慢病毒介导TGF-β1基因诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞成软骨细胞分化

[目的]探讨慢病毒介导转化生长因子β1(tansforming growth factor bata 1,TGF-β1)基因转染大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)诱导成软骨细胞分化的作用。[方法]密度梯度离心法分离培养BMSCs,探索病毒感染最佳条件,取第3代细胞,分为实验组和对照组,通过慢病毒载体将外源性TGF-β1基因转染入细胞,观察绿色荧光表达情况,Real-time PCR法和western blot法检测TGF-β1基因的mRNA和蛋白表达情况,7、14 d时行Ⅱ型胶原免疫细胞化学染色、甲苯胺蓝染色和Real-time PCR检测Ⅱ型胶原及聚集蛋白聚糖的表达。[结果]TGF-β1基因转染BMSCs后能够稳定表达。转染7、14 d时,实验组免疫细胞化学染色、甲苯胺蓝染色均为阳性。转染7、14 d时,实验组II型胶原mRNA均显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。转染7 d时,实验组聚集蛋白聚糖mRNA变化不明显,而14 d时显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。[结论]慢病毒介导的TGF-β1基因可成功转染大鼠BMSCs,并诱导其向软骨细胞分化。在此过程中软骨特异性标志Ⅱ型胶原和聚集蛋白聚糖的mRNA表达具有时间差异性。     

非接触性共培养BMSCs和髓核细胞时间差异性的实验研究

目的探讨在非接触性共培养环境下,BMSCs定向分化为类髓核细胞在共培养时间上的差异性,寻找适合体内移植的最佳时间。方法取6只8周龄健康新西兰大白兔(体重1.5～2.0 kg)骨髓及椎间盘髓核,分离、培养BMSCs和髓核细胞并进行免疫细胞化学鉴定。取原代髓核细胞和第2代生长良好的BMSCs体外建立非接触性共培养模型。观察共培养后第1、3、5代BMSCs的形态学变化并绘制生长曲线;RT-PCR检测共培养5、10、15 d BMSCsⅡ型胶原和蛋白聚糖mRNA表达;Western blot检测共培养5、10、15、20、25、30 d BMSCsⅡ型胶原和蛋白聚糖蛋白的表达。结果 BMSCs相对特异性标记物CD44、CD90表达阳性,造血细胞表面标记物CD34、CD45表达阴性。髓核细胞Ⅱ型胶原、蛋白聚糖表达阳性。共培养后2周BMSCs形态发生明显变化,呈多角形、不规则形;共培养后3代内,BMSCs生长速度无明显差异,随着传代次数增加,细胞增殖明显减慢。RT-PCR检测示共培养后10、15 d BMSCs蛋白聚糖和Ⅱ型胶原mRNA表达明显高于5 d时(P<0.05),而10 d与15 d时差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。Western blot检测示共培养后随时间延长细胞表达Ⅱ型胶原和蛋白聚糖蛋白逐渐增加,5、10、15 d间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),15 d后各时间点间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论在非接触性共培养环境下,BMSCs在髓核细胞诱导下可向类髓核细胞分化,表达Ⅱ型胶原和蛋白聚糖,在共培养15 d时达到相对稳定,此时较适合进行体内移植。     

细粒棘球绦虫原头节促进BMSCs纤维化的实验研究

目的探讨细粒棘球绦虫原头节对BMSCs向成纤维细胞分化的影响。方法取4周龄C57BL/6小鼠股骨骨髓,利用贴壁培养法分离培养BMSCs;从感染细粒棘球蚴的羊肝中提取细粒棘球绦虫原头节。实验分为2组,实验组取第3代BMSCs和细粒棘球绦虫原头节共培养,对照组为单纯第3代BMSCs。共培养前后倒置显微镜观察BMSCs形态;培养1、3、5、7 d,采用实时荧光定量PCR检测两组BMSCs中TGF-β_1、Ⅰ型胶原、Ⅲ型胶原基因表达,Western blot检测两组BMSCs中TGF-β_1、Ⅰ型胶原、Ⅲ型胶原、Smad7和磷酸化Smad2/3蛋白表达,ELISA检测两组上清中Ⅰ型胶原和Ⅲ型胶原蛋白含量。结果细粒棘球绦虫原头节与BMSCs共培养7 d后观察到BMSCs形态发生改变,变成梭形和不规则三角形,更接近单独培养的小鼠成纤维细胞。培养1、3、5、7 d,实时荧光定量PCR检测示,实验组TGF-β_1、Ⅰ型胶原、Ⅲ型胶原mRNA相对表达量均显著高于对照组;Western blot检测示,实验组TGF-β_1、Ⅰ型胶原、Ⅲ型胶原、磷酸化Smad2/3蛋白相对表达量均显著高于对照组,Smad7蛋白相对表达量显著低于对照组;ELISA检测示,实验组上清中Ⅰ型胶原和Ⅲ型胶原蛋白含量均显著高于对照组。上述指标两组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论细粒棘球绦虫原头节可能通过TGF-β_1/Smad信号通路,促进BMSCs分泌Ⅰ型胶原、Ⅲ型胶原和TGF-β_1,进而促进BMSCs纤维化。     

