26例肝窦阻塞综合征临床及影像分析

目的了解肝窦阻塞综合征患者的临床特点及影像特征。方法回顾性分析2010年11月至2019年2月在解放军总医院第五医学中心住院诊治的26例肝窦阻塞综合征患者的临床资料,归纳总结其主诉、临床表现、实验室检查、影像学特征及病因。结果26例肝窦阻塞综合征患者以腹胀、乏力、纳差、腹水为主要症状,1例为肝移植术后患者,1例为肾移植术后患者,均有明确的化学治疗史,1例患者病因不明,23例患者有明确的中草药服用史,其中21例服用土三七。ALT升高17例,AST升高20例,糖类抗原CA125升高23例。CT及MR影像学显示,脾脏增大11例,腹水24例,肝脏密度及信号不均21例,增强扫描强化不均匀23例,肝静脉变细或显示不清11例。结论肝窦阻塞综合征的病因以服用土三七为主,临床表现为腹胀、乏力、纳差,可有肝功能异常及CA125升高,影像学表现以肝脾肿大、腹水、肝脏密度及信号不均,增强扫描强化不均及肝静脉变细或显示不清为主。     

肝小静脉闭塞病50例临床分析

目的 分析肝小静脉闭塞病(HVOD)的临床特点,探讨其诊断及治疗方法.方法 分析浙江大学医学院附属第一医院2008年8月至2011年8月收治的50例HVOD患者的病因、临床表现、实验室检查、影像学表现、病理特点及治疗情况.结果 50例HVOD患者中,38例有服用土三七史,占76％,临床表现主要为腹水、肝大、肝区疼痛、黄疸及体质量增加.实验室检查显示,肝功能损害,血CA125升高.超声示肝大、肝静脉变细,血流减慢;CT示肝外形饱满,增强扫描示门脉期及延迟期肝实质不均匀强化,呈地图样改变,肝静脉明显变细.病理检查示肝窦充血,中央静脉狭窄、管壁增厚.主要采取抗凝治疗,1例治愈,33例好转,13例未愈,3例死亡.结论 浙江省因服用土三七而引起HVOD的病例较多见,可根据病史、临床表现和特征性的影像学表现来明确诊断,但不典型病例仍需肝活组织穿刺检查.采用抗凝治疗能取得较好疗效.     

原发性腹膜癌的诊断及治疗

目的探讨原发性腹膜癌的诊断及治疗方法。方法对18例原发性腹膜癌患者的临床资料作回顾性分析。结果本组临床表现为腹胀16例、腹痛10例、食欲不振7例、消瘦6例、腹水16例。行腹部彩超检查12例,发现盆腹腔腹水10例、大网膜增厚2例;经阴道彩超检查6例,均发现盆腹腔腹水,其中5例盆底腹膜增厚及盆腔腹膜呈结节状突起;行血清CA125检查,17例增高,1例血清CA125正常但CA199增高;CT检查11例,均见盆腹腔积液,伴胸腔积液5例,伴腹膜增厚、结节或大网膜结节、呈饼状6例;18例均行腹水脱落细胞学检查,找到腺癌细胞13例。病理检查证实原发性腹膜浆液性乳头状腺癌15例、黏液性细胞癌2例、移行细胞癌1例。全部患者均行肿瘤细胞减灭术,术后给以铂类为主的联合化疗方案化疗。患者生存时间为3～47个月。结论原发性腹膜癌主要表现为腹胀、腹水;腹部及阴道彩超检查、血清CA125检查及腹水癌细胞检查有助于本病的确诊。其治疗方法可采用肿瘤细胞减灭术,并给以铂类为主的静脉化疗和腹腔化疗。     

土三七导致肝窦阻塞综合征20例

目的分析土三七导致肝窦阻塞综合征(SOS)患者的临床特点及诊治方法。方法回顾性分析2011年11月至2015年12月收治的20例服用土三七所致肝窦阻塞综合征患者的临床诊治资料。结果 20例患者中以老年人居多,大多数在服药的4个月内发病,均以腹胀为首发表现,所有患者肝脏CT或MRI检查均有"地图样"改变,肝静脉变细或不显示,1例患者出现肝肿大且无腹水,余19例均有腹水,有饮酒史和无饮酒史患者的肝损伤未见显著差异。20例患者中,1例治愈,7例好转,其中有2例是行TIPS治疗后好转。结论土三七可导致SOS的发生,肝脏CT或MRI检查有特征性的表现,早期抗凝、改善微循环治疗有一定疗效,应重视土三七的肝毒性。     

