混合式教学在医学影像诊断专业大学生临床实习中的应用

目的　探讨混合式教学在医学影像诊断专业大学本科生临床实习中的应用效果。方法　选取2017至2019年在中国科学院大学重庆医院放射科实习的医学影像诊断专业60名大学本科生作为研究对象，分为试验组和对照组，各30名学生。试验组在实习期间采用混合式教学（根据不同的教学场景运用授课教学法、案例教学、问题教学、团队教学），对照组采用传统教学。实习结束时，比较两组实习学生的出科考试成绩，并采取问卷调查了解学生对教学的满意度。采用SPSS 19.0进行t检验和卡方检验。结果　出科理论知识考试成绩方面，试验组为（90.27±5.38）分，对照组为（83.13±7.57）分，差异有统计学意义（t=4.21，P<0.001）；出科读片分析考试成绩方面，试验组为（90.07±4.80）分，对照组为（82.13±8.71）分，差异有统计学意义（t=4.37，P<0.001）。满意度调查显示，对教学总体满意度中试验组"非常满意"为76.7%（23/30），对照组"非常满意"为50.0%（15/30），差异有统计学意义（χ²=6.57，P=0.037）。结论　混合式教学在医学影像诊断专业大学本科实习生的教学中具有很好的效果。     

以器官系统为基础的教学在麻醉科本科实习教学中的应用

目的　探讨以器官系统为基础的教学模式在麻醉科本科实习教学中的应用效果。方法　选取重庆医科大学附属第一医院2013级麻醉系实习学生（第2轮）为对照组，共35人；2014级麻醉系实习学生（第2轮）为试验组，共27人。通过入科教育成绩评价两组学生基础知识水平。对照组以传统实习教学模式进行临床实习教学，试验组采用以器官系统为基础的实习教学模式进行临床实习教学。通过实习结束后的考试和学生问卷，评价以器官系统为基础的教学模式在麻醉科本科实习中的教学效果。数据统计利用SPSS 19.0软件，采用t检验进行分析。结果　两组性别、年龄、入科教育成绩差异无统计学意义（P=0.168、0.592、0.750）。实习结束考试中，病历质量与分析成绩、毕业综述答辩成绩、综合笔试成绩，试验组平均分均高于对照组（P=0.021、<0.001、<0.001）；操作考核成绩，对照组与试验组差异无统计学意义（P=0.106）。实习结束后的学生问卷调查中，教学模式认可度、教师教学效率、教育教学水平、教学信息量评价，试验组平均分均高于对照组（P<0.001、<0.001、<0.001、<0.001）；学生学习效率及学习启发性，两组差异无统计学意义（P=0.778、0.104）。结论　以器官系统为基础的教学模式在麻醉科本科实习中应用，可以提高教育教学质量，提高实习生理论成绩和综合能力。     

MDT理念下知识树联合PBL在麻醉科实习教学中的效果观察

目的　研究多学科诊疗模式（multi-disciplinary team,MDT）理念下知识树联合以问题为基础的学习（PBL）在麻醉科实习教学中的效果。方法　选取2019年1月至2019年6月在江苏省人民医院麻醉科实习的60名学生作为对照组,采用传统教学;选取2019年7月至2019年12月实习的60名学生作为研究组,采用MDT理念下知识树联合PBL教学。对比两组出科考试成绩、临床能力及教学满意度。采用SPSS 26.0进行t检验、卡方检验和秩和检验。结果　实习后研究组学生的各项考试成绩均高于对照组（P<0.05）;实习后两组学生临床能力均较实习前提升,且研究组各项临床能力均优于对照组（P<0.05）;研究组实习生满意度达93.33%（56/60）,高于对照组的75.00%（45/60）。结论　MDT理念下知识树联合PBL运用于麻醉科实习带教,更能提高实习生的成绩,有效提升实习生的自主学习能力、沟通表达能力和团队协作能力,实习效果明显。     

