Neuroprotection by a bile acid in an acute stroke model in the rat.

Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), a hydrophilic bile acid, is a strong modulator of apoptosis in both hepatic and nonhepatic cells, and appears to function by inhibiting mitochondrial membrane perturbation. Excitotoxicity, metabolic compromise, and oxidative stress are major determinants of cell death after brain ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, some neurons undergo delayed cell death that is characteristic of apoptosis. Therefore, the authors examined whether TUDCA could reduce the injury associated with acute stroke in a well-characterized model of transient focal cerebral ischemia. Their model of middle cerebral artery occlusion resulted in marked cell death with prominent terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated 2;-deoxyuridine 5;-triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) within the ischemic penumbra, mitochondrial swelling, and caspase activation. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid administered 1 hour after ischemia resulted in significantly increased bile acid levels in the brain, improved neurologic function, and an approximately 50% reduction in infarct size 2 and 7 days after reperfusion. In addition, TUDCA significantly reduced the number of TUNEL-positive brain cells, mitochondrial swelling, and partially inhibited caspase-3 processing and substrate cleavage. These findings suggest that the mechanism for in vivo neuroprotection by TUDCA is, in part, mediated by inhibition of mitochondrial perturbation and subsequent caspase activation leading to apoptotic cell death. Thus, TUDCA, a clinically safe molecule, may be useful in the treatment of stroke and possibly other apoptosis-associated acute and chronic injuries to the brain.     

急性脑梗死患者外周血单个核细胞114个氧化应激相关基因的差异表达：一项基因芯片筛查实验

目的 了解急性脑梗塞患者溶栓术前后脑缺血/再灌注损伤过程中细胞氧化应激及毒性相关基因的变化。 方法 通过基因芯片筛查急性脑梗塞患者溶栓术前后脑缺血/再灌注损伤过程中相关基因的变化。结果 急性脑梗塞患者组中,溶栓前后显示显著变化的基因有14个,其中表达显著上调的为8个,显著下调的为4个。上调的基因中,细胞生长停滞/衰老相关１个（GADD45A）, 氧化和代谢应激相关1个(PRDX2), 热休克相关3个（HSPD1, DNAJB1, DNAJB2）,DNA损害和修复相关1个(RAD50),及凋亡信号相关2个(TNFSF6, TRADD)。下调的基因中,细胞增殖/癌变相关１个（CCNG1）,氧化和代谢应激相关个（CAT,CYP1A1）,DNA损害和修复相关1个（ATM）。结论 急性脑梗塞患者行溶栓术后脑缺血/再灌注损伤受多种基因的调控,包括氧化代谢应激,热休克,DNA损害和修复及凋亡信号相关基因,整体上了解到脑缺血/再灌注损伤基因调节的复杂性。     

大鼠脑缺血再灌注后Caspase-3、Bcl-2和Bax的表达

目的探讨大鼠脑缺血再灌注后caspase-3、Bcl-2和Bax在脑皮质神经元中的表达。方法将动物随机分为假手术组及缺血组,参照zea longa线栓法建立大鼠左侧大脑中动脉闭塞(middle cerebral artery occlusion,MCAO)局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,各组大鼠分别在左侧MCAO2h再灌注不同时间点断头取脑,脑皮质神经元中caspase-3、Bcl-2和Bax的表达通过免疫组化法来测定。结果缺血组大鼠脑皮质caspase-3的表达较假手术组显著增强(P<0.01),缺血组大鼠脑皮质Bcl-2的表达较假手术组显著增强(P<0.01),缺血组大鼠脑皮质Bax的表达较假手术组显著增强(P<0.01)。结论短暂性脑缺血再灌注上调脑皮质神经元中caspase-3和Bax的表达促细胞凋亡,上调脑皮质神经元中Bcl-2的表达抗细胞凋亡。     

Heightened resistance of the neonatal brain to ischemia-reperfusion involves a lack of mitochondrial damage in the nerve terminal

