介入治疗左锁骨下动脉闭塞术中胸膜外血肿1例

患者男,64岁,体检超声发现右颈内动脉闭塞、左颈内动脉狭窄收入院;3年前接受冠状动脉支架植入术,术后规律口服抗凝及抗血小板药;无高血压、糖尿病等病史。入院后查体及实验室检查均未见明显异常。颈动脉CT血管造影:右颈内动脉闭塞,左颈内动脉狭窄(70%~90%),前交通动脉开放。经股动脉插管全脑血管造影:右颈内动脉闭塞,左颈内动脉狭窄约90%,前交通动脉开放,左锁骨下动脉闭塞,左椎动脉盗血。     

锁骨下动脉、腋动脉、肱动脉血管广泛血栓形成1例

1病例资料患者,男,44岁。右上肢肿胀刺痛1个月加重伴手指麻木发凉5d,于2007年12月13日18：00急诊入院。患者自述于1个月前出现右侧手指指尖麻木,近5d右上肢麻木、胀痛明显加重,自测不到脉搏,右上肢皮肤苍白,皮温低,呈持续性,伴胸闷、气短、大汗。心电图：窦性心率（正常心电图）;右上肢血管超声：右侧锁骨下动脉下段、腋动脉、肱动脉血管闭塞（完全性血栓形成）;血压16／10kPa;血糖正常。以“左上肢动脉栓塞”收住入院。患者既往有小儿麻痹症病史,右下肢发育短小、无力,长期扶双拐行走;常伴有右上肢苍白,皮肤发凉,肱动脉、桡动脉、尺动脉脉搏测不到。     

球扩式支架扩张时致限制性股浅动脉破裂1例

<正>患者女,76岁,左下肢间歇性跛行2个月,静息痛4天,既往冠心病史20年,高血压病史5年。查体:左侧腘动脉、足背动脉搏动未触及,胫后动脉搏动减弱,左足趾发紫,触痛,左足皮温减低。超声:左股浅、足背动脉闭塞,左腘动脉不完全闭塞,胫前动脉狭窄,血流减低,胫后动脉血流减低。下肢CTA:左股     

急性基底动脉闭塞血管内机械取栓术中支架回收失败1例

<正>患者男,71岁,因"突发意识不清3h"入院。急查头颅CT未见明确出血灶,双侧基底核区见腔隙性脑梗死病灶;美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institute of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS)评分38分,Alberta卒中项目早期CT评分10分;经静脉溶栓后未见好转。脑血管造影:左椎动脉V1段次全闭塞(图1A);基底动脉全程不显影,考虑闭塞(图1B)。行左椎动脉V1段闭塞球囊扩张术,将导引导管超选入左椎动脉V2段,造影示基底动脉远端闭塞。以微导丝携带微导管穿过闭塞段,造影证实导管位于真腔内(图1C),乃释放Solitaire AB支架(4mm×20mm)1枚,复查造影闭塞段未见前向血流(图1D);     

肱动脉-肱静脉一期静脉动脉化治疗上肢动脉闭塞症

笔者对9例上肢动脉广泛闭塞症患者，采用肱动脉、肱静脉一期静脉动脉化手术。手术均获得成功。术后症状消失。术后彩色多普勒超声检查，可见动脉血向缺血肢体灌注。随访3年，患肢恢复良好、血供良好，彩色多普勒检查，吻合口通畅。提示：肱动脉-肱静脉一期静脉动脉化治疗上肢广泛动脉闭塞症效果良好。     

手术治疗锁骨下动脉闭塞症

目的探讨锁骨下动脉闭塞症的有效手术治疗方法。方法 2005年12月-2010年2月,收治锁骨下动脉闭塞症53例。男40例,女13例;年龄22～77岁,平均64岁。病程15d～20个月,平均6.5个月。动脉硬化闭塞症49例,大动脉炎4例。左锁骨下动脉闭塞35例,狭窄5例;右锁骨下动脉闭塞5例,狭窄4例;双侧锁骨下动脉闭塞4例。对39例单侧锁骨下动脉闭塞伴颈、脑动脉病变者采用腋动脉-腋动脉聚四氟乙烯(polytetra?uoroethylene,PTFE)人工血管转流术;10例不伴颈、脑动脉病变者行颈动脉-锁骨下动脉PTFE人工血管转流术。4例双侧锁骨下动脉闭塞者采用升主动脉-双锁骨下动脉PTFE人工血管转流术。术后常规应用抗凝及抗血小板药物治疗。结果 1例大动脉炎患者术后48h动脉吻合口及人工血管血栓形成;余52例手术均获成功,手术成功率98.11%。术中神经钳夹损伤2例,术后双侧吻合口周围血肿4例,均经保守治疗痊愈。52例手术成功患者均获随访,随访时间1～52个月,平均24.5个月。患者均存活,术前椎基底动脉及上肢动脉缺血症状均消失。彩色超声多普勒血流探测仪检查见吻合口及人工血管血流通畅,术后1年及2年人工血管通畅率均为100%;患侧椎动脉血流方向恢复正常。1例术后18个月出现腋动脉吻合口假性动脉瘤,行介入栓塞治愈。结论锁骨下动脉闭塞症的治疗术式较多,但应根据患者全身情况和病变特点进行合理选择。围手术期的正确处理及术中严格操作,是保证手术成功的关键。     

