0001); blacks were at no higher risk than were whites for ESRD related to insulin-dependent diabetes (RR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.52 to 1.55; P = .70). CONCLUSIONS--These data suggest that the excess incidence of diabetic ESRD among blacks is not fully explained by a higher prevalence of diabetes or hypertension in blacks or by racial differences in age, socioeconomic status, or access to health care. Instead, they suggest an increased susceptibility to ESRD resulting from non-insulin-dependent diabetes among blacks as compared with whites.     

综合干预对改变益阳农村老年糖尿病前期人群 糖尿病相关行为的效果

目的：评价综合干预对湖南益阳农村老年糖尿病前期人群糖尿病相关行为的干预效果。方法：整群抽取 益阳市的4个乡(镇)的农村老年人进行问卷调查，筛查出糖尿病前期患者。在4个乡(镇)进行整群随机对照试验。对干 预组(n=189)的老年糖尿病前期人群实施为期1年的综合干预，对照组(n=188)给予常规健康教育。于基线、第6个月以 及第12个月测量两组研究对象的糖尿病相关行为状况及生理生化指标并进行比较。结果：干预前两组研究对象的糖 尿病相关行为状况及生理生化指标水平比较，差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。干预6个月及12个月后，干预组糖尿病 相关行为状况较对照组均得到明显改善(P<0.05)；干预组糖尿病相关行为得分较对照组明显提高(P<0.001)；干预组腰 臀比、BMI、空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖水平较对照组均明显降低(P<0.01)。结论：综合干预模式可改善农村老年糖尿病 前期人群糖尿病相关行为以及腰臀比、BMI、血糖水平，值得进一步推广。     

Racial differences in mortality among men hospitalized in the Veterans Affairs health care system

CONTEXT: Racial disparities in health care delivery and outcomes may be due to differences in health care access and, therefore, may be mitigated in an equal-access health care system. Few studies have examined racial differences in health outcomes in such a system. OBJECTIVE: To study racial differences in mortality among patients admitted to hospitals in the Veterans Affairs (VA) system, a health care system that potentially offers equal access to care. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Cohort study of 28 934 white and 7575 black men admitted to 147 VA hospitals for 1 of 6 common medical diagnoses (pneumonia, angina, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, and chronic renal failure) between October 1, 1995, and September 30, 1996. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome measure was 30-day mortality among black compared with white patients. Secondary outcome measures were in-hospital mortality and 6-month mortality. RESULTS: Overall mortality at 30 days was 4.5% in black patients and 5.8% in white patients (relative risk [RR], 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69-0.87; P =.001). Mortality was lower among blacks for each of the 6 medical diagnoses. Multivariate adjustment for patient and hospital characteristics had a small effect (RR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.66-0.85; P<.001). Black patients also had lower adjusted in-hospital and 6-month mortality. These findings were consistent among all subgroups evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: Black patients admitted to VA hospitals with common medical diagnoses have lower mortality rates than white patients. The survival advantage of black patients is not readily explained; however, the absence of a survival disadvantage for blacks may reflect the benefits of equal access to health care and the quality of inpatient treatment at VA medical centers.     