生长板软骨细胞对骨髓基质干细胞体外分化的影响

目的 观察大鼠骨髓基质干细胞(BMSCs)在与大鼠生长板软骨细胞体外共培养条件下，BMSCs碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性变化及成骨分化的标志骨钙素与Ⅰ型胶原mRNA水平表达的影响，从而认识生长板软骨细胞旁分泌作用对BMSCs分化的影响，以期帮助认识生长板损伤后骨桥形成的发生机制。方法 大鼠BMSCs在与生长板软骨细胞进行间接共培养，并设阴性对照。测定ALP活性．用RT-PCR方法，检测Ⅰ型胶原与骨钙素mRNA的表达。结果 BMSCs随共培养时间的延长，ALP活性明显升高，Ⅰ胶原mRNA表达丰度明显高于对照组，骨钙素mRNA在对照组中几乎未见PCR扩增产物，共培养组在终末期则有一定的表达。结论 BMSCs在与大鼠生长板软骨细胞体外共培养后，出现成骨分化倾向：随时间延长效应愈加显著，提示生长板软骨细胞的旁分泌作用可以促进BMSCs向成骨分化。     

吉非替尼对骨折愈合中Ⅰ、Ⅱ及Ⅹ型胶原基因表达的影响

[目的]观察表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)信号通路抑制剂吉非替尼对大鼠股骨骨折愈合中Ⅰ、Ⅱ及Ⅹ型胶原基因表达的影响。[方法]应用大鼠股骨骨折模型,选择48只雄性4周龄SD大鼠随机分为实验组与对照组,实验组通过灌胃予以溶于0.5%甲基纤维素的吉非替尼100 mg/(kg·d),对照组予以0.5%甲基纤维素。术后7、14、21、28 d取血清、骨痂组织及股骨,行ELISA检测血清PINP及CTX,实时荧光定量PCR测定Ⅰ、Ⅱ及Ⅹ型胶原mRNA的表达,同时采用改良Masson染色对骨痂组织中的胶原蛋白进行组织学观察。[结果]Ⅰ型胶原mRNA表达于术后7、14 d高于对照组,Ⅱ型胶原mRNA表达于术后14、21 d高于对照组,Ⅹ型胶原mRNA表达于术后7、14、21 d高于对照组(P0.05);血清PINP含量于骨7、14、21 d高于对照组,血清CTX含量在第7 d高于对照组(P0.05);并且改良Masson染色显示实验组第7、14、21 d基质中胶原纤维量多。[结论]通过吉非替尼抑制EGFR信号通路,增加了早期骨折部位骨痂中Ⅰ、Ⅱ及Ⅹ型胶原mRNA的含量,促进了早期骨痂中Ⅰ、Ⅱ及Ⅹ型胶原基因的表达。     