CT引导下经皮肺活检对肺周围病变的诊断价值

目的通过微创的方法获取标本进行组织学检查,对经影像学、脱落细胞学、细菌学及纤维支气管镜检查均不能明确诊断的肺部周围性病变患者进行CT引导下经皮肺活检术,对其安全性及诊断价值进行评价。方法依病灶部位不同,患者取平卧、俯卧或侧卧位行CT薄层扫描选择最佳穿刺平面,在体表以金属针定位扫描,拟定穿刺点,用美国cok穿刺针经CT扫描证实穿刺活检针已达病灶中心,应用穿刺针取小长条切割组织,做组织学和细胞学检查。术后常规扫描穿刺区域,了解有无气胸、出血等并发症。结果 125例患者在CI引导下经皮肺穿刺均获得成功,本组病例中有121例获得了明确诊断,组织学诊断率为96.8%。在确诊的121例病例中,腺癌39例（32.2%）,鳞癌25例（20.7%）,小细胞癌16例（13.2%）,肺炎19例（15.7%）,肺结核15例（12.4%）,黏膜相关性淋巴瘤2例（1.7%）,隐源性机化性肺炎2例（1.7%）,良性结节2例（2.5%）,隐球菌感染1例（0.08%）。125例患者穿刺术后发生并发症11例,占8.8%,其中气胸8例,发生率为6.4%（8/125）;咯血3例,咯血量〈50m l,发生率为2.4%（3/125）。结论经皮肺穿刺活检在外周型肺部病变的诊断中成功率高,并具有较高的敏感性与特异性,穿刺并发症很少,所以CT引导下经皮肺活检术安全可靠,操作简便,损伤小,为肺部周围性病变、特别是纤维支气管镜及痰细胞学检查不能明确诊断的病例,提供一个较好的诊断和鉴别诊断方法,值得临床推广应用。     

血清-腹水清蛋白梯度与肿瘤抗原125水平在肝硬化检测中的意义

[目的]探讨肝硬化血清-腹水清蛋白梯度（SAAG）和肿瘤抗原125（CA125）水平与肝损害和腹水蓄量的关系。[方法]肝硬化腹水患者87例,根据Child-Pugh改良计分法判定肝功能损害程度,A级22例,B级38例、C级27例,检测SAAG及腹水CA125水平,分别计算3组的SAAG及CA125均值,结合SAAG和CA125水平,观察腹水再发生的情况。[结果]SAAG和CA125随Child-Pugh肝功能评分的增加均逐渐增高,各组之间比较差异有统计学意义（P≤0.01）,且随着腹水量的增多,SAAG和CA125水平也呈逐渐升高趋势。SAAG和CA125呈正相关,随肝功能的减退逐渐升高。[结论]SAAG和CA125水平可作为反映肝硬化患者肝损害程度的指标之一,并对衡量肝硬化患者的预后,监测肝硬化患者腹水消长有一定的参考价值。     

肝小静脉闭塞症10例临床分析

目的：通过分析肝小静脉闭塞症（HVOD）的诱因、危险因素、临床表现、肝脏CT特点、病理特征来提高对该病的认识。方法：回顾性分析我院10例服用“土三七”后所致HVOD的病例资料,包括临床表现、血清学报告、肝脏CT扫描及病理穿刺结果。结果：临床表现以腹水为主,并有不同程度肝肿大及肝功能损害。血清学检查：4例患者乙肝病毒标志物阳性。1例CMV-IgM阳性。5例患者有长期大量饮酒史。谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AsT）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、1-转肽酶（GGT）、总胆红素（TBil）、直接胆红素（DBil）不同程度升高。肝脏cT平扫均显示肝脏肿大,腹水,增强显示肝实质内可见弥漫状的点状及网格样异常信号,肝实质内多发大片状异常信号,强化形式均低于正常肝实质强化信号,肝脏有地图状增强;肝静脉、下腔静脉肝内段变细。病理表现：肝窦明显扩张淤血,汇管区肝小静脉内皮肿胀,管壁增厚,管腔不完全闭塞,并可见较多淋巴细胞浸润。结论：有明确服用土三七史及相应临床表现,同时符合肝CT特征表现的患者,可临床诊断HVOD,确诊需要病理依据。既往有肝炎病史为服用土三七后发生HVOD的危险因素。     

