A型主动脉夹层弓部血管解剖数据及其临床意义

目的通过多排螺旋CT(multi-detector row spiral computed tomography,MDCT)血管成像对主动脉弓及其分支血管的相关数据进行测量,如直径、间距及角度等,为A型主动脉夹层弓部替换手术中选取人工植入物(人工四分支血管、术中分支支架)提供数据参考。方法选择首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院心外科2009年2月至2014年5月连续收治的420例Stanford A型主动脉夹层患者的完整CT血管造影(CT angiography,CTA)影像学资料。通过医院MDCT室(Advanced Vessel Analysis.AVA软件)对CTA影像学资料DCIM格式图像进行三维重建,测量主动脉弓及其分支血管的直径、间距及角度。结果 1)主动脉弓分支类型,标准型96.5%(405/420),变异型3.5%(5/420);2)标准型主动脉弓直径(36.6±5.06)mm(95%CI:36.11~37.09mm);3)标准型主动脉弓各分支直径:无名动脉(IA)、左颈总动脉(LCCA)、左锁骨下动脉(LSA)直径分别为(16.20±3.44)mm(95%CI:15.86~16.54 mm)、(10.90±2.03)mm(95%CI:10.7~11.1 mm)、(12.53±2.50)mm(95%CI:12.29~12.77 mm);夹层累及分支与否,对IA直径有统计学意义;对LCCA、LSA直径无统计学意义。4)标准型主动脉弓各分支间距:IA-LCCA、LCCA-LSA间距分别为(18.68±4.21)mm(95%CI:18.27~19.09 mm)、(17.80±3.38)mm(95%CI:17.47~18.13 mm);弓部是否扩张,对二者均无统计学意义。IA-右锁骨下动脉(RSA)、LSA-左椎动脉(LVA)间距分别为(38.59±5.16)mr(95%CI:38.09~39.09 mm)、(38.57±7.91)mm(95%CI:37.80~39.34 mm);夹层累及分支与否,对二者均无统计学意义;IA-RSA间距无1例<20 mm;99%病例LSA-LVA间距>20 mm。5)标准型弓部分支与弓主干夹角IA、LCCA、LSA分别为(44.43±14.83)°(95%CI:42.99°~45.87°)、(50.30±11.40)°(95%CI:49.19°~51.41°)、(52.62±15.04)°(95%CI:51.16°~54.08°);夹层累及分支与否,对三者角度均无统计学意义。结论得到Stanford A型主动脉夹层弓部及其分支血管的各参数范围;为A型主动脉夹层弓部替换术中人工植入物,即目前常用的人工四分支血管、覆膜分支支架,尤其是分支支架型人工血管的设计提供了参考数据。     

急性StanfordA型主动脉夹层孙氏手术后机械通气时间延长的危险因素分析

目的评估欧洲评分Ⅱ是否能够有效预测急性Stanford A型主动夹层孙氏术后机械通气时间,探索孙氏术后机械通气时间延长的危险因素。方法自2009年12月至2012年2月共240例急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层的患者纳入研究。术后呼吸机机械通气时间超过48 h定义为机械通气时间延长。计算所有患者的欧洲评分。欧洲评分的区分能力采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线评估,校正能力采用Hosmer Lemeshow拟合优度检验评估。结果急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层孙氏术后院内总体病死率为10.0%（24/240）,术后平均呼吸机机械通气时间为17.0（12.5,56.0）h。共74例患者术后机械通气时间延长。欧洲评分Ⅱ的区分能力（ROC曲线下面积=0.52）及校正能力（Hosmer Lemeshow,P〈0.05）均不佳。单因素分析结果显示年龄［比值比（OR）=2.88, P=0.00］、脑卒中病史（OR=1.04,P=0.03）、外周血白细胞计数（OR=3.19, P=0.00）、发病至手术时间小于1周（OR=3.68,P=0.001）、体外循环时间（OR=1.96,P=0.02）为术后院内死亡的危险因素。Logistic多因素分析年龄大于48.5岁（OR=3.85,P=0.00）、术前外周静脉血白细胞计数超过13.5×109/L（OR=4.05, P=0.00）、发病至手术时间小于1周（OR=3.75, P=0.002）是孙氏术后机械通气时间延长的危险因素。结论年龄、术前白细胞计数超过13.5×109/L、发病至手术时间小于1周是孙氏手术后机械通气时间延长的危险因素。欧洲评分Ⅱ不能有效预测急性Stanford A型夹层孙氏手术后机械通气时间延长。术前及术中采取措施减少外周血白细胞计数、减轻炎性反应可能是一种潜在的主动脉手术脏器保护策略。     

颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞病人颅内外动脉血流动力学参数的变化

目的分析颈内动脉(ICA)重度狭窄或闭塞后颈总动脉(CCA)与大脑中动脉(MCA)血流动力学参数的变化,以提高经颅多普勒超声(TCD)对ICA重度狭窄或闭塞检测的准确性。方法选择经全脑数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查证实一侧ICA重度狭窄或闭塞且双侧CCA和MCA正常或狭窄<50%的病人30例。全部行TCD检查,测量双侧CCA和MCA的收缩期血流速度(Vs)、平均血流速度(Vm)和搏动指数(PI)。结果 ICA狭窄或闭塞侧CCA的Vm和Vs均较无病变侧明显降低(t=14.35、11.26,P<0.05)。病变侧CCA的PI较无病变侧明显增高(t=9.56,P<0.05)。ICA狭窄或闭塞侧MCA的Vm、Vs和PI均较无病变侧明显降低(t=10.19～15.61,P<0.05)。结论 TCD检查CCA和MCA的血流动力学参数的变化对ICA重度狭窄或闭塞的准确诊断具有重要指导价值。     

全胸腹主动脉四分支血管置换术后早期结果分析

目的 结合临床表现与主动脉CT血管成像(CTA)评价全胸腹主动脉四分支血管置换术后早期结果.方法 连续纳入自2009年2月至2010年3月期间29例行全胸腹主动脉四分支血管置换术的Crawford Ⅱ型胸腹主动脉瘤患者,平均年龄41.4岁.所有患者在术后5～14天内随诊全主动脉CTA.所有CTA均采用非心电门控螺旋扫描,层厚0.5cm.注射对比剂后触发层面设在肺动脉分叉水平的降主动脉.图像后处理均采用容积再现(VR)、多层平面重建(MPR)、曲面重建(CPR)等后处理技术,对人工血管的通畅性、吻合口及其他并发症进行综合评价,并结合临床表现对全降主动脉置换术后早期结果进行评价.结果 所有入选病例中24例术后临床病情比较稳定,CTA检查人工血管周围见不同程度低密度渗出、胸腔积液.5例出现并发症.1例术后3天出现尿少,化验检查提示肾功能不全,该例患者主动脉CTA显示左肾动脉分支血管闭塞.1例患者出现下肢轻瘫,CTA未见重建的肋间动脉显影,血管造影提示肋间动脉闭塞.1例出现呼吸功能不全.1例术后7天出现感染性休克,CT诊断为食管瘘.1例患者术后低血压,CTA见人工血管外对比剂外溢.所有有并发症的患者经过治疗后均好转出院.结论 主动脉CTA可以快速无创显示胸腹主动脉置换术后早期并发症的病因,为临床及时采取治疗措施提供依据.     

不同亚型卒中患者血清基质金属蛋白酶-2含量及其意义

Objective To investigate the change of serum matix metalloproteinase-2(MMP-2) level and its significance in patients with acute ischemic stroke of different subtypes. Methods Seventy-seven patients with acute ischemic stroke were classified into large-artery atherosclerosis (LAA) (n =29, 37. 66% ), small artery occlusion (SAO, lacunar infarction) (n =23, 29.87%), cardioembolism (CE) (n = 13,16. 88%), stroke of undemonstrated etiology (SUE) (n = 7, 9.09% ), and stroke of other demonstrated etiology (SOE) (n = 5, 6. 49%) according to the TOAST criteria. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the levels of serum MMP-2 in patients with acute ischemic stroke at 24 hours and 7 days, and they were compared with 42 controls. Results The serum MMP-2 levels at 24 hours and 7 days of the onset of symptoms in the acute ischemic stroke group according to the TOAST criteria were 189. 55 ±24.79 and 307.46 ±84. 16 ng/ml respectively, and they were all significantly higher than 159.76 ± 10. 32 ng/ml in the control group (all P <0.05). Among all the TOAST subtypes, SOE and SUE were not analyzed because of the small numbers of cases; among other subtypes, the serum MMP-2 levels at 24 hours of the onset of symptoms in the LAA, SAO and CE groups were 218. 60 ± 13.42,175.21 ±9.92, and 167.26 ±9.7 ng/ml respectively, and they were all significantly higher than those in the control group (all P < 0. 05); at day 7 of the onset of symptoms they were 404.75 ± 10. 30, 293.18 ± 10.91, and 211.81 ±11.14 ng/ml respectively, and they were also significantly higher than those in the control group (all P < 0.05). Among those, the LAA group was increased significantly (P < 0. 01). Conclusions The serum MMP-2 levels were increased in patients with acute cerebral infarction. "l'ne changes of the serum MMP-2 levels in each TOAST subtype group were different. The LAA group increased most significantly, which supported the different views of the etiology of cerebral infarction subtypes. The serum MMP-2 plays an important role in the process of cerebral infarction of the LAA type.     

重度颈动脉狭窄患者颅内脑血流改变的临床意义

颈动脉粥样硬化斑块引起颈动脉狭窄是缺血性脑血管病的高危因素，重度颈动脉狭窄可引起颅内脑血流动力学改变，导致缺血性脑血管病。2002～2004年，我们应用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)技术检测重度颈动脉狭窄患者的颅内脑血流动力学改变，旨在探讨颈动脉狭窄引起缺血性卒中的发病机制。     

脑动脉夹层

动脉夹层是指由于某种原凶引起的血管中膜发生出血,形成壁内血肿,后者引起血管内膜与中膜分离,压迫血管管腔,导致管腔狭窄.夹层最初作为主动脉疾病而受关注,后来发现颈部的颈动脉、椎动脉及颅内动脉亦有发生.     