脊索细胞培养基促进BMSCs增殖分化的研究

目的为研究椎间盘组织工程种子细胞,观察脊索细胞培养基对BMSCs增殖分化的影响。方法取4周龄日本大耳白兔胸腰段椎间盘分离培养脊索细胞,取双侧股骨分离培养BMSCs,用含15%FBS的DMEM/F12培养基培养脊索细胞,5 d后制备脊索细胞培养基。实验分为两组,实验组BMSCs中加入脊索细胞培养基培养,对照组BMSCs中加入含15%FBS的DMEM/F12培养基培养。使用细胞活力细胞毒性检测检测细胞增殖情况,采用免疫荧光及实时荧光定量PCR检测BMSCs蛋白多糖及Ⅱ型胶原表达情况。结果成功分离脊索细胞及BMSCs。细胞增殖检测示,培养5、7、9、14 d,实验组细胞数量明显多于对照组(P<0.05)。免疫荧光检测示对照组培养7、14 d细胞内均无或者有较少Ⅱ型胶原及蛋白多糖表达,实验组二者均有较多表达,且培养14 d时表达明显多于7 d。实时荧光定量PCR检测示,培养7、14 d实验组蛋白多糖和Ⅱ型胶原mRNA表达均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);实验组14 d蛋白多糖和Ⅱ型胶原mRNA表达显著高于7 d(P<0.05)。结论脊索细胞培养基可促进BMSCs增殖,并诱导BMSCs向类软骨细胞分化,为脊索细胞和BMSCs作为种子细胞治疗椎间盘退变提供了依据。     

成骨细胞条件培养液对BMSCs诱导分化作用研究

目的 探讨大鼠成骨细胞条件培养液对同种大鼠BMSCs的成骨诱导分化作用,为骨组织工程种子细胞的获得寻找一种新方法 . 方法 健康1周龄SD大鼠10只,雌雄不限,体重20～30 g,采用贴壁法和酶消化法分别获得BMSCs和成骨细胞,并进行鉴定.无菌条件收集第1～5代成骨细胞培养液上清,与完全培养基1:1混合,制备成骨细胞条件培养液,与第2代BMSCs共培养为诱导组,相同代次BMSCs与完全培养液共培养为对照组.倒置相差显微镜下观察共培养后BMSCs形态变化,MTT法检测BMSCs生长情况,免疫组织化学染色检测共培养后BMSCs的ALP、Col Ⅰ、骨钙素(osteocalcin,OCN)蛋白的表达,采用RT-PCR检测Col Ⅰ、OCN mRNA的表达. 结果 诱导组共培养7 d BMSCs体积变大,细胞由长梭形展开为扁平形和多边形,并带有突起;9 d细胞呈集落状生长.细胞生长曲线示BMSCs数量随培养时间延长而增加,对照组增殖能力较诱导组强;诱导培养4～7 d,对照组细胞数量与诱导组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).诱导组培养12 d,ALP染色呈阳性表达;18 d 出现钙结节;21 d Col Ⅰ和OCN呈阳性表达;对照组均呈阴性表达.RT-PCR检测示诱导组培养21 d有Col Ⅰ、OCN mRNA表达,对照组未见表达. 结论 体外大鼠成骨细胞条件培养液有明显的诱导同种大鼠BMSCs向成骨样细胞分化的作用.     

SPIO标记骨髓间充质干细胞和软骨细胞共培养的研究

[目的]探讨SPIO标记骨髓间充质干细胞和软骨细胞共培养的可行性,为临床修复关节软骨损伤寻找新途径.[方法] 分离、扩增新西兰大白兔骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)和软骨细胞,根据SPIO标记(50μg/ml)和不同培养环境(共培养、单独培养)分4组,每天在倒置显微镜观察共培养后BMSCs的形态变化,共培养14 d后,免疫组化检测Ⅱ型胶原表达情况,阿利新蓝法检测蛋白多糖(GAG)表达水平.[结果] 共培养7 d后标记的部分BMSCs变圆,14 d时BMSCs形态高度分化与成熟软骨细胞相似,其蛋白多糖和Ⅱ型胶原的基因转录和蛋白表达均增高,明显优于对照组,差异具有显著性意义(P<0.01).[结论]1.软骨细胞微环境能有效诱导BMSCs向软骨细胞分化;2.SPIO可以安全、有效地标记BMSCs.     

体外负压培养对骨髓间充质干细胞成骨活性的影响

目的：探讨体外负压培养对骨髓间充质干细胞（bone marrow derived stroma cells,BMSCs）成骨活性的影响。方法：取第3代BMSCs分为实验组和对照组,实验组进行间歇性负压培养,设置压力为17kPa,每次30min,每日4次,干预2周;对照组于普通CO2培养箱中常规培养。倒置显微镜下观察细胞形态,检测ALP活性,免疫组织化学检测Ⅰ型胶原的表达,RT-PCR检测2周后以及终止负压后1、2、3d骨保护素（osteoprotegerin,OPG）mRNA和骨保护素配体（osteoprotegerin ligand,OPGL）mRNA表达水平。结果：诱导2周后,BMSCs呈现出显著的成骨细胞特性,与对照组比较,ALP活性显著增加,Ⅰ型胶原表达阳性,实验组细胞OPG mRNA表达水平显著提高,OPGL mRNA表达水平显著降低,且差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。负压终止后3d,两组细胞OPG mRNA和OPGL mRNA表达水平差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：体外负压培养可以提高BMSCs成骨活性。     

