61株甲源性近平滑念珠菌药敏试验报告

根据美国国家临床实验室标准化委员会M27-A微量稀释法对近平滑念珠菌作了伊曲康唑、特比萘芬和氟康唑3种抗真菌药物敏感性测定。结果:伊曲康唑、特比萘芬、氟康唑对61株近平滑念珠菌的平均MIC值分别为:3.20μg/mL、0.42μg/mL、2.33μg/mL。体外特比萘芬对近平滑念珠菌敏感性高于伊曲康唑和氟康唑。     

四种抗真菌药物治疗甲癣疗效比较的文献系统复习

目的比较特比萘芬与伊曲康唑、氟康唑、灰黄霉素治疗甲癣疗效的差异。方法检索Medline文献数据库,查找所有比较特比萘芬与伊曲康唑、氟康唑、灰黄霉素治疗甲癣的双盲随机对照试验的文献,找出这4种药物治疗甲癣的真菌学治愈率并对其进行汇总,得出合并后真菌学治愈率的比值比(OR)及其95%可信区间(CI)。结果①有6篇比较特比萘芬与伊曲康唑、1篇特比萘芬与氟康唑、2篇特比萘芬与灰黄霉素治疗甲癣的双盲随机对照试验文献被纳入。②特比萘芬250mg/d连续疗法优于伊曲康唑400mg/d冲击疗法[OR=5.01,95%CI(3.42～7.33)]和伊曲康唑200mg/d连续疗法[OR=2.58,95%CI(1.91～3.49)]。特比萘芬的疗效亦优于氟康唑(P<0.001)和灰黄霉素[OR=3.46,95%CI(1.89～6.31)]。结论特比萘芬治疗甲癣的疗效优于伊曲康唑、氟康唑和灰黄霉素。     

氟康唑、特比萘芬和伊曲康唑对白念珠菌的体外敏感性试验

目的比较氟康唑、特比萘芬及伊曲康唑对白念珠菌的体外敏感性。方法采用NCCLS公布的M27-A方案微量稀释法测定氟康唑、特比萘芬及伊曲康唑对22株临床分离的白念珠菌的体外敏感性。结果22株白念珠菌对氟康唑耐药9株,敏感12株;对伊曲康唑耐药7株,敏感8株;对特比萘芬耐药12株,敏感3株。结论3种药物中氟康唑的敏感性相对较高,但仍有耐药现象,氟康唑与伊曲康唑存在交叉耐药。     

51株甲真菌病白念珠菌体外药物敏感性试验

参照美国国家临床实验室标准化委员会M27-A棋盘微量稀释法,检测了分离自2005年1月至2007年10月,于北京大学第三医院第二门诊部就诊的甲真菌病患者的51株白念珠菌对伊曲康唑、特比萘芬和氟康唑3种抗真菌药物的体外敏感性.伊曲康唑、特比萘芬、氟康唑对51株甲源性白念珠菌的平均最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为:0.23 μg/mL、3.84 μg/mL、6.52 μg/mL.伊曲康唑在体外对白念珠菌敏感性高于特比萘芬和氟康唑.     

甲真菌病临床评分指数指导伊曲康唑和特比萘芬治疗甲真菌病的疗效对比研究

目的评价甲真菌病临床评分指数(SCIO)指导伊曲康唑冲击和特比萘芬连续疗法治疗甲真菌病的疗效、安全性及费用疗效比。方法制定SCIO评分体系,对200例甲真菌病患者的靶甲进行SCIO评分,根据SCIO积分范围随机分为2组,分别给予伊曲康唑冲击治疗和特比萘芬连续治疗。结果2种药物均有较好的抗真菌疗效。伊曲康唑组和特比萘芬组近、中、远期临床和真菌学疗效差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),伊曲康唑组远期复发率4.26%,特比萘芬组尚未观察到复发病例。伊曲康唑组不良事件发生率为23%,特比萘芬组为21%(P>0.05)。Ⅱ度患者伊曲康唑组费用疗效比低于特比萘芬组,Ⅲ度和Ⅳ度患者特比萘芬组费用疗效比低于伊曲康唑组,但差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论SCIO具有一定的科学性和实用性,指导伊曲康唑冲击和特比萘芬连续疗法治疗甲真菌病显示同样有效且安全。     