Mitochondria are known targets of ischemia-reperfusion injury in adult brain. Although neonates are more resistant to ischemic episodes, the mechanisms accounting for this are not yet fully understood. The aim of this study therefore was to determine whether a difference in post-ischemic mitochondrial function may play a role in the heightened recovery of the neonatal brain following ischemia-reperfusion. We have therefore compared the effects of an in vitro model of ischemia on the enzymes of the mitochondrial respiratory chain in isolated nerve terminals (synaptosomes) from neonatal and adult rats. Ischemia caused a significant, reversible decrease in mitochondrial Complex I activity in both adult and neonatal preparations. In neonatal preparations alone, ischemia also led to a significant decrease in mitochondrial Complexes II-III activity. Following 30 min of reperfusion mitochondrial Complexes II-III and IV exhibited decreased activity in synaptosomes from adult, but not neonatal rats. These data suggest a difference in the susceptibility of adult as compared to neonatal nerve terminal mitochondria to ischemia-reperfusion. These data show for the first time that nerve terminal mitochondria from immature animals remain undamaged following a period of ischemia and reperfusion, in contrast to nerve terminal mitochondria from the adult brain. This adds to the growing body of evidence that mitochondrial function plays a key role in neuronal death following cerebral ischemia reperfusion.     

老龄大鼠局灶性脑缺血后细胞周期素表达变化及意义

目的:探讨老龄大鼠局灶性脑缺血后细胞周期素表达意义。方法:应用原位末端标记、原位分子杂交、免疫组织化学等方法,分别对老龄大鼠局灶性脑缺血后４ｈ,２４ｈ,５ｄ脑组织中的凋亡细胞,ＣｙｃｌｉｎＤｌｍＲＮＡ,ＣｙｃｌｉｎＤ１,ＣｙｃｌｉｎＡ和ＣｙｃｌｉｎＢ１蛋白表达进行观察。结果:ＣｙｃｌｉｎＤ１ ｍＲＮＡ,ＣｙｃｌｉｎＤ１及 ＣｙｃｌｉｎＢ１蛋白阳性细胞主要见于缺血灶周围,其分布范围及动态变化规律与Ｔｕｎｅｌ阳性细胞一致。但未见ＣｙｃｌｉｎＡ蛋白表达。结论:ＣｙｃｌｉｎＤ１,ＣｙｃｌｉｎＢ１参与了局灶性脑缺血后神经细胞的凋亡过程,此过程可能是细胞周期异常调控的结果。     

Pretreatment with scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid prevents cerebral ischemia- reperfusion injury

Pretreatment with scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid has protective effects against ischemia and attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. In this study, rats were given scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid intragastrically at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg per day for 7 days before focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury models were established using the suture method. We then determined the protective effects of scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavon- oid pretreatment on focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Results showed that neurological deficit scores increased, infarct volumes enlarged, apoptosis increased and Bcl-2 and Bax protein expression were upregulated at 24 hours after reperfusion. Pretreatment with scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid at any dose lowered the neurological deficit scores, reduced the infarct volume, prevented apoptosis in hippocampal cells, attenuated neuronal and blood-brain barrier damage and upregulated Bcl-2 protein expression but inhibited Bax protein expression. Doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg were the most efficacious. Our findings indicate that pretreatment with scutel- laria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid at 100 and 200 mg/kg can improve the neurological func- tions and have preventive and protective roles after focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.     

Lateral intracerebroventricular injection of Apelin-13 inhibits apoptosis after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury

Apelin-13 inhibits neuronal apoptosis caused by hydrogen peroxide, yet apoptosis following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury has rarely been studied. In this study, Apelin-13 (0.1 μg/g) was injected into the lateral ventricle of middle cerebral artery occlusion model rats. TTC, TUNEL, and immunohistochemical staining showed that compared with the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion group, infarct volume and apoptotic cell number at the ischemic penumbra region were decreased in the Apelin-13 treatment group. Additionally, Apelin-13 treatment increased Bcl-2 immunoreactivity and decreased caspase-3 immunoreactivity. Our findings suggest that Apelin-13 is neuroprotective against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through inhibition of neuronal apoptosis.     