Predictors of acute complications in children with type 1 diabetes

CONTEXT: Diabetic ketoacidosis and severe hypoglycemia are acute complications of type 1 diabetes that are related, respectively, to insufficient or excessive insulin treatment. However, little is known about additional modifiable risk factors. OBJECTIVE: To examine the incidence of ketoacidosis and severe hypoglycemia in children with diabetes and to determine the factors that predict these complications. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A cohort of 1243 children from infancy to age 19 years with type 1 diabetes who resided in the Denver, Colo, metropolitan area were followed up prospectively for 3994 person-years from January 1, 1996, through December 31, 2000. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence of ketoacidosis leading to hospital admission or emergency department visit and severe hypoglycemia (loss of consciousness, seizure, or hospital admission or emergency department visit). RESULTS: The incidence of ketoacidosis was 8 per 100 person-years and increased with age in girls (4 per 100 person-years in < 7; 8 in 7-12; and 12 in > or =13 years; P<.001 for trend). In multivariate analyses, sex-adjusted and stratified by age (<13 vs > or =13 years), the risk of ketoacidosis in younger children increased with higher hemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(1c)) (relative risk [RR], 1.68 per 1% increase; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.45-1.94) and higher reported insulin dose (RR, 1.40 per 0.2 U/kg per day; 95% CI, 1.20-1.64). In older children, the risk of ketoacidosis increased with higher HbA(1c) (RR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.30-1.58), higher reported insulin dose (RR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.02-1.25), underinsurance (RR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.65-2.95), and presence of psychiatric disorders (for boys, RR, 1.59; 95% CI, 0.96-2.65; for girls, RR, 3.22; 95% CI, 2.25-4.61). The incidence of severe hypoglycemia was 19 per 100 person-years (P<.001 for trend) and decreased with age in girls (24 per 100 patient-years in < 7, 19 in 7-12, and 14 in > or =13 years). In younger children, the risk of severe hypoglycemia increased with diabetes duration (RR, 1.39 per 5 years; 95% CI, 1.16-1.69) and underinsurance (RR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.08-1.65). In older children, the risk of severe hypoglycemia increased with duration (RR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.25-1.51), underinsurance (RR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.11-1.81), lower HbA(1c) (RR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.12-1.32), and presence of psychiatric disorders (RR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.23-1.98). Eighty percent of episodes occurred among the 20% of children who had recurrent events. CONCLUSIONS: Some children with diabetes remain at high risk for ketoacidosis and severe hypoglycemia. Age- and sex-specific incidence patterns suggest that ketoacidosis is a challenge in adolescent girls while severe hypoglycemia continues to affect disproportionally the youngest patients and boys of all ages. The pattern of modifiable risk factors indicates that underinsured children and those with psychiatric disorders or at the extremes of the HbA(1c) distribution should be targeted for specific interventions.     

Experience with cardiac valve operations in Cape York Peninsula and the Torres Strait Islands, Australia

OBJECTIVE: To describe the outcome of valve surgery, for rheumatic heart disease (RHD) and non-RHD, in residents of Cape York Peninsula and the Torres Strait Islands referred to the Cairns Base Hospital specialist outreach service. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: Retrospective review of medical records on all patients residing in the outreach area who had surgery for valvular heart disease between 1 January 1992 and 31 December 2004. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Operation type and perioperative characteristics; 5- and 10-year survival rates; reoperation rates; complications. RESULTS: Forty-seven patients met the selection criteria; the median age was 40 years (range, 4-76 years); and 39 patients were Indigenous. RHD was the predominant cause of valve dysfunction (30/47 patients). Thirty-seven patients had valve replacements, six had valve repair and four had balloon valvotomy as the initial procedure. There were three bleeding complications, two episodes of operated valve endocarditis, and six embolic complications. There were nine valve-related deaths (six in the first 5 years). At 5 years, all seven patients who had had valve repair or balloon valvotomy were alive. Seven of the 47 patients required reoperation. Survival analysis showed freedom from valve-related deaths to be 83% (95% CI, 66%-92%) at 5 years and 61% (95% CI, 33%-80%) at 10 years. Freedom from reoperation at 5 years was 88% (95% CI, 71%-95%). Among the 30 patients with RHD, freedom from valve-related death was 80% (95% CI, 60%-92%) at 5 years and 52% (95% CI, 21%-75%) at 10 years. In patients with RHD, freedom from reoperation at 5 years was 87% (95% CI, 65%-96%). CONCLUSION: Valvular heart disease results in substantial morbidity and mortality, despite intervention. Efforts need to focus on prevention of rheumatic fever and closer follow-up.     