小口径腹腔镜检查对结核性腹膜炎的诊断价值：21例临床分析

背景：结核性腹膜炎临床表现常不典型，误诊、漏诊率较高。目的：探讨小口径腹腔镜检查对结核性腹膜炎的诊断价值和安全性。方法：回顾性分析2006年1月～2007年12月于复旦大学附属中山医院行小口径腹腔镜检查，最终诊断为结核性腹膜炎的21例患者的一般情况、腹腔镜表现和实验室、辅助检查结果。结果：1例患者因腹腔严重黏连而终止检查；20例（95．2％）腹腔镜直视可见腹腔内弥漫粟粒样结节，结合临床表现诊断为结核性腹膜炎，其中17例（81．0％）取得活检组织，经病理检查明确诊断。21例患者中，渗出型11例（52．4％），黏连型7例（33．3％），干酪型3例（14.3％）。术后并发症发生率为9．5％，包括穿刺部位出血和皮下气肿各1例。小口径腹腔镜直视诊断阳性率显著高于结核菌素纯蛋白衍生物（PPD）试验、腹水乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、血清和腹水肿瘤相关糖链抗原125（CA125）、腹水腺苷脱氨酶（ADA）检测等（P〈0．05）。结论：小口径腹腔镜检查用于诊断结核性腹膜炎，操作简便、安全，诊断准确性高。     

经颈静脉肝组织活检53例分析

目的:探讨经颈静脉肝组织活检（TJLB）的实用性与安全性。方法:收集在2015年6月至2020年6月期间53例经颈静脉肝组织活检患者资料,所有患者均用LABS-100经颈静脉途径取活检标本,其中经肝静脉穿刺活检者45例,经下腔静脉肝内段活检者8例。对手术适应证、手术相关并发症、术后病理诊断进行分析总结。结果:所有患者T...     

腹膜间皮瘤侵袭肝脏1例回顾及文献复习

49岁男性患者，因右上腹痛半个月，全腹胀10天入院。血CA199及CA125升高，腹水呈黄色微混浊，化验示渗出液，MRI提示肝周腹膜增厚，肝方叶前缘占位病灶。患者入院后经利尿、抽腹水治疗效果不佳，后行腹腔镜检查，术后石蜡切片病理证实为腹膜间皮瘤。本例患者MRI表现容易与原发性肝癌混淆，医师在临床工作中应提高对腹膜间皮瘤的认识，以期及早诊断，为完全切除肿瘤创造条件。     

Hepatic veno-occlusive disease after taking Gynura Rhizome: The value of multidetector computed tomography in diagnosing the disease and evaluating the clinical therapeutic effect

Aim: We conducted this study to evaluate the role of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) in diagnosing and differential diagnosis hepatic veno‐occlusive disease (HVOD), and as well as assessing the clinical therapeutic effects. Methods: From 2007 to 2010, 10 inpatients with weight increasing, liver pains, ascites, jaundice and history of taking gynura rhizome before hospitalization were scanned with a 64‐MDCT. The data were reconstructed every 0.625 mm and reviewed using multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) and liver CT angiography (CTA) on a GE AW4.2 workstation. Patients were re‐scanned with MDCT after medication so that the clinical therapeutic effect could be evaluated before the patients discharging from hospital. Results: In 10 HVOD patients, the diagnoses of MDCT were coincident with clinical results. All patients had ascites and pleural fluid, hepatomegaly except the caudate lobe in MDCT. Failure to view hepatic veins in hepatic 3 phase scans, but portal veins and inferior vena cava were unobstructed. In portal‐phase, hepatic enhancements were non‐uniform. Three patients were incorrectly diagnosed before hospital admission. All patients improved significantly after hepato‐protection and supporting therapy. No ascites, hydrothorax, hepatomegaly and obstruction of hepatic veins were observed by MDCT before patients were discharged from hospital. Conclusion: Multidetector computed tomography combined with MPR and liver CTA images are helpful in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of HVOD and in the evaluation of clinical therapeutic effects.     

土三七致肝小静脉闭塞病诊断及治疗体会

目的 探讨肝小静脉闭塞病(hepatic veno-occlusive disesse,HVOD)的诊断及治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析我院3例土三七致HVOD患者的临床和病理特征.结果 所有患者以腹胀、腹水和肝肿大为主要表现.2例患者的组织病理学表现为肝窦扩张、瘀血、肝索挤压、萎缩、肝细胞变性坏死.结论 土三七所致肝小静脉闭塞病临床表现无特殊性,肝穿是重要的诊断方法.     