念珠地丝菌对五种抗真菌药的体外敏感性及电镜观察

目的 探讨5种临床常见抗真菌药对念珠地丝菌的体外抑制作用,并观察用药后念珠地丝菌的形态学变化。方法 5种临床常见抗真菌药为特比萘芬、两性霉素B、氟胞嘧啶、氟康唑和伊曲康唑。参照美国国家临床试验标准委员会修订的M27?A2方案及相关文献,测定各药物对念珠地丝菌的MIC值。应用扫描电镜观察特比萘芬作用后念珠地丝菌的形态学变化。结果 5种药物对念珠地丝菌的MIC值依次为：特比萘芬0.01 μg/ml、两性霉素B 0.4 μg/ml、氟胞嘧啶2 μg/ml、氟康唑2.69 μg/ml、伊曲康唑 0.25 μg/ml。念珠地丝菌对特比萘芬、两性霉素B、氟胞嘧啶、氟康唑均敏感,对伊曲康唑为剂量依赖性敏感。扫描电镜可见,经特比萘芬作用后念珠地丝菌菌体表面出现粗糙、皱缩、不规则缺损及孔洞,甚至呈碎片状。结论 特比萘芬对念珠地丝菌的抗菌活性最显著,在一定范围内,特比萘芬浓度越高,念珠地丝菌被破坏的程度越严重。     

伊曲康唑和特比萘芬治疗甲癣的优与劣

对最新二种亲脂性、口服抗真菌药伊曲康唑和特比萘芬在治疗甲癣上进行了探讨。从甲癣的临床与甲癣致病菌的变迁讨论治疗甲癣理想抗真菌药的条件。伊曲康唑和特比萘芬药代动力学与在甲的药代动力学,伊曲康唑和特比萘芬治疗甲癣的疗效,以及对其疗效的比较,不良反应的发生率,最后介绍了甲癣短程间歇冲击疗法。     

三种抗真菌药物对糖尿病大鼠TLRs和Th细胞因子水平的影响

目的: 测定氟康唑,伊曲康唑和特比萘芬对糖尿病大鼠Toll样受体(TLRs)和辅助性T细胞(Th细胞)细胞因子水平的影响.方法: 建立鼠糖尿病模型,喂食氟康唑,伊曲康唑和特比萘芬4周后,流式细胞术对糖尿病大鼠脾脏T细胞TLR2、TLR4、IFN-γ和IL-4水平进行检测;实时荧光定量PCR (Real-Time PCR)检测TLR4在脾脏细胞中的表达.结果: 氟康唑、伊曲康唑和特比萘芬可以提高糖尿病大鼠TLR2与TLR4的表达水平;伊曲康唑还可提高糖尿病大鼠Th1型免疫应答.结论: 3种抗真菌药物可以通过激发宿主对真菌的天然和获得性免疫应答促进机体对真菌的抵御.     

伊曲康唑和特比萘芬治疗甲癣的优与劣

对最新二种亲脂性、口服抗真菌药伊曲康唑和特比萘芬在治疗甲癣上进行了探讨。从甲癣的临床与甲癣致病菌的变迁过论治疗甲癣理想抗真菌药的条件。伊曲康唑和特比萘芬药代动力学与在甲的药代动力学，伊曲康唑和特比萘芬治疗甲癣的疗效，以及对其疗效的比较，不良反应的发生率，最后介绍了甲癣短程间歇冲击疗法。     

微量稀释法检测申克孢子丝菌酵母相体外抗真菌药物敏感性

目的用液基微量稀释法观察双相真菌申克孢子丝菌酵母相体外抗真菌药物敏感性。方法将54株申克孢子丝菌临床株于脑心浸液琼脂培养基连续传代获得酵母相,参考美国临床实验室标准化委员会(CLSI)的微量稀释法M27-A2检测菌株酵母相对碘化钾、氟康唑、伊曲康唑和特比萘芬的体外敏感性,并观察碘化钾对伊曲康唑和特比萘芬体外抑菌作用的影响。质控株为克柔念珠菌ATCC6258。结果碘化钾体外无抑菌作用;氟康唑最小抑菌浓度(MIC)几何均数大于64μg/mL;伊曲康唑和特比萘芬MIC几何均数分别为0.98μg/mL和0.17μg/mL。伊曲康唑及特比萘芬的MIC值分别高于伊曲康唑+碘化钾及特比萘芬+碘化钾(P均<0.05)。来源皮肤固定型的菌株与来源皮肤淋巴管型菌株相比MIC值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论改良的M27-A2方法适用于检测申克孢子丝菌酵母相体外敏感性;酵母相时碘化钾对伊曲康唑、特比萘芬体外抑菌作用有一定的加强效应。     