主动脉夹层的形成和细胞外基质关系的研究进展

主动脉夹层是指在主动脉中层出现退化、变性、坏死等结构异常病变基础上，内膜撕裂，血液进入中层形成假腔，或由于动脉壁滋养血管破裂后导致壁内血肿形成假腔，假腔逐渐扩张发展为夹层。任何致病因素最终都需要通过改变主动脉的自身组织结构发挥作用。细胞外基质异常改变在主动夹层形成和演变中发挥重要作用。本文试就细胞外基质与主动脉夹层关系研究进展做一综述报告。     

不同亚型卒中患者血清基质金属蛋白酶-2含量及其意义

Objective To investigate the change of serum matix metalloproteinase-2(MMP-2) level and its significance in patients with acute ischemic stroke of different subtypes. Methods Seventy-seven patients with acute ischemic stroke were classified into large-artery atherosclerosis (LAA) (n =29, 37. 66% ), small artery occlusion (SAO, lacunar infarction) (n =23, 29.87%), cardioembolism (CE) (n = 13,16. 88%), stroke of undemonstrated etiology (SUE) (n = 7, 9.09% ), and stroke of other demonstrated etiology (SOE) (n = 5, 6. 49%) according to the TOAST criteria. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the levels of serum MMP-2 in patients with acute ischemic stroke at 24 hours and 7 days, and they were compared with 42 controls. Results The serum MMP-2 levels at 24 hours and 7 days of the onset of symptoms in the acute ischemic stroke group according to the TOAST criteria were 189. 55 ±24.79 and 307.46 ±84. 16 ng/ml respectively, and they were all significantly higher than 159.76 ± 10. 32 ng/ml in the control group (all P <0.05). Among all the TOAST subtypes, SOE and SUE were not analyzed because of the small numbers of cases; among other subtypes, the serum MMP-2 levels at 24 hours of the onset of symptoms in the LAA, SAO and CE groups were 218. 60 ± 13.42,175.21 ±9.92, and 167.26 ±9.7 ng/ml respectively, and they were all significantly higher than those in the control group (all P < 0. 05); at day 7 of the onset of symptoms they were 404.75 ± 10. 30, 293.18 ± 10.91, and 211.81 ±11.14 ng/ml respectively, and they were also significantly higher than those in the control group (all P < 0.05). Among those, the LAA group was increased significantly (P < 0. 01). Conclusions The serum MMP-2 levels were increased in patients with acute cerebral infarction. "l'ne changes of the serum MMP-2 levels in each TOAST subtype group were different. The LAA group increased most significantly, which supported the different views of the etiology of cerebral infarction subtypes. The serum MMP-2 plays an important role in the process of cerebral infarction of the LAA type.     

不同亚型卒中患者血清基质金属蛋白酶-2含量及其意义

Objective To investigate the change of serum matix metalloproteinase-2(MMP-2) level and its significance in patients with acute ischemic stroke of different subtypes. Methods Seventy-seven patients with acute ischemic stroke were classified into large-artery atherosclerosis (LAA) (n =29, 37. 66% ), small artery occlusion (SAO, lacunar infarction) (n =23, 29.87%), cardioembolism (CE) (n = 13,16. 88%), stroke of undemonstrated etiology (SUE) (n = 7, 9.09% ), and stroke of other demonstrated etiology (SOE) (n = 5, 6. 49%) according to the TOAST criteria. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the levels of serum MMP-2 in patients with acute ischemic stroke at 24 hours and 7 days, and they were compared with 42 controls. Results The serum MMP-2 levels at 24 hours and 7 days of the onset of symptoms in the acute ischemic stroke group according to the TOAST criteria were 189. 55 ±24.79 and 307.46 ±84. 16 ng/ml respectively, and they were all significantly higher than 159.76 ± 10. 32 ng/ml in the control group (all P <0.05). Among all the TOAST subtypes, SOE and SUE were not analyzed because of the small numbers of cases; among other subtypes, the serum MMP-2 levels at 24 hours of the onset of symptoms in the LAA, SAO and CE groups were 218. 60 ± 13.42,175.21 ±9.92, and 167.26 ±9.7 ng/ml respectively, and they were all significantly higher than those in the control group (all P < 0. 05); at day 7 of the onset of symptoms they were 404.75 ± 10. 30, 293.18 ± 10.91, and 211.81 ±11.14 ng/ml respectively, and they were also significantly higher than those in the control group (all P < 0.05). Among those, the LAA group was increased significantly (P < 0. 01). Conclusions The serum MMP-2 levels were increased in patients with acute cerebral infarction. "l'ne changes of the serum MMP-2 levels in each TOAST subtype group were different. The LAA group increased most significantly, which supported the different views of the etiology of cerebral infarction subtypes. The serum MMP-2 plays an important role in the process of cerebral infarction of the LAA type.