26例肝窦阻塞综合征临床及影像分析

目的了解肝窦阻塞综合征患者的临床特点及影像特征。方法回顾性分析2010年11月至2019年2月在解放军总医院第五医学中心住院诊治的26例肝窦阻塞综合征患者的临床资料,归纳总结其主诉、临床表现、实验室检查、影像学特征及病因。结果26例肝窦阻塞综合征患者以腹胀、乏力、纳差、腹水为主要症状,1例为肝移植术后患者,1例为肾移植术后患者,均有明确的化学治疗史,1例患者病因不明,23例患者有明确的中草药服用史,其中21例服用土三七。ALT升高17例,AST升高20例,糖类抗原CA125升高23例。CT及MR影像学显示,脾脏增大11例,腹水24例,肝脏密度及信号不均21例,增强扫描强化不均匀23例,肝静脉变细或显示不清11例。结论肝窦阻塞综合征的病因以服用土三七为主,临床表现为腹胀、乏力、纳差,可有肝功能异常及CA125升高,影像学表现以肝脾肿大、腹水、肝脏密度及信号不均,增强扫描强化不均及肝静脉变细或显示不清为主。     

肝窦阻塞综合征35例临床分析及文献复习

目的 总结肝窦阻塞综合征的临床特点、诊断和治疗方法并复习文献,旨在提高临床对该疾病的诊疗水平.方法 回顾性分析2008年8月-2013年5月在南京医科大学第一附属医院住院的35例患者病史、临床表现、实验室结果以及影像学特征、肝脏组织病理学、治疗经过及预后情况.结果 31例患者有服用土三七病史,占88.6%;2例有服用其他中药史;2例有异基因造血干细胞移植史.临床表现主要为腹胀（100%）、腹水（91.4%）、腹痛（62.9%）、黄疸（48.6%）,不同程度的肝功能损害.超声检查发现肝静脉显示不清或明显变细,血流降低或消失;CT发现肝脏呈＂地图状＂强化不均匀;肝脏组织病理学发现局部肝窦扩张,部分肝细胞脂肪变性,部分肝组织出血,肝组织及门静脉区大量慢性炎症细胞浸润.治疗后,15例（42.9%）好转,20例（57.1%）治疗无效自动出院.结论 服用土三七仍为我国SOS的主要病因,早期诊断,及时应用改善肝脏微循环药物以及糖皮质激素对改善预后有一定疗效.     

吡咯烷生物碱导致的肝窦阻塞综合征的MRI特点

[目的]探讨吡咯烷生物碱导致的肝窦阻塞综合征的MRI特点。[方法]回顾性分析2010-09——2017-12期间共43例吡咯烷生物碱导致的肝窦阻塞综合征患者的基本信息、临床资料及MRI资料;MRI资料由2位经验丰富的影像科医师采用独立盲法阅片获得。[结果]吡咯烷生物碱导致的肝窦阻塞综合征患者的MRI特点为:平扫期腹水43例,肝肿大28例,胆囊壁水肿39例,门静脉区水肿41例,胸腔积液24例,脾大10例;门静脉期43例患者均可见肝脏不均一低信号病变,其中32例表现为沿肝静脉分布的"爪形"强化;平衡期27例肝右静脉狭窄,16例肝右静脉显影不清,42例下腔静脉狭窄。[结论]吡咯烷生物碱导致的肝窦阻塞综合征具有特征性的MRI表现,因此MRI可以为吡咯烷生物碱导致的肝窦阻塞综合征提供一种有效的诊断方法。     

土三七导致酒精性肝硬化患者肝小静脉闭塞综合征的临床特点分析

目的探讨分析土三七致酒精性肝硬化患者肝小静脉闭塞综合征的临床特点。方法回顾性分析本科室收治的4例酒精性肝硬化患者服用土三七所致的肝小静脉闭塞综合征的临床诊治资料。结果本组病例具有以下临床特点:病例均为男性,年龄在45岁以上;多因骨折、腰痛、腰椎间盘突出等骨伤科疾病服用土三七药酒;均有长期饮酒史,发病前已确诊酒精性肝硬化;患者均有较典型的症状和体征,但没有明显的肝脏增大;病例结合详细的病史、CT或磁共振、下腔静脉造影等可明确诊断;病情的严重程度和服用土三七的总剂量有一定关系。结论土三七引起酒精性肝硬化患者肝小静脉闭塞综合征,长期饮酒、酒精性肝硬化可能是土三七导致HVOD发生的一个重要危险因素。     