特比萘芬与氟康唑或伊曲康唑联合治疗系统性耐药性白念珠菌感染小鼠模型研究

目的研究特比萘芬与氟康唑或伊曲康唑联合治疗系统性耐药性白念珠菌病的疗效。方法建立小鼠系统性白念珠菌感染模型,应用特比萘芬与氟康唑或伊曲康唑联合治疗系统性白念珠菌感染。结果联合用药组小鼠的存活时间比单用药组明显延长(P<0.05),肾组织真菌计数显示联合治疗组明显低于单用药组(P<0.05)。结论特比萘芬与氟康唑或伊曲康唑联合疗法可增强抗白念珠菌效能,具有临床应用的潜能。     

Terbinafine: a review of its use in onychomycosis in adults

Terbinafine, an orally and topically active antimycotic agent, inhibits the biosynthesis of the principal sterol in fungi, ergosterol, at the level of squalene epoxidase. Squalene epoxidase inhibition results in ergosterol-depleted fungal cell membranes (fungistatic effect) and the toxic accumulation of intracellular squalene (fungicidal effect). Terbinafine has demonstrated excellent fungicidal activity against the dermatophytes and variable activity against yeasts and non-dermatophyte molds in vitro. Following oral administration, terbinafine is rapidly absorbed and widely distributed to body tissues including the poorly perfused nail matrix. Nail terbinafine concentrations are detected within 1 week after starting therapy and persist for at least 30 weeks after the completion of treatment. Randomized, double-blind trials showed oral terbinafine 250 mg/day for 12 or 16 weeks was more efficacious than itraconazole, fluconazole and griseofulvin in dermatophyte onychomycosis of the toenails. In particular, at 72 weeks' follow-up, the multicenter, multinational, L.I.ON. (Lamisil vs Itraconazole in ONychomycosis) study found that mycologic cure rates (76 vs 38% of patients after 12 weeks' treatment; 81 vs 49% of recipients after 16 weeks' therapy) and complete cure rates were approximately twice as high after terbinafine treatment than after itraconazole (3 or 4 cycles of 400 mg/day for 1 week repeated every 4 weeks) in patients with toenail mycosis. Furthermore, the L.I.ON. Icelandic Extension study demonstrated that terbinafine was more clinically effective than intermittent itraconazole to a statistically significant extent at 5-year follow-up. Terbinafine produced a superior complete cure rate (35 vs 14%), mycologic cure rate (46 vs 13%) and clinical cure rate (42 vs 18%) to that of itraconazole. The mycologic and clinical relapse rates were 23% and 21% in the terbinafine group, respectively, compared with 53% and 48% in the itraconazole group. In comparative clinical trials, oral terbinafine had a better tolerability profile than griseofulvin and a comparable profile to that of itraconazole or fluconazole. Post marketing surveillance confirmed terbinafine's good tolerability profile. Adverse events were experienced by 10.5% of terbinafine recipients, with gastrointestinal complaints being the most common. Unlike the azoles, terbinafine has a low potential for drug-drug interactions. Most pharmacoeconomic evaluations have shown that the greater clinical effectiveness of oral terbinafine in dermatophyte onychomycosis translates into a cost-effectiveness ratio superior to that of itraconazole, fluconazole and griseofulvin. CONCLUSION: Oral terbinafine has demonstrated greater effectiveness than itraconazole, fluconazole and griseofulvin in randomized trials involving patients with onychomycosis caused by dermatophytes. The drug is generally well tolerated and has a low potential for drug interactions. Therefore, terbinafine is the treatment of choice for dermatophyte onychomycosis.     

复发性外阴阴道念珠菌病的危险因素分析和治疗研究

目的：对复发性外阴阴道念珠菌病(RVVC)的致病危险因素进行统计和治疗探讨。方法：对性病门诊的60例RVVC患者，配对选择VVC患者作为对照，进行危险因素条件logistic回归统计分析；另外把RVVC患者随机分为三组，分别用伊曲康唑、氟康唑、特比奈芬间断治疗6个月，比较其治疗效果。结果：性病门诊中RWC的危险因素包括性伴感染传播、滥用抗生素、口服避孕药致内分泌改变及抗真菌药物使用不当均为RVVC的发生危险因素；用伊曲康唑和氟康唑治疗RVVC，效果要优于用特比奈芬。结论：治疗RVVC要注意消除或控制其危险因素；选择伊曲康唑或氟康唑进行每月间断抗真菌治疗有明显效果。     

Efficacy of itraconazole, terbinafine, fluconazole, griseofulvin and ketoconazole in the treatment of Scopulariopsis brevicaulis causing onychomycosis of the toes