经皮冠脉介入治疗老年冠心病患者的预后及其影响因素

［摘要］目的: 分析老年(≥65岁)冠心病患者接受经皮冠脉介入治疗(PCI)术后影响其预后的因素。方法: 入选3 473例接受PCI术的冠心病患者,根据年龄分为老年组(≥65岁, n=2 005)和非老年组 (＜65岁, n=1 468),对患者进行随访,随访时间中位数为577 d,比较并分析两组患者预后的差异及其影响因素。结果： PCI术后老年组总死亡率(3.6%)及主要心脑血管不良事件（MACCE）发生率(12.3%)均明显高于非老年组（分别为1.5%和3.3%,P均<0.001)。相较于非老年组,老年组患者高血压、糖尿病、脑血管病及陈旧性心肌梗死患病率和完全血运重建率明显增加。冠脉病变更严重,ST段抬高型心肌梗死、3支病变、左主干病变及慢性闭塞性病变发生率高,而内生肌酐清除率则明显低于非老年组。Cox多因素回归分析显示,糖尿病(HR=1.857,95% CI：1.121~3.142,P=0.012),陈旧性心肌梗死史(HR=2.211,95% CI:1.113~4.112, P=0.015),3支血管病变(HR=1.751,95% CI:1.135~2.653, P=0.006)及老年(HR=4.585,95% CI:2.013~9.201, P<0.001)是总死亡率增加的独立危险因素;而左主干病变(HR=1.976,95%CI:1.173~2.874,P<0.001) ,内生肌酐清除率(HR=1.975,95%CI:1.101~3.215,P<0.001 )及3支血管病变(HR=1.573,95%CI:1.263~1.886,P<0.001)是MACCE发生率增加的独立危险因素。 结论： 糖尿病、3支血管病变、老年是老年冠心病患者PCI全因死亡率增加的独立危险因素,而左主干病变、内生肌酐清除率、3支血管病变是MACCE发生率增加的独立危险因素。     

Management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in remote-dwelling Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders: an update for primary healthcare providers

Chronic HBV infection is common in remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities, where resources are scarce and patients may have several concurrent illnesses. The management of chronic HBV infection has changed over recent years, with greater application of serological and radiological investigations and new, more acceptable treatments for chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Optimal follow-up procedures for patients with chronic HBV infection are still being debated, but may not be applicable to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities where factors such as endemicity, remoteness, frequent comorbidities, shorter life expectancy and cultural differences in health priorities must be taken into consideration. We have defined an algorithm to assist primary care providers caring for patients with chronic HBV infection in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. Patients are divided into one of three categories for follow-up and referral based on clinical features, and results of liver enzyme and serological tests.     

中国儿童青少年意外伤害干预效果的Meta分析

目的：对中国儿童、青少年意外伤害的干预效果进行综合评价,为提出控制伤害的相关策略提供科学依据。方法：应用Meta分析的方法对纳入的文献进行分析和异质性检验,选择合适模型计算效应量的合并值相对危险度(relative risk,RR)及其95%可信区间(95% CI)。根据干预措施、干预对象、干预场所进行亚组分析,并进行敏感性分析与发表偏倚评价。结果：最终纳入文献18篇,总样本量为32 599,合并RR值为0.54(95% CI：0.44~0.68),亚组分析得到：健康教育和综合干预的RR值分别为0.59,0.50,其差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);学校、学校与社区、社区干预的RR值分别为0.51,0.78,0.63;以儿童、儿童及家长、家长为干预对象的RR值依次为0.53,0.65,0.35,不同干预场所、干预对象间的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。敏感性分析得到研究结果相对较为稳定。结论：针对性的采取干预措施在儿童青少年意外伤害预防中效果显著,值得更进一步的推进与开展。     