Amyloid beta-peptide worsens cognitive impairment following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury

Amyloid β-peptide,a major component of senile plaques in Alzheimer’s disease,has been implicated in neuronal cell death and cognitive impairment.Recently,studies have shown that the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia is closely linked with Alzheimer’s disease.In this study,a rat model of global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury was established via occlusion of four arteries;meanwhile,fibrillar amyloidβ-peptide was injected into the rat lateral ventricle.The Morris water maze test and histological staining revealed that administration of amyloidβ-peptide could further aggravate impairments to learning and memory and neuronal cell death in the hippocampus of rats subjected to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.Western blot showed that phosphorylation of tau protein and the activity of glycogen synthase kinase 3βwere significantly stronger in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury rats subjected to amyloid β-peptide administration than those undergoing cerebral ischemia-reperfusion or amyloidβ-peptide administration alone.Conversely,the activity of protein phosphatase 2A was remarkably reduced in rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury following amyloidβ-peptide administration.These findings suggest that amyloidβ-peptide can potentiate tau phosphorylation induced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion and thereby aggravate cognitive impairment.     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血与缺血再灌注损伤IL—8的研究

目的　探讨IL-8在脑缺血损伤及缺血再灌注损伤中的作用。方法　(1)采用改良ZeaLonga线栓法大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞(middle cerebral artery occlusion,MCAO)模型。(2)应用双抗体夹心间接ELISA法检测脑缺血组与缺血再灌注组大鼠受损脑组织和血清中IL-8的浓度。结果　(1)脑缺血再灌注组受损脑组织中IL-8含量比脑缺血组高(P<0.05)，二者IL-8含量的变化均呈时间依赖性。前者于再灌注22h达高峰之后很快下降；后者于缺血6h达高峰，之后缓慢下降。(2)脑缺血再灌注组血清IL-8浓度于再灌注1h达峰值（7.08±1.36）pg/mL，之后很快降至较低水平；而在脑缺血组3h最高，为(3.61±0.81)pg/mL，随后缓慢下降。结论　脑缺血和脑缺血再灌注损伤均有IL-8参与，IL-8在脑缺血再灌注损伤中所起的作用较在脑缺血损伤中大。     

吗啡预处理与脑缺血再灌注损伤后细胞凋亡：抑制效应的途径？

[摘要] 背景：大量研究已经证明凋亡是脑缺血再灌注损伤后神经元损伤的重要形式,且这一过程可以人为干预以改善预后。药物预处理对缺血再灌注损伤后神经元凋亡的影响是脑缺血研究的热点。吗啡是临床常用药,几项研究显示其对某种形式的脑损伤有保护作用,但吗啡预处理对脑缺血再灌注损伤后神经元凋亡的影响尚未见报道。 目的: 探讨吗啡预处理对大鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤后神经元凋亡及相关基因表达的影响。 设计、时间及地点：2008年6月-2009年8月在青岛大学医学院脑血管病研究所完成分子生物学水平的随机对照实验。 材料：神经元凋亡及免疫组化检测试剂盒均由武汉博士德公司提供 方法: 健康雄性成年Wistar大鼠72只,随机分成4组：假手术组;脑缺血/再灌注组;吗啡预处理1mg/kg组;吗啡预处理7mg/kg组,18只/组。依再灌注时间不同,各组又分为再灌注1d、3d、7d 三个亚组,6只/亚组。以Pusinelli方法为标准建立四动脉阻断法全脑缺血模型,假手术组仅暴露第一颈椎双侧翼孔和双侧颈总动脉而不烧灼,不夹闭动脉;脑缺血组缺血前60min腹腔注射生理盐水2mg/kg;吗啡预处理1mg/kg组及吗啡预处理7mg/kg组分别在脑缺血前60min腹腔内注射吗啡1mg/kg及7mg/kg。在脑缺血8分钟后恢复血流,再灌注1d、3d、7d后断头取脑制作石蜡切片。 主要观察指标： HE染色观察海马CA1区组织病理学改变,TUNEL法检测海马CA1区神经元凋亡,免疫组化检测海马CA1区Casepase-3蛋白表达。 结果：HE染色：假手术组海马CA1区神经元结构正常;脑缺血组则出现大量的肿胀、核固缩及胞浆空泡样变异常细胞并神经元数量显著减少;吗啡预处理组细胞肿胀、核皱缩及细胞缺失的病理学改变显著轻于脑缺血再灌注组。凋亡细胞计数：与假手术组比较,缺血组和吗啡预处理组海马CA1区神经元凋亡数明显增加(P<0.01) ;与缺血再灌注组比较, 吗啡预处理组神经元的凋亡数明显减少(P<0.01);与吗啡预处理1mg/kg组比较,吗啡预处理7mg/kg组神经元凋亡数显著降低(P< 0.05 或P< 0.01)。Casepase-3蛋白表达：缺血组和吗啡预处理组Casepase-3表达明显高于假手术组(P<0.01);吗啡预处理组Casepase-3表达显著低于缺血再灌注组(P<0.01);吗啡预处理7mg/kg组Casepase-3表达明显低于吗啡预处理1mg/kg组(P< 0.05 )。应用吗啡后,在1d、3d、7d三个时点,神经元凋亡的减少趋势与Casepase-3降低的趋势一致。 结论： 吗啡预处理可减轻缺血性脑损伤,提高脑缺血耐受性,且大剂量吗啡效果优于小剂量;吗啡抗凋亡作用机制与Casepase-3密切有关。     