BACKGROUND: Scopulariopsis brevicaulis is a common non-dermatophyte mould that can cause onychomycosis. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the oral antifungal agents griseofulvin, ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole and terbinafine in the treatment of S. brevicaulis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a prospective, comparative, parallel-group, single-blinded, randomized, non-industry-sponsored study, patients with toe onychomycosis caused by S. brevicaulis sp. were randomized and treated with one of 5 oral antifungal agents, i.e. griseofulvin, ketoconazole, itraconazole (pulse), fluconazole or terbinafine. The treatment regimens were: griseofulvin 600 mg twice daily for 12 months, ketoconazole 200 mg daily for 4 months, itraconazole pulse therapy given for 3 pulses, with each pulse consisting of 200 mg twice daily for 1 week with 3 weeks off between successive pulses, terbinafine 250 mg daily for 12 weeks and fluconazole 150 mg daily for 12 weeks. RESULTS: There were 59 patients (48 males, 11 females, mean age 35.6 years, range 25-53 years). All patients had clinical evidence of distal and lateral onychomycosis, with moderate to severe disease of the target nail. Between the treatment groups there was no significant difference in the mean age of the patients or the mean area of involvement with onychomycosis at baseline. The efficacy parameters were clinical cure (CC) and mycological cure (MC). At month 12 after the start of treatment, the response was: griseofulvin, CC 3/11, MC 0/11, CC + MC 0/11; ketoconazole, CC 10/12, MC 8/12, CC + MC 8/12; itraconazole, CC 12/12, MC 12/12, CC + MC 12/12; terbinafine, CC 12/12, MC 11/12, CC + MC 11/12, and fluconazole, CC 8/12, MC 8/12, CC + MC 8/12. Adverse effects consisted of: griseofulvin, gastro-intestinal symptoms, allergic reaction, photodermatitis, hepatic and renal dysfunction in 11 patients with discontinuation of treatment in 3 patients; ketoconazole, hepatic dysfunction but no symptomatic changes in 2 patients; itraconazole, nausea and vomiting in 2 patients; terbinafine, taste disturbance in 2 patients, nausea in 3 patients, and fluconazole, severe gastro-intestinal events in 5 patients. None of the patients receiving ketoconazole, itraconazole, terbinafine or fluconazole discontinued treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Itraconazole and terbinafine demonstrate efficacy against some cases of S. brevicaulis toe onychomycosis. These agents also appear to be safe in the course of therapy for toe onychomycosis. Griseofulvin is ineffective against toe onychomycosis caused by S. brevicaulis. Ketoconazole is not recommended for toe onychomycosis given its potential for adverse effects, particularly with the availability of the newer antifungal agents.     

Tinea capitis. Therapeutic options in the post-griseofulvin era

Tinea capitis is the most common dermatophyte infection during childhood. In Germany, only griseofulvin is approved for therapy by regulatory agencies. In recent years, several newer antifungal agents such as itraconazole, fluconazole and terbinafine have broadened the therapeutic armamentarium and are used for the treatment of childhood tinea capitis. Itraconazole and terbinafine seem to be equally or more effective in treatment of tinea capitis within a shorter period of time than griseofulvin. Fluconazole is probably also effective for this indication, although supporting data is limited. Encountered side effects as well as interactions with other drugs appear to be well within acceptable limits for all three drugs. In conclusion, systemic therapy of scalp ringworm with itraconazole and terbinafine, as well as perhaps fluconazole, seems to be an equivalent or a superior therapeutic approach as compared to the use of griseofulvin. For the future, regulatory approval for the use of these newer antifungal agents in tinea capitis of childhood is recommended.     

Therapeutic Options for the Treatment of Tinea Capitis Caused by Trichophyton Species: Griseofulvin Versus the New Oral Antifungal Agents, Terbinafine, Itraconazole, and Fluconazole