腹腔镜下左髂总动脉-股动脉人工血管旁路移植治疗髂外动脉闭塞症一例

目的总结腹腔镜下人工血管旁路移植治疗髂外动脉闭塞症的手术技巧和临床效果。方法 2011年12月,收治1例57岁髂外动脉硬化闭塞症男性患者。患者双下肢间歇性跛行;下肢动脉造影示左髂外动脉闭塞,右髂总动脉狭窄;心电图示窦性心律,完全性右束支传导阻滞,ST段改变;踝肱指数(ankle brachial index,ABI):左侧0.59,右侧0.54。于全麻下行腹腔镜下左髂总动脉-股动脉人工血管旁路移植术。结果术后人工血管通畅,吻合口无漏血,患者跛行症状明显改善。术后1周左侧ABI增加至1.09;术后1个月血管造影显示血管通畅。结论腹腔镜下主-髂动脉重建既保留开腹动脉旁路移植效果好的特点,又具有腔内支架成形创伤小、术后恢复快的优点。     

256层螺旋CTA在左锁骨下动脉窃血综合征患者术前评估的价值

目的应用256层CTA技术观测左锁骨下动脉解剖特点,评价CTA对锁骨下动脉窃血综合征(SSS)介入治疗术前评估的应用价值。方法回顾性分析60例经临床确诊的SSS患者(疾病组)及500例无SSS受检者(对照组)左锁骨下动脉CTA资料,测量受检者左锁骨下动脉自主动脉弓的起始角度;评价疾病组左锁骨下动脉斑块的特点、管腔狭窄及闭塞情况。结果所有受检者左锁骨下动脉自主动脉弓的起始角度为:71.98°±8.26°,疾病组左锁骨下动脉起始角度71.98°的比例明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。疾病组左锁骨下动脉管腔闭塞11例(18.33%),闭塞范围为9~24mm;中度狭窄7例(11.67%),重度狭窄42例(70.00%),狭窄长度8~31mm;偏心性斑块33例,环形斑块16例。以DSA为金标准,CTA诊断左锁骨下动脉狭窄、闭塞的敏感度为96.77%,特异度为100%,诊断符合率为96.97%。结论 256层CTA可准确测量左锁骨下动脉的各项解剖数值;对左SSS术前评估具有重要的应用价值。     

肱动脉血管平滑肌瘤一例

患者女,46岁,发现左肘部前方肿物1年余,最初约花生米大小,有疼痛感,肿物逐渐增大。查体:左肘部内前方可触及2cm×2cm大小肿物,质韧,边界清楚,轻度压痛,桡动脉搏动减弱。穿剌细胞学检查见大量纤维样细胞。拟诊为纤维瘤于2004年2月7日手术。术中见肿物同术前检查大小一致,包裹肱动脉,边界清楚,表面光滑,包膜完整,用血管夹阻断肱动脉远近端,剖开肿物,呈灰白色,动脉管腔已完全闭塞,追问患者近2年有发作性左上肢针刺样疼痛病史,考虑患者已建立良好侧支循环,遂切断结扎血管,摘除肿物。病理诊断左肱动脉血管平滑肌瘤并管腔闭塞(图1)。术后随访半年,…     

一期静脉动脉化血运重建治疗四肢广泛性动脉闭塞性缺血

目的　探讨静脉动脉化血运重建对四肢广泛性动脉闭塞性缺血的疗效。　方法　 1 999年 5月～ 2 0 0 1年 8月 ,对有慢性缺血表现的 1 8条下肢和 6条上肢行彩色多普勒超声和数字减影血管造影检查 ,确诊为广泛性肢体动脉闭塞症。根据闭塞平面采用原位高位浅组静脉或低位深组静脉一期静脉动脉化重建血运手术对患肢进行治疗。　结果　术后住院期间除 1条下肢截肢外 ,1 7条下肢和 6条上肢获 3～ 2 6个月随访 ,其中 1条下肢出院 3个月后患肢趾缺血坏死再入院行低位截肢 ,其余 1 6条下肢和 6条上肢疗效满意 ,症状消失。术后彩色多普勒超声复查可见动脉血向缺血肢体灌注。　结论　根据闭塞平面采用高位浅组或低位深组一期静脉动脉化重建血运 ,治疗四肢广泛性动脉闭塞简便易行 ,效果良好     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.