亚硒酸钠对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠HIF-1α表达的影响

目的 研究亚硒酸钠对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后海马神经细胞凋亡的保护作用及其对低氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)表达的影响.方法 48只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、缺血再灌注组(模型组)及亚硒酸钠治疗组,每组16只,采用线栓法建立脑缺血再灌注模型,治疗组于再灌注后给予亚硒酸钠0.625 mg/(kg·d)腹腔注射7 d.各组大鼠经组织处理后用亚甲兰尼氏体染色及TUNEL染色,分别观察大鼠海马CA1区神经元存活和凋亡情况,Western Blot实验测定缺血组织HIF-1α水平的表达.结果 脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠海马神经元数目明显减少,凋亡细胞明显增加(P<0.001),亚硒酸钠治疗后海马神经细胞存活数目明显增多,凋亡细胞明显减少(P<0.01);与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠海马HIF-1α水平表达明显增加(P<0.01),而经亚硒酸钠治疗后大鼠海马HIF-1α水平表达较模型组明显降低(P＜0.05).结论 亚硒酸钠可减轻脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠神经元凋亡,同时能抑制组织HIF-1α的过度表达.     

Regulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 influences hippocampal neuronal survival in a rat model of diabetic cerebral ischemia

Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 has been demonstrated in acute brain ischemia. We hypothesized that activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 can protect hippocampal neurons from injury in a diabetic model after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. In this study, transient whole-brain ischemia was induced by four-vessel occlusion in normal and diabetic rats, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 inhibitor （U0126） was administered into diabetic rats 30 minutes before ischemia as a pretreatment. Results showed that the number of surviving neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region was reduced, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation and KuT0 activity were decreased, and pro-apoptotic Bax expression was upregulated after intervention using U0126. These findings demonstrate that inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activity aggravated neuronal loss in the hippocampus in a diabetic rat after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, further decreased DNA repairing ability and ac- celerated apoptosis in hippocampal neurons. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation plays a neuroprotective role in hippocampal neurons in a diabetic rat after cerebral ischemia/ reperfusion.     

Cyclosporin A protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury in the brain

We investigated the protective effect of Cyclosporin A (CsA) against ischemia-reperfusion injury in the brain using a transient focal ischemia model in rats. In CsA-treated rats, ischemic brain edema formation 1 day after reperfusion in the cerebral cortex perfused by the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and infarct size were decreased compared with those in olive oil treated control rats. These results suggest that CsA is beneficial in reducing ischemia-reperfusion injury, possibly by the suppression of immunological reactions.     