不同胶原支架对髓核间充质干细胞分化的影响

目的 :比较不同胶原支架中髓核间充质干细胞(NPMSCs)的细胞存活、增殖能力和分化相关基因及蛋白表达等方面的差异。方法:在体外构建Ⅰ型、Ⅰ/Ⅱ型混合和Ⅱ型胶原支架,观察其显微结构、孔隙率及降解特性。从健康雄性大鼠尾椎提取NPMSCs,分别采用细胞微球、Ⅰ型胶原、Ⅰ/Ⅱ型混合胶原、Ⅱ型胶原支架培养,其中细胞微球作为对照。通过乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)检测材料生物毒性,CCK-8测定细胞增殖,实时定量PCR和Western Blot测定SOX9、聚集蛋白聚糖、Ⅰ型胶原和Ⅱ型胶原的基因和蛋白表达水平,阿尔新蓝组织学染色检测硫酸蛋白聚糖的表达。结果:Ⅰ型、Ⅰ/Ⅱ型混合和Ⅱ型胶原支架孔隙率均为90%以上,构建21d后的降解率分别为(10.30±0.66)%、(9.87±0.71)%和(10.40±0.53)%。培养后7d细胞LDH检测结果Ⅰ型、Ⅰ/Ⅱ型混合和Ⅱ型胶原支架组分别为12.24±0.65、12.13±1.03、12.67±1.15,与对照组12.50±1.32比较无显著性差异(P0.05)。胶原支架中培养5d及7d的细胞CCK-8检测结果 (Ⅰ型胶原组为0.67±0.04、1.20±0.05,Ⅰ/Ⅱ型混合胶原组为0.62±0.05、1.20±0.07,Ⅱ型胶原组为0.69±0.02、1.34±0.04)明显高于对照组(0.53±0.03,1.02±0.02)(P0.05)。培养21d后,三种胶原支架组与对照组比较,SOX9、Ⅰ型胶原、Ⅱ型胶原及聚集蛋白聚糖的基因表达均显著上升(P0.05),其中Ⅱ型胶原支架组上述基因表达量最高,与Ⅰ型及Ⅰ/Ⅱ型混合胶原支架组有显著性差异(P0.05);与对照组比较,Ⅰ型胶原支架组中仅Ⅰ型胶原及聚集蛋白聚糖的蛋白表达上升(P0.05);Ⅰ/Ⅱ型混合及Ⅱ型胶原支架组中SOX9、Ⅰ型胶原、Ⅱ型胶原及聚集蛋白聚糖的蛋白表达有显著上升(P0.05),其中Ⅱ型胶原支架组上述蛋白表达量最高,且与Ⅰ型及Ⅰ/Ⅱ型混合胶原支架组有显著性差异(P0.05)。阿尔新蓝组织学染色检测硫酸蛋白聚糖在Ⅱ型胶原支架组表达明显高于其余各组。结论:Ⅰ型胶原、Ⅰ/Ⅱ型混合胶原、Ⅱ型胶原支架均促进NPMSC的分化,而Ⅱ型胶原支架促进NPMSC成髓核细胞分化作用尤为显著。Ⅱ型胶原是髓核组织工程学的理想生物支架材料。     

Haematopoietic progenitor cells in an infant who developed pancytopenia following an extensive burn

We observed a 24-month-old infant who developed anaemia, thrombocytopenia and neutropenia while recuperating from an extensive burn. In order to determine the mechanism(s) responsible for the pancytopenia, we quantified marrow-derived haematopoietic progenitor cells, assessed the relative proliferative rate of haematopoietic progenitor cells, and sought the presence of progenitor cell inhibitors. The concentration and relative proliferative rate of pluripotent progenitors (CFU-GEMM) were elevated. No inhibitors of progenitor cells were observed; in fact, the patient's serum contained very high levels of stimulatory activity for CFU-GEMM as well as for granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (CFU-GM). However, the marrow concentration of erythroid progenitors (BFU-E and CFU-E) was diminished. We conclude that the anaemia in this patient was the result of either hypoproduction of differentiated erythroid progenitors or intramyeloid destruction of early erythroid cells. In contrast, the neutropenia was likely to be due to accelerated neutrophil consumption at a rate that exceeded the capacity for increasing neutrophil production.     