以麻醉预案为引导的PBL教学在麻醉本科实习生教学中的应用

目的　探讨以麻醉预案为引导的PBL教学在麻醉本科实习临床教学中的应用效果。方法　选取2020年1月至2020年9月在大庆油田总医院/齐齐哈尔医学院附属第十医院实习的34名麻醉专业本科生,将其分为试验组（n=17）与对照组（n=17）。试验组采用以麻醉预案为引导的PBL教学,对照组采用传统教学。对比分析两组本科实习生的理论考核成绩、临床技能考核成绩、病例分析考核成绩及通过问卷调查评估学生综合能力。采用SPSS 22.0进行t检验。结果　试验组理论知识和麻醉技能各方面得分和总分均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。学习前,两组学生综合能力各方面得分及总分差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;学习后,两组学生综合能力均较前提升,且试验组均高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论　以麻醉预案为引导的PBL教学能够有效提高麻醉本科实习生理论知识掌握程度、临床操作技能及病例分析能力,教学效果良好,值得进一步推广。     

综合性模拟产房技能训练结合改良式目标教学在产科护理教学中的应用研究

目的　探讨综合性模拟产房技能训练结合改良式目标教学在产科护理教学中的应用研究。方法　选取2019年8月至2020年8月在南京中医药大学附属南京中医院产科实习的护生84人作为研究对象,按实习护生进科先后顺序分为对照组和研究组,每组42人。对照组采用传统教学,研究组采用综合性模拟产房技能训练结合改良式目标教学。通过理论考核、技能操作考核及教学满意率评价两组实习护生的教学效果。采用SPSS 22.0进行t检验和卡方检验。结果　研究组实习护生理论考核总分、单项选择、多项选择、填空题、名词解释、简答题和病例分析题成绩均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组实习护生实践技能操作和综合素质能力评价成绩均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。对照组实习护生教学满意率为80.95%(34/42),研究组实习护生教学满意率为97.62%(41/42),差异有统计学意义(χ²=6.10,P=0.014)。结论　综合性模拟产房技能训练结合改良式目标教学可提高产科实习护生的理论知识、实践技能和综合素质能力,提高实习护生的教学满意率和产科护理教学质量。     

护理实习生转型冲击与职业认知、应对方式相关性研究

目的　调查了解护理实习生转型冲击与职业认知、应对方式的相关关系,探讨影响转型冲击的各个因素,为制订护理实习生应对临床转型冲击的方案提供参考意见。方法　采用一般情况调查表与新护士转型冲击评价量表、护士职业认知调查量表、简易应对方式量表对湖南省18家院校的护理实习生进行横断面调查。收回数据均采用SPSS 18.0统计软件进行处理。转型冲击多因素分析采用多元线性回归分析。结果　护理实习生转型冲击总体得分为（64.49±16.33）分;转型冲击与职业认知呈负相关（r=-0.433,P<0.01）,与积极应对呈负相关（r=-0.263,P<0.01）;职业认知程度、拟获学历、专业选择原因、积极应对是影响护理实习生转型冲击的主要因素（P=0.00,R²=0.21）。结论　护理实习生转型冲击处于中等水平,与职业认知程度、积极应对呈较强的负相关关系。院校教师与临床导师应重视和关注护理实习生因转型冲击所导致的迷茫、困惑、怀疑及定位不明的感受和体验,帮助护理实习生提高职业认知并学会积极应对转型冲击问题,提高护理临床实习教学培养质量。     

模拟诊疗在留学生心血管内科实习带教中的应用研究

目的　探讨模拟诊疗在留学生心血管内科实习带教中的应用效果。方法　将35名留学生随机编号，分成试验组和对照组。试验组18名学生分成3组（每组6名）进行模拟诊疗教学，对照组17名学生进行常规实习。通过填写评价单和相关的临床能力测试对两组教学效果进行评价。选用SPSS 19.0软件进行t检验。结果　参与模拟诊疗教学的留学生均希望在各科实习中多采用此方法。在临床能力测试方面，试验组学生在病史采集[（22.16±2.17）vs.（20.33±2.03）]、体格检查[（23.05±1.79）vs.（19.78±2.05）]及回答问题[（23.50±1.47）vs.（19.56±1.92）]方面均优于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。但是在病历书写方面，两组差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论　利用高仿真的模拟诊疗教学手段，弥补了留学生在实习期间不能充分接触患者的缺陷，有助于提高其临床操作技能、增强医患沟通能力等医学职业素养。     