短暂脑缺血后成年和老年大鼠大脑髓鞘相关蛋白基因表达变化

目的探讨短暂脑缺血后成年和老年大鼠大脑髓鞘相关蛋白基因表达变化及其意义。方法以线栓法制作成年和老年SD大鼠短暂脑缺血模型（阻塞60min再灌注1d、7d和14d）；采用5末端标记地高辛的寡核苷酸探针荧光原位核酸分子杂交检测短暂脑缺血大鼠大脑梗死中心区、梗死周边区和梗死对侧区PLP mRNA和MyT1 mRNA照射后表达变化，并计数阳性细胞数量。结果（1）短暂脑缺血后成年和老年大鼠大脑皮质梗死中心区PLP mRNA和MyT1 mRNA阳性细胞数明显减少，两组之间比较无显著差异。（2）短暂脑缺血后早期成年和老年大鼠梗死周边区PLP mRNA和MyT1 mRNA阳性细胞数无明显变化，之后（7d和14d）逐渐增加，成年大鼠PLP mRNA和MyT1 mRNA阳性细胞数增加更明显。结论成年大鼠短暂脑缺血后急性期梗死周边区髓鞘相关蛋白基因表达强于老年大鼠，提示年龄是影响少突胶质前体细胞参与脑缺血后损伤修复的因素之一。     

Neuroprotective effect of penehyclidine hydrochloride on focal cerebral ischemiareperfusion injury

Penehyclidine hydrochloride can promote microcirculation and reduce vascular permeability. However, the role of penehyclidine hydrochloride in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury remains unclear. In this study, in vivo middle cerebral artery occlusion models were established in experimental rats, and penehyclidine hydrochloride pretreatment was given via intravenous injection prior to model establishment. Tetrazolium chloride, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling and immunohistochemical staining showed that, penehyclidine hydrochloride pretreatment markedly attenuated neuronal histopathological changes in the cortex, hippocampus and striatum, reduced infarction size, increased the expression level of Bcl-2, decreased the expression level of caspase-3, and inhibited neuronal apoptosis in rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Xanthine oxidase and thiobarbituric acid chromogenic results showed that penehyclidine hydrochloride upregulated the activity of superoxide dismutase and downregulated the concentration of malondialdehyde in the ischemic cerebral cortex and hippocampus, as well as reduced the concentration of extracellular excitatory amino acids in rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. In addition, penehyclidine hydrochloride inhibited the expression level of the NR1 subunit in hippocampal nerve cells in vitro following oxygen-glucose deprivation, as detected by PCR. Experimental findings indicate that penehyclidine hydrochloride attenuates neuronal apoptosis and oxidative stress injury after focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, thus exerting a neuroprotective effect.     

NADPH oxidase-mediated oxidative damage to proteins in the postsynaptic density after transient cerebral ischemia and reperfusion

NADPH oxidase is an important source of superoxide in the central nervous system. Although NADPH oxidase is localized near the postsynaptic site in neurons, little is known about the pathophysiological role of NADPH oxidase in synapses after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. In the present study, we sought to determine the role of NADPH oxidase in oxidative damage to postsynaptic density (PSD) proteins, which were isolated from rats subjected to transient focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. The amounts of carbonylated PSD proteins were increased after transient focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. This change was accompanied by an increase in the level of NADPH oxidase subunits in the PSD. The administration of apocynin, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, attenuated both the protein carbonylation in the PSD and cerebral infarct volume. We further demonstrated that the decreases seen in the amounts of PSD-associated proteins, such as neuroligin, N-cadherin, and SAP102, in the PSD were prevented by treatment with apocynin. These results suggest that pronounced activation of NADPH oxidase in the PSD after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion may be related to the focal oxidative damage to synaptic functions and subsequent development of ischemia and reperfusion-induced cerebral injury.     

自由基清除剂预处理对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后脑组织细胞凋亡及其相关蛋白表达的影响

目的探讨自由基清除剂依达拉奉预处理对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后神经细胞凋亡及其相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bax、热休克蛋白70(HSP70)表达的影响。方法将45只雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、对照组、依达拉奉预处理组,每组15只。采用线栓法制作大鼠缺血2h再灌注24h模型。预处理组大鼠建模前12h腹腔注射依达拉奉(3mg/kg),对照组给予等容量生理盐水。再灌注24h后断头取脑,应用免疫组织化学法检测Bcl-2、Bax、HSP70蛋白表达,末端脱氧核糖核酸转移酶介导的原位缺口末端标记法检测凋亡细胞。结果依达拉奉预处理组和对照组大鼠缺血周围脑组织中凋亡细胞和Bcl-2、Bax及HSP70阳性细胞数比假手术组均明显增加(P<0.01);与对照组比较,其凋亡细胞和Bax阳性细胞数均明显减少(P<0.01),而Bcl-2和HSP70阳性细胞数明显增加(P<0.01)。结论细胞凋亡在缺血再灌注损伤中起着重要作用;依达拉奉可能通过上调Bcl-2、HSP70蛋白表达、下调Bax蛋白表达减轻大鼠脑缺血再灌注后的细胞凋亡,增加脑缺血再灌注损伤耐受性,从而起到神经保护作用。     