Delivery of alloantigens via apoptotic cells generates dendritic cells with an immature tolerogenic phenotype

Background

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells able to induce immunity or tolerance. The interactions of immature DCs with naive T lymphocytes induce peripheral tolerance through mechanisms that include anergy or deletion of lymphocytes or the generation of regulatory T cells. Because of the central role of DCs in the immune response, they are potential targets for the induction of experimental tolerance. Thus, the generation of immature (tolerogenic) DCs able to capture and present alloantigens to T cells represents an important aim in our efforts to achieve better transplant acceptance.

Methods

In this work, we generated immature DCs by using vitamin D₃ (VD3) during the process of DC differentiation.

Results

The VD3-DCs showed an immature phenotype characterized by a low expression of major histocompatibility complex antigens of class II, CD86, and CD80 molecules and the secretion of a tolerogenic cytokine pattern. Furthermore, we showed that VD3-DCs phagocytose apoptotic allogeneic cells efficiently without inducing DC maturation or activation. Most important, our experiments demonstrated that mice treated with VD3 produce immature DCs in vivo, and that DCs from VD3-treated mice immunized with allogeneic apoptotic cells maintained their tolerogenic phenotype.

Conclusion

Our results show that allogeneic apoptotic cells in combination with VD3 generate DCs with tolerogenic characteristics that could be used to induce tolerance towards alloantigens.     

兔骨髓间充质干细胞向雪旺细胞体外分化的实验研究

目的 研究兔骨髓间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCS)体外分化为雪旺细胞(schwann cells,SCS)的可行性,并对其功能进行检测.方法 取第3代生长状态良好的MSC,诱导组经β-巯基乙醇和维甲酸序贯诱导4 d后用含富血小板血浆(platelet-rich plasma,PRP)的培养基培养7 d,荧光染色对SC标志物S-100进行鉴定,并于第4、7、9和11天在换液前收集培养液,ELISA法检测神经生长因子(never growth factor,NGF)的含量,并和空白对照组比较.结果 体外诱导的MSC发生形态改变并表达S-100蛋白,诱导组在第4、7、9、11天时NGF的含量分别为[(254±25)pg/ml,-x±s,下同]、(372±31)pg/ml、(485±29)pg/ml、(534±32)pg/ml,均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 MSC体外能诱导分化为SC,且具有分泌NGF的功能.     

Monoclonal antibody against rat podocyte-derived macrophagic cells reacts with crescent-forming cells in an experimental model

The origin of crescent-forming cells in crescentic glomerulonephritis has not been clarified in spite of the application of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against glomerular epithelial cells or monocytes/macrophages. This study was undertaken to characterize the cellular composition of crescents using a new marker, mAb OS-3, produced against macrophagic cells derived from podocytes in normal rat glomerular culture. Monoclonal antibody OS-3 was confirmed to be reactive with some normal epithelial cells of Bowman's capsule. Female Wistar Kyoto rats were injected with rabbit antiglomerular basement membrane (GBM) serum and killed at 2 h, 1, 3, 7, 14 days and 2 months, respectively. The mAb OS-3-positive cells were segmentally observed in glomeruli at 3 days, increased at 14 days, but decreased at 2 months. These cells lacked reactivity with antipodocalyxin in double immunofluorescence (IF) staining. In immunoelectron microscopy of a glomerulus on day 3 and 7, however, reaction products were observed within cells located on the outer surface of the GBM, which were considered to be podocyte in terms of its localization. In conclusion, we have shown a possibility that damaged podocytes partly constitute crescent-forming cells with phenotypic changes, visualized by positive staining with mAb OS-3. We propose a novel concept of crescent formation, suggesting that crescents may be partly composed of phenotypically changed cells, which could not be detected by typical markers for glomerular epithelial cells or monocytes/macrophages.     