多维度互动结合PBL教学在急危重症护理实习教学中的应用研究

目的　探讨多维度互动结合以问题为基础的学习（problem-based learning,PBL）应用于急危重症护理实习带教中的价值。方法　选取2019年6月至2020年3月在新疆医科大学第一附属医院急救、重症实习的110名护生作为对照组,采用传统教学。另选取2020年6月至2020年12月实习的89名护生作为研究组,采用多维度互动结合PBL教学。通过实习护生综合成绩（出科考核+平时表现考核）和护生对教学质量的反馈情况来评估教学质量。采用SPSS 22.0进行t检验和卡方检验。结果　研究组实习护生综合成绩（出科考核+平时表现考核）高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。与对照组比较,研究组实习护生认为多维度互动结合PBL教学可提高护理知识和技能、临床整体护理能力、自我管理能力、临床思维能力、临床护理问题的分析判断解决能力、团体协作能力、医护患之间的沟通能力、应急能力和抢救能力及职业素养,差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。结论　多维度互动结合PBL教学可提高护理实习生的理论成绩和临床实践操作水平,同时有助于培养具备优秀综合素质的护理人才。     

影像学云平台在医学影像学实习教学中的应用与价值

目的　探讨将影像学云平台应用于医学影像学实习教学对学生诊断思维能力和学习体验的影响。方法　将重庆医科大学2016级医学影像系88位学生分为两组,每组44人。试验组以影像学云平台开展实习教学,对照组以传统实习方式教学。4周后对比两组在诊断思维能力和学习体验间的差异。采用SPSS 22.0软件进行t检验。结果　诊断思维能力的测试总成绩试验组高于对照组[（80.63±6.10） vs. （70.36±8.09）],差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。其中征象描述、鉴别诊断及要点、新进展与建议3项得分差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。对学习体验问卷调查的5个方面,试验组的评分均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论　在影像学实习中应用影像学云平台对提高学生的诊断思维能力、提升学习体验具有重要的价值,值得实践与推广。     

全景式教学在呼吸科实习医师临床教学中的应用研究

目的　探讨全景式教学在呼吸科临床实习教学中的价值。方法　选取2019年10月至2020年6月在呼吸科进行3周轮转的临床实习医师35人,按进科先后顺序分为对照组(n=17)和研究组(n=18)。对照组采用传统教学,研究组采用全景式教学。教学结束后,通过理论知识、实践考核及问卷调查评估教学效果。运用SPSS 19.0进行t检验。结果　两组实习医师理论考核成绩对比,差异无统计学意义[(89.62±4.05)分vs.(90.84±4.12)分,t=-0.891,P=0.379]。研究组实践考核(病例分析、呼吸科体格检查、病史问询和技能操作)成绩高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组实习医师在学习兴趣、自主学习能力、自学能力、医患沟通语言表达能力、文献查阅能力、临床思维能力、综合分析能力、知识拓展能力、系统诊断能力、团队协作能力、教学满意度等方面均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论　全景式教学可有效提高实习医师掌握呼吸科临床诊疗能力,改善教学效果,提高实习医师今后的学习能力和临床胜任力。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

Acupuncture Combined with Spinal Tui Na for Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea in 30 Cases

Objective: To observe the therapeutic effects in acupunture treatment of primary dysmenorrhea combined with spinal Tui Na, and study its mechanism. Methods: Thirty cases of the treatment group were treated by acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na, and thirty cases in the control group were treated by routine acupuncture. Results: The total effective rate was 93.3% in the treatment group, and 73.3% in the control group, with a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). Conclusions: Acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na has good prospects for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.     

Luo Lingjie's Experience in Treating Chronic Nephropathy

In treating chronic nephropathy,Luo Lingjie,a chief physician,pays attention to regulating the balance between yin and yang,treating infection if present,and removing pathogenic factors.He prescribes gentle drugs and uses carefully strongly warming-tonifying ones,emphasizes the importance of persuading the patient to persist in treatment with medication and nurse one's health for recuperation,and is good at combined use of TCM and western medicine therapy and brings the merits of various therapies into full play,with obvious theraoeutic effects.     

Dr.Zhang Ren's Experience in the Acupuncture Treatment of Different Diseases with the Same Therapeutic Principle

Dr.Zhang Ren,the chief physician,is the chairman of Shanghai Acupuncture and Moxibustion Association.Having been engaged in medicine for about 40 years,he is experienced in treating various intractable diseases.In his long years of clinical practice,he advocates taking the TCM differentiation as the basis to seek for the acupuncture method for treatment of modern intractable diseases.The author of this essay had the fortune to follow Dr.Zhang in study.The following is a summary of Dr.Zhang's experience in the acupuncture treatment for different intractable diseases with the same therapeutic principle.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.