褪黑素在缺血再灌注引起神经元凋亡的保护作用

目的探讨模拟缺血再灌注引起神经元凋亡的途径和褪黑素(m elaton in,MT)抗凋亡的作用机理。方法建立原代培养大鼠小脑颗粒细胞的体外模拟缺血(Oxygen G lucose Deprivation,OGD)再灌注模型,测定培养液LDH活性和细胞DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳;利用Rhodam ine123和激光共聚焦显微镜观察线粒体膜电位的变化;ELISA检测细胞浆中细胞色素C水平;用同样指标观察MT对其损伤的保护作用。结果在体外模拟缺血再灌注模型中培养液LDH活性增加(P<0.05),琼脂糖凝胶电泳DNA出现梯状条带,线粒体膜电位明显降低,细胞浆中细胞色素C含量增加(P<0.05),MT对上述现象有明显的抑制作用。结论(1)缺血再灌注引起的神经元凋亡机理之一是通过线粒体凋亡途径;(2)MT可通过阻止线粒体凋亡途径而保护模拟缺血再灌注诱导小脑颗粒细胞的凋亡。     

胰岛素对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后Caspase-3表达及细胞凋亡的影响

目的探讨胰岛素对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后Caspase-3表达及细胞凋亡的影响。方法将动物随机分为假手术组、缺血组及干预组,参照zea longa线栓法建立大鼠左侧大脑中动脉闭塞（mid-dle cerebral artery occlusion,MCAO）再灌注模型,干预组大鼠在脑缺血即刻给予胰岛素及葡萄糖腹腔注射,分别在左侧MCAO2h再灌注不同时间点断头取脑,脑皮质神经元Caspase-3的表达通过免疫组化法来测定,并采用TUNEL法原位标记DNA片段,检测TUNEL阳性细胞的变化。结果缺血组大鼠脑皮质Caspase-3的表达较假手术组显著增强（P〈0.01）,TUNEL阳性细胞数较假手术组显著增多（P〈0.01）;给予胰岛素处理后,Caspase-3的表达较缺血组明显减弱（P〈0.01）,TUNEL阳性细胞数较缺血组明显减少（P〈0.01）,但两者均显著高于假手术组（P〈0.01）。结论短暂的脑缺血再灌注可导致脑皮质神经元Caspase-3的表达增加,促进细胞凋亡,胰岛素可下调脑皮质神经元Caspase-3的表达,发挥神经保护作用。     

Prevention of Cyclophilin D-Mediated mPTP Opening Using Cyclosporine-A Alleviates the Elevation of Necroptosis,Autophagy and Apoptosis-Related Markers Following Global Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion

The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) is a complex channel of the inner membrane, the opening of which leads to mitochondrial swelling and dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Here, we aimed to evaluate the role of the cyclophilin D (CypD) as a prominent mediator of mPTP, on necroptosis and autophagy as well as apoptosis, beyond the global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. We showed that while cerebral I/R injury is accompanied by loss of MMP, mitochondrial swelling and programmed cell death, pretreatment with cyclosporine-A (CsA) as a potent inhibitor of CypD, led to partial but significant reduction in necroptosis markers, RIP1 and RIP3 as well as activity of glutamate-ammonia ligase (GLUL) and glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GLUD1), downstream enzymes of RIP3. Administration of CsA also partially decreased autophagy associated proteins. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Bax/Bcl-2 ratio as well as caspase-3 activation, as the executioner of apoptosis, noticeably decreased by CsA pretreatment. Taken together, our results suggest that the CypD alongside the apoptosis regulation plays a partial role in inducing necroptosis and autophagy.