Development of an artificial vessel lined with human vascular cells

OBJECTIVES: Thrombogenity of small-diameter vascular prostheses might be reduced by complete coverage of the luminal surface with vascular cells. We investigated cell seeding on polyurethane vascular prostheses. METHODS: Thirty polyurethane vascular prostheses were divided into 3 groups of 10 each: group A, diameter of 20 mm and gamma-sterilized; group B, diameter of 4 mm and gamma-sterilized; and group C, diameter of 4 mm and ethylene oxide sterilized. Human smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells were isolated from saphenous vein segments and expanded in culture. Five polyurethane vascular prostheses of each group were seeded with endothelial cells alone (mean, 4.8 +/- 1.2 x 10(6) cells), and the remaining 5 polyurethane vascular prostheses were preseeded with a mixed culture of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells (mean, 7.7 +/- 2.3 x 10(6) cells), followed by endothelial cell seeding (mean, 4.4 +/- 0.9 x 10(6) cells). Seven days after cell seeding, the polyurethane vascular prostheses were perfused under a pulsatile flow (80 pulses/min, 140/80 mm Hg, and 120 mL/min) for 2 hours. Specimens were taken after each seeding procedure both before and after perfusion and then examined both with a scanning electron microscope and immunohistochemically. RESULTS: Isolated endothelial cell seeding revealed better initial adhesion in groups A and B than in group C (63% vs 33%). After 7 days, the cells had covered approximately 80% of the luminal surface in groups A and B, whereas group C cells rounded up and lost adhesion. After perfusion testing of group A and B prostheses, only 10% of the surface was still covered with endothelial cells. Preseeding with the mixed culture again revealed a better initial adhesion in groups A and B compared with that in group C (76% vs 41%). In groups A and B endothelial cell seeding (adhesion, 72%) resulted in a confluent endothelial cell layer. The results of immunohistochemical staining were positive for collagen IV, laminin, CD31, and Factor VIII. In group C only isolated cells were found after each seeding procedure, which rounded up and vanished during the next days. Perfusion testing of group A and B prostheses revealed that the confluent cell layer remained stable, with only small defects (<10% of the surface). The cells stained positivively for endothelial nitric oxide synthase. CONCLUSION: Seeding of a mixed culture out of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells resulted in improved endothelial cell adhesion and resistance to shear stress. This outcome was caused by an increased synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins. Cell attachment was better on gamma-sterilized polyurethane vascular prostheses compared with on those undergoing ethylene oxide sterilization.     

Interleukin 6 is an autocrine growth factor for mesangial cells

Interleukin 6 (IL-6) induces the acute phase response, differentiation of B cells, proliferation of T cells, thymocytes, hematopoietic progenitors, hybridoma and plasmacytoma cells. Monocytes, T cells, fibroblasts, epithelial and endothelial cells secrete IL-6. Since IL-6 responsive cell-types may participate in the pathogenesis of glomerular inflammation, we studied the secretion of IL-6 by rat MCs, using the IL-6 dependent hybridoma cell line B9. The results of our studies indicate that MCs secrete IL-6 with a molecular weight of 17-42 kDa and isoelectric point of 4.0 to 5.3 MC-IL-6 activity could be blocked by a polyclonal antimurine-IL-6 antibody. MC express IL-6 mRNA as determined by Northern blot. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that IL-6 acts as an autocrine growth factor for MC. Incubation of subconfluent MC with recombinant IL-6 results in a dose-dependent increase of 3H-thymidine incorporation and number of MCs. Moreover, reverse phase HPLC fractions of MC-CM containing IL-6 activity increase 3H-thymidine incorporation by MC. In addition to its possible paracrine role in mediating the immune response in the glomerulus, MC-IL-6 may also be one of the autocrine signals leading to mesangial cell proliferation in vivo.     

移植耐受诱导细胞在肾移植受者免疫干预中的临床应用

德国研究者在前期研究基础上通过体外培养和免疫干预一类巨噬细胞获取移植耐受诱导细胞（transplant acceptance—inducing cells，TAICs），并在前期动物实验中证实应用TAICs可以在一定程度上特异性减轻排斥反应，使移植受者可以安全地减少传统免疫抑制剂用量。本文主要介绍了TAICs的临床制备方法及其在尸体肾移植受者中的应用情况。首先，临床可用的TAICs制备方法主要是采用尸体供肾者的脾脏分离单个核细胞，并通过5d的分阶段的TAICs培养基的培养制备出TAICs，其主要表型仍保持巨噬细胞亚型的特征，