性教育和生殖健康服务对促进上海市郊未婚青年避孕的效果

目的　评价在社区开展性教育和生殖健康服务对促进未婚青年避孕的效果。方法　在上海市郊区两个镇开展以社区为基础的干预性研究 ,干预组和对照组 15～ 2 4岁未婚青年分别为 12 0 0和 10 0 7名。干预活动的形式包括发放宣教材料、播放教育录像、组织讲座和小组讨论、提供咨询、提供避孕指导及避孕药具。干预持续 2 0个月 ,随访率为 92 %。通过问卷调查对干预的效果进行评价。结果　干预前两组性行为的发生率为10 .4 %和 12 .1% ,干预后为 30 .8%和 33.1%。在干预后有性行为的对象中 ,干预组经常或每次性行为时采取避孕措施的比例为 89.0 % ,对照组为 4 4 .6 % (两组比较P <0 .0 0 0 1)。在调整了其他可能影响避孕的因素后 ,干预组的OR为 10 .30 (95 %CI:6 .77～ 15 .6 7)。干预组有 5 7.7%的对象在首次性行为时采取避孕措施 ,其中使用避孕套的占 84 .4 % ;对照组则有 30 .5 %的人采取避孕措施 ,其中 6 7.2 %使用避孕套 (两组比较P <0 .0 0 0 1和 <0 .0 5 )。干预组调整OR分别为 3.0 8(95 %CI:2 .0 5～ 4 .6 1)和 13.37(95 %CI:7.13～ 2 5 .0 8)。男女对象采取避孕措施的情况无显著差异。多元Logistic回归分析表明 ,干预是影响采取避孕的惟一重要的因素。 结论　干预活动可明显促进干预组对象采取避孕。     

Actionable reminders did not improve performance over passive reminders for overdue tests in the primary care setting

Actionable reminders (electronic reminders linked to computerized order entry) might improve care by facilitating direct ordering of recommended tests. The authors implemented four enhanced actionable reminders targeting performance of annual mammography, one-time bone-density screening, and diabetic testing. There was no difference in rates of appropriate testing between the four intervention and four matched, control primary care clinics for screening mammography (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.02), bone-density exams (OR 1.29, 95% CI 0.82 to 2.02), HbA1c monitoring (OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.42) and LDL cholesterol monitoring (OR 1.40, 95% CI 0.76 to 2.59). Of the survey respondents, 79% almost never used the system or were unaware of the functionality. In the 9/228 (3.9%) cases with indirect evidence of mammography reminder use, there was a significantly lower proportion with test performance. Our actionable reminders did not improve receipt of overdue testing, potentially due to limitations of workflow integration.     

Efficacy and safety of triple-antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention: a meta-analysis

Background The combination of cilostazol,aspirin and clopidogrel (triple antiplatelet therapy,TAT) after a percutaneous coronary intervention has been used as an alternative therapy.We performed a meta...     

Arterial hypertension and renal allograft survival

CONTEXT: Several observational studies have investigated the significance of hypertension in renal allograft failure; however, these studies have been complicated by the lack of adjustment for baseline renal function, leaving the role of elevated blood pressure in allograft failure unclear. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between blood pressure adjusted for renal function and survival after cadaveric allograft transplantation. DESIGN: Nonconcurrent historical cohort study conducted from 1985 through 1997. SETTING: University teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 277 patients aged 18 years or older who underwent cadaveric renal transplantation without another simultaneous organ transplantation and whose allograft was functioning for a minimum of 1 year. Follow-up continued through 1997 (mean follow-up, 5.7 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Time to allograft failure (defined as death, return to dialysis, or retransplantation) by systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure measurements at 1 year after transplantation. RESULTS: Multivariate Cox proportional hazards modeling demonstrated that nonwhite ethnicity, history of acute rejection, and nondiabetic kidney disease were significant predictors of failure (P = .01 for all). In addition, the calculated creatinine clearance at 1 year had an adjusted rate ratio (RR) for allograft failure per 10 mL/min (0.17 mL/s) of 0.74 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.62-0.88). The RR per 10-mm Hg increase in blood pressure measured at 1 year after transplantation, after adjustment for creatinine clearance, was 1.15 (95% CI, 1.02-1.30) for systolic pressure, 1.27 (95% CI, 1.01-1.60) for diastolic pressure, and 1.30 (95% CI, 1.05-1.61) for mean arterial pressure. Supplemental analyses that did not include death as a failure event or reduce the minimum allograft survival time for study subjects to 6 months yielded results consistent with the primary analysis. There was no evidence of modification of the blood pressure-allograft failure relationship by ethnicity or diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSIONS: Systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures at 1 year posttransplantation strongly predict allograft survival adjusted for baseline renal function. More aggressive control of blood pressure may prolong cadaveric allograft survival.