肝窦阻塞综合征八例临床分析

目的探讨肝窦阻塞综合征（SOS）的临床诊治方法。方法回顾性分析8例SOS的临床资料,并进行随访。结果8例SOS主要临床表现为腹胀（8例）、肝区疼痛（7例）、腹水征（8例）及肝肿大（7例）等。8例的肝功能损害程度大多较轻,血清-腹水白蛋白梯度均大于11．1g／L,血清与腹水CA125均显著升高。超声检查均见肝脏肿大、胆囊壁水肿或增厚、门静脉增宽且流速缓慢、肝静脉变细以及腹腔积液等;MRI表现为门脉期及延迟期肝实质不均匀片状强化,肝叶、段静脉腔内造影剂充盈不良。经皮肝穿刺活检均见肝窦扩张、淤血及肝细胞变性、坏死,3例发现小静脉管腔狭窄、管壁增厚伴纤维组织增生。8例中1例行肝移植术后痊愈,4例经内科治疗后逐渐康复,3例死亡。结论SOS的临床表现以突出的门脉高压症为特点,CA125常显著升高,超声及MRI对本病的诊断与鉴别诊断有重大价值,而经皮肝穿刺活检的价值有限,联合应用影像学方法与病理活检可提高诊断正确率。早期应用抗凝药物是治疗本病的关键,严重病例可行肝移植术。     

肝窦阻塞综合征成功诊治1例报告

<正>肝窦阻塞综合征(hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, HSOS),又称肝小静脉闭塞病(hepatic veno-occlusive disease, HVOD),是由于肝窦内皮细胞损伤导致肝窦流出道阻塞，从而引起肝内窦性门静脉高压[1]。临床表现主要为腹水、肝区疼痛、肝肿大、消瘦和黄疸，易与失代偿期肝硬化、布加综合征等混淆[2],所以容易误诊。现对服用土三七致肝窦阻塞综合征1例患者进行报道，该     

肝小静脉闭塞病28例临床分析

目的:探讨肝小静脉闭塞病(HVOD)的临床特点与诊治经验。方法:回顾性分析28例HVOD患者的病因、临床表现、实验室检查、彩超、CT、病理特征,治疗及转归。结果:28例HVOD多由服用土三七引起(20例,占71.4%),临床表现以腹胀、黄疸、肝肿大、腹水为其主要特征,超声造影检查显示肝实质持续不规则低灌注,呈"荒芜"症;CT增强扫描表现为全肝弥漫性密度不均匀改变,静脉期表现为特征性的"地图状"、斑片状强化和低密度区,肝静脉显示不清或未显示;病理提示中央静脉周围肝窦高度扩张淤血,肝细胞变性、坏死,中央静脉周围轻度纤维化,未见明确炎症。28例患者治疗后好转15例(53.6%),其余均因病情加重自动出院或死亡。结论:对有中药"土三七"服用史或长期服用中药泡酒者,出现腹胀、腹水、黄疸,要高度怀疑HVOD,影像学检查有助于诊断,病理学检查是诊断的金标准。HVOD病死率较高,早期诊断和及时治疗尤为重要。     

肝小静脉闭塞症10例临床分析

目的：通过分析肝小静脉闭塞症（HVOD）的诱因、危险因素、临床表现、肝脏CT特点、病理特征来提高对该病的认识。方法：回顾性分析我院10例服用“土三七”后所致HVOD的病例资料,包括临床表现、血清学报告、肝脏CT扫描及病理穿刺结果。结果：临床表现以腹水为主,并有不同程度肝肿大及肝功能损害。血清学检查：4例患者乙肝病毒标志物阳性。1例CMV-IgM阳性。5例患者有长期大量饮酒史。谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AsT）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、1-转肽酶（GGT）、总胆红素（TBil）、直接胆红素（DBil）不同程度升高。肝脏cT平扫均显示肝脏肿大,腹水,增强显示肝实质内可见弥漫状的点状及网格样异常信号,肝实质内多发大片状异常信号,强化形式均低于正常肝实质强化信号,肝脏有地图状增强;肝静脉、下腔静脉肝内段变细。病理表现：肝窦明显扩张淤血,汇管区肝小静脉内皮肿胀,管壁增厚,管腔不完全闭塞,并可见较多淋巴细胞浸润。结论：有明确服用土三七史及相应临床表现,同时符合肝CT特征表现的患者,可临床诊断HVOD,确诊需要病理依据。既往有肝炎病史为服用土三七后发生HVOD的危险因素。     