肝窦阻塞综合征35例临床分析及文献复习

目的 总结肝窦阻塞综合征的临床特点、诊断和治疗方法并复习文献,旨在提高临床对该疾病的诊疗水平.方法 回顾性分析2008年8月-2013年5月在南京医科大学第一附属医院住院的35例患者病史、临床表现、实验室结果以及影像学特征、肝脏组织病理学、治疗经过及预后情况.结果 31例患者有服用土三七病史,占88.6%;2例有服用其他中药史;2例有异基因造血干细胞移植史.临床表现主要为腹胀（100%）、腹水（91.4%）、腹痛（62.9%）、黄疸（48.6%）,不同程度的肝功能损害.超声检查发现肝静脉显示不清或明显变细,血流降低或消失;CT发现肝脏呈＂地图状＂强化不均匀;肝脏组织病理学发现局部肝窦扩张,部分肝细胞脂肪变性,部分肝组织出血,肝组织及门静脉区大量慢性炎症细胞浸润.治疗后,15例（42.9%）好转,20例（57.1%）治疗无效自动出院.结论 服用土三七仍为我国SOS的主要病因,早期诊断,及时应用改善肝脏微循环药物以及糖皮质激素对改善预后有一定疗效.     

Hepatic venous outflow obstruction in patients with polycystic liver disease: pathogenesis and treatment.

Polycystic liver disease is commonly asymptomatic but may present with hepatomegaly, abdominal distension, and dull abdominal pain. Transudative ascites is a rare manifestation in these patients but may occur when portal hypertension is present resulting from associated hepatic fibrosis or after deroofing procedure of a cyst. Exudative ascites might suggest hepatic venous outflow obstruction. Four cases are described where hepatic venous outflow obstruction occurred in patients with polycystic liver disease. Three patients had orthotopic liver transplantation and one had a mesocaval shunt. Of the two patients that survived orthotopic liver transplantation both have shown considerable improvement in their symptoms. None of the patients had any confirmed procoagulant disorder. The mechanism of hepatic venous outflow obstruction in these patients seems to be mechanical compression of hepatic veins by the cysts and associated formation of thrombi in small hepatic vein tributaries. Patients with severe polycystic kidney/liver disease are at risk of hepatic venous outflow obstruction and the onset of this complication is heralded by tender hepatomegaly and presence of exudative ascites.     

Budd-Chiari syndrome: our experience of 71 patients

BACKGROUND: Hepatic venous outflow obstruction (Budd-Chiari syndrome) is frequently encountered as a cause of portal hypertension at our centre. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied the clinical presentation, therapeutic modalities and outcome of 71 patients with hepatic venous outflow obstruction between 1992 and 1997. Twenty-seven patients presented with acute disease, while 44 had chronic presentation. Abdominal pain, distension, jaundice and upper gastrointestinal bleeding were the commonest presenting symptoms. The majority of patients had distended veins, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, ascites and ankle oedema. The diagnosis was made on the basis of inferior vena cavography/functional hepatography and pulsed Doppler ultrasonography and/or liver biopsy in 39 patients and pulsed Doppler ultrasonography and/or liver biopsy in 32 patients. Pulsed Doppler ultrasonography accurately detected the site of the block in 31 of 39 patients (79.4%). The obstruction was in the hepatic vein in 20 patients, in the inferior vena cava in 10, and in both in 41 patients. Aetiologically, four had pregnancy-related disease, four tumour-related, three hypercoagulable states, 18 inferior vena cava membranes and 42 were idiopathic. Of 30 patients in whom liver biopsy was carried out, eight had centrizonal congestion and necrosis, 13 had mixed features and nine had established cirrhosis. Seven patients underwent a shunt operation and surgical membranotomy was carried out in one. Three patients (4.2%) died in the hospital. CONCLUSIONS: Hepatic venous outflow obstruction is a common problem; patients present with abdominal pain, distension, jaundice, distended veins, ascites and ankle oedema. Chronic presentation is more frequent. Pulsed Doppler ultrasound, venography and liver biopsy are very helpful in diagnosis.     

Recovery from hepatic vein thrombosis (Budd-Chiari syndrome) complicating ulcerative colitis

Summary A 22-year-old female with active ulcerative colitis developed massive ascites, hypoalbuminemia, and hepatomegaly compatible with thrombosis of the hepatic veins. The diagnosis of Budd-Chiari syndrome was confirmed by ultrasonography, computed tomography, and by liver biopsy. A search of the literature disclosed only three previous reports of Budd-Chiari syndrome occurring in patients with ulcerative colitis. All patients have been young females with active colitis and no other known risk factor for the development of hepatic vein thrombosis. Our patient, unlike the previously reported patients who died, recovered sufficiently to be discharged from the hospital.     