Tinea capitis is a relatively common fungal infection of childhood. Griseofulvin has been the mainstay of management. However, newer oral antifungal agents are being used more frequently. A multicenter, prospective, randomized, single-blinded, non-industry-sponsored study was conducted in centers in Canada and South Africa to determine the relative efficacy and safety of griseofulvin, terbinafine, itraconazole, and fluconazole in the treatment of tinea capitis caused by Trichophyton species. The regimens for treating tinea capitis were griseofulvin microsize 20 mg/kg/day x 6 weeks, terbinafine [> 40 kg, one 250 mg tablet; 20-40 kg, 125 mg (half of a 250 mg tablet); < 20 kg, 62.5 mg (one-quarter of a 250 mg tablet)] x 2-3 weeks, itraconazole 5 mg/kg/day x 2-3 weeks, and fluconazole 6 mg/kg/day x 2-3 weeks. Patients were asked to return at weeks 4, 8, and 12 from the start of the study. Griseofulvin was administered for 6 weeks and the final evaluation was at week 12. Terbinafine, itraconazole, and fluconazole were administered for 2 weeks and the patient evaluated 4 weeks from the start of therapy. At this time, if clinically indicated, one extra week of therapy was given. There were 200 patients randomized to four treatment groups (50 in each group). At the final evaluation at week 12, the number of evaluable patients were griseofulvin, 46; terbinafine, 48; itraconazole, 46; and fluconazole, 46. Patients who discontinued therapy or were lost to follow-up were griseofulvin, 1/3; itraconazole, 0/4; terbinafine, 0/4; and fluconazole, 0/4. The causative organisms were Trichophyton tonsurans and T. violaceum species. Patients were regarded as effectively treated at week 12 if there was mycologic cure and either clinical cure or only a few residual symptoms. Effective treatment was recorded in, intention to treat, griseofulvin (46 of 50, 92.0%), terbinafine (47 of 50, 94.0%), itraconazole (43 of 50, 86.0%), and fluconazole (42 of 50, 84.0%) (p=0.33). Adverse effects were reported only in the griseofulvin group (gastrointestinal effects in six patients). Discontinuation from therapy due to adverse effects occurred only in the griseofulvin group (nausea in one patient). For the treatment of tinea capitis caused by the Trichophyton species, in this study, griseofulvin given for 6 weeks is similar in efficacy to terbinafine, itraconazole, and fluconazole given for 2-3 weeks. Each of the agents has a favorable adverse-effects profile.     

In vitro antifungal susceptibility testing of fungi in patients with onychomycosis

Onychomycosis is the most common nail disorder. To examine in vitro antifungal susceptibility of fungi among onychomycosis patients. The study included 68 patients with onychomycosis. Nail specimens were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar and Dermasel agar base‐media. Isolated fungi were subjected to antifungal susceptibility tests against terbinafine, itraconazole, fluconazole, and griseofulvin. Candida species (Candida spp.) were detected in 32.4% of the cases of candidal onychomycosis (n = 37), 23.5% of the cases of distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis (n = 17), and 21.4% of the cases of total dystrophic onychomycosis (n = 14). Candida spp. were sensitive to fluconazole in 73.5%, itraconazole in 58.8%, and terbinafine in 5.9% of the cases. Aspergillus spp. were sensitive to itraconazole in all cases, and terbinafine in 87.5% of cases. Penicillium spp. were sensitive to itraconazole and terbinafine in 88.9% and 77.8% of cases, respectively. Trichophyton spp. were sensitive to terbinafine and resistant to itraconazole. Microsporum spp. were sensitive to itraconazole and resistance to terbinafine. All isolated fungi were resistant to griseofulvin. An increasing proportion of Candida spp. was observed among patients with different clinical varieties of onychomycosis. Candida spp. were highly sensitive to fluconazole and a lesser extent to itraconazole.     

The significance of itraconazole for treatment of fungal infections of skin, nails and mucous membranes

Itraconazole is an antifungal drug from the triazole group with distinct in vitro activity against dermatophytes, yeasts and some molds. Itraconazole has a primarily fungistatic activity. Itraconazole accumulates in the stratum corneum and in nail material due to its high affinity to keratin, as well as in sebum and vaginal mucosa. Together with terbinafine and fluconazole, itraconazole belongs to the modern highly effective systemic antifungal drugs with a favorable risk-benefit ratio and for this reason is a preferred therapy option for fungal infections of skin, nails and mucous membranes. Compared to terbinafine in the treatment of fingernail and toenail fungal infections, itraconazole offers the advantage of a broad antifungal spectrum and better effectiveness against onychomycosis caused by yeasts yet appears inferior with regard to the more common dermatophyte infections. Itraconazole constitutes an important therapy option, along with fluconazole, terbinafine, ketoconazole and griseofulvin, for the treatment of dermatophyte infections of glabrous skin (tinea pedis, tinea manuum, tinea corporis and tinea cruris) in adults following unsuccessful topical therapy. In the oral therapy of tinea capitis, itraconazole plays an especially important role, in particular for disease caused by Microsporum canis (for children, however, only off-label use is feasible currently). In the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis, candidiasis of the skin and vulvovaginal candidiasis, itraconazole and fluconazole are the preferred treatment options in cases in which topical therapy has proven unsuccessful.