我国吡咯烷生物碱致肝窦阻塞综合征的临床特征分析

目的探讨我国吡咯烷生物碱致肝窦阻塞综合征的临床表现、治疗方法及预后。方法检索1980年1月-2017年4月我国107篇肝窦阻塞综合征临床报道文献,共计407例患者,总结该病的性别、年龄及分布地区,该病的临床表现、影像学、病理结果及预后情况。结果 407例患者中男女比为1∶1.22;发病年龄1岁1个月~81岁。临床表现多为腹胀、腹痛、腹水和肝肿大。典型的腹部CT表现为肝肿大,增强后呈"地图状"或斑片状改变。病理可见肝窦扩张淤血,肝小静脉不同程度狭窄。407例患者中治疗有效302例,死亡90例,病死率22.11%。结论我国吡咯碱致肝窦阻塞综合征发病女性高于男性,任何年龄均可发生,以腹胀、腹痛、腹水和肝肿大为突出临床表现,结合典型的肝脏CT表现可明确诊断,肝穿刺病理表现为诊断金标准。治疗上以对症治疗为主,部分患者预后较差。     

土三七所致肝小静脉闭塞病102例临床分析

目的总结分析土三七所致肝小静脉闭塞病（HVOD）的临床特点,提高对本病的认识。方法对1980年1月至2009年12月国内报道的土三七所致HVOD病例102例进行综合分析,并对国内外相关文献进行复习。结果患者土三七使用量150～5000 g（中位数500 g）,服药时间4 d～1年（中位时间30 d）,临床主要表现为腹胀（99.0%）、腹痛（69.6%）、肝大（93.5%）、腹水（97.7%）、黄疸（63.5%）,有不同程度的肝功能受损。B超检查见肝静脉显示不清,肝段下腔静脉外形变细,但无明显栓塞物,彩色多普勒提示门脉血流减慢或逆向,增强CT示肝脏呈＂地图状＂强化不均匀。病理学表现为肝窦淤血、扩张,流出道受阻,肝细胞不同程度变性、坏死,小叶中央静脉内皮水肿或纤维增生。经内科治疗好转69.7%（62/89）,未愈或死亡30.3%（27/89）,另13例转归不详。使用抗凝或活血化瘀者有效率为81.0%,较未用者（47.8%）,疗效差异有统计学意义（P=0.002）。结论土三七是导致HVOD的一个重要原因,影像和病理检查具有特征性,早期诊断及使用抗凝、活血治疗对改善预后有一定作用。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Variabilité des concentrations plasmatiques de l’angiotensinogène et risque d’hypertension artérielle chez le rat transgénique

Aim

Genetic polymorphisms of the human angiotensinogen gene are frequent and may induce up to 30% increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations with a blood pressure increase of up to 5 mmHg. Their role for the pathogenesis of human arterial hypertension remains unclear. High plasma angiotensinogen levels could increase the sensitivity to other blood pressure stressors.

Methods

Male transgenic rats with a 9-fold increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations and male non-transgenic rats aged 10 weeks were treated or not with NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester for 3 weeks in their drinking water (n = 3/group). Systolic blood pressure and body weight were measured at baseline and at the end of the study when left ventricular weight and ventricular expression of angiotensin I-converting enzyme and procollagen Iα1 were determined (polymerase chain reaction).

Results

At baseline, transgenic rats had +18 mmHg higher bood pressure and –8% lower body weight compared to non-transgenic rats (P < 0.05) without significant changes for the vehicle groups throughout the study (P > 0.05). NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester increased blood pressure, left ventricular weight and left ventricular weight indexed for body weight by +41%, +17.6% and +18.6% (P < 0.05) in transgenic and +25%, +5.3% and +6.7% (P > 0.05) in non-transgenic rats compared to untreated animals, respectively. Cardiac gene expression showed no differences between groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Increased plasma angiotensinogen levels may sensitize to additional blood pressure stressors. Our preliminary results point towards an independent role of angiotensinogen in the pathogenesis of human hypertension and associated end-organ damage.