肝脏血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的影像表现及其与病理结果的对照分析

目的：探讨肝脏血管平滑肌脂肪瘤影像特征及其相关病理基础。方法回顾性分析经手术及活组织穿刺病理证实的9例肝脏血管平滑肌脂肪瘤患者资料,3例同时行 CT 及 MR 检查,6例仅行 MR 检查。评价所有患者的影像及病理结果,分析其相关性。结果9例病灶均为单发。CT 示病灶呈不均匀低密度影,病灶内含部分脂质成分。增强扫描：3例呈不均匀轻度强化,门脉期及延迟扫描呈不均匀密度影,病变脂肪部分呈低密度影,血管部分呈高密度影,2例见假包膜强化。MR 示病变呈长 T1稍长 T2信号为主,4例 T2信号不均匀,3例可见短 T2流空信号,6例见大量脂质成分,2例病变内合并出血。8例行 MR 动态增强扫描,动脉期8例呈不均匀强化,强化程度为中到明显强化,门静脉期及延迟期扫描6例信号不均匀,3例以低信号为主,3例以高信号为主,4例见假包膜强化。MR 增强动脉期3例同时可见粗大供血动脉及引流静脉,5例仅见粗大供血动脉,7例病灶内见扭曲血管影。结论肝脏血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的影像特征与其病理组织特征密切相关,最终确诊有赖于病理。     

186例药物性肝损伤组织病理学及临床特征分析

目的探讨药物性肝损伤的组织病理学特点及临床特征,为早期诊治提供帮助。方法回顾性分析186例经肝活组织穿刺病理学诊断的药物性肝损伤患者的用药史、病理特点、临床表现、生化、血清学标志以及治疗转归等。结果引起药物性肝损伤前3位的药物是中药91例（49％）、抗生素41例（22％）、解热镇痛药23例（12．4％）;临床分类：药物性肝功能衰竭8例（4．4％）、急性药物性肝损伤93例（50％）、慢性药物性肝损伤83例（44．6％）、药物性肝硬化2例（1．1％）;临床分型：肝细胞损伤型98例（52．7％）、胆汁淤积型35例（18．8％）、混合型55例（29．6％）。病理学特征主要表现为：肝细胞坏死、汇管区扩大、肝细胞脂肪变性、汇管区或窦周混合炎细胞浸润、嗜酸性粒细胞浸润、肝细胞胆汁淤积、肝细胞凋亡、可见吞噬色素的Kuffer细胞。治愈79例（42．5％）,好转102例（54．8％）,无效5例（2．7％）。无一例患者死亡或病情恶化。结论引起药物性肝损伤的首位药物为中药,临床表现无特异性,但组织病理学改变有一定特征。     

Non-invasive diagnosis of liver cirrhosis: magnetic resonance imaging presents special features

OBJECTIVE: Liver cirrhosis and its complications constitute a daily clinical challenge. The diagnosis of cirrhosis is traditionally established with the invasive method of liver biopsy. We undertook the present study in order to investigate the sensitivity and specificity of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in diagnosing cirrhosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 56 patients were included in our retrospective study. The liver cirrhosis group comprised 30 patients and the control group 26 patients. All cases were histologically verified. A 1.5T MRI unit was used. Twelve radiological features of cirrhosis (enlargement of segment one, narrowing of hepatic veins, enlargement of spleen, fibrosis, nodular liver surface, ascites, regenerative nodules, enlargement of hilar periportal space, atrophy of right lobe, portosystemic collaterals, expanded gallbladder fossa, iron depositions) and tumour-load were evaluated by consensus reading. The ratio between segment one and right lobe was measured and the livers were classified as cirrhotic or non-cirrhotic. The chi2-test and t-test were used to indicate statistical difference. RESULTS: The sensitivity of MRI in diagnosing liver cirrhosis was 87% and the specificity 92%. The most characteristic MRI features were enlargement of segment one (83%), narrowing of hepatic veins (83%), signs of portal hypertension (77%), fibrosis (77%), and nodular liver margin (67%). There were statistical differences in all MRI signs between the cirrhosis and control groups. The ratio between segment one and right lobe also showed statistical significance between the two groups. All occult hepatocellular carcinomas were detected in the cirrhosis group. CONCLUSION: MRI has high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis.