主编寄语

本期PRS专栏是关于硅胶乳房假体隆乳术后包膜挛缩并发症的专题。假体隆乳术,从硅凝胶乳房假体发展到盐水乳房假体;从光面假体发展到毛面假体;置人层次由胸大肌下层发展到乳房后间隙,再恢复到胸大肌下层,均是围绕着假体置人后包膜挛缩的发生相关的。其结论是：①假体隆乳术后的包膜挛缩是不可避免的;②其发生率是变量;     

微小组合假体隆乳术的初步报告

目的通过使用微小组合假体隆乳术，观察是否可较好地解决减小切口长度，减少包膜挛缩的发生率及硅胶渗漏．使隆乳术后的双侧乳房大小更加理想。方法切口可位于乳晕外缘周、乳房下皱褶或腋窝。在胸大肌后剥离腔穴，然后将10ml微小硅凝胶假体逐一置入，堆积塑形。结果已行5例10侧隆乳术，术后随访最长6年，最短3个月，无论外形手感，医生与隆乳者双方均感满意。结论微小组合假体隆乳术较传统单一大假体隆乳术有切口小、容易获得理想的乳房体积、便于双侧调节对称、外观自然、假体渗漏相对较少、包膜挛缩率低等优点。该法适用于隆乳术或乳房再造，尤其适用于乳房部分缺损的修复。     

内窥镜在假体隆乳术后包膜挛缩修复中的应用

目的:探讨内窥镜操作下修复假体隆乳术后包膜挛缩的优缺点及可行性。方法:自2013年至今,应用内窥镜修复假体隆乳术后包膜挛缩16例,13例为单侧,3例为双侧包膜挛缩并伴左右乳房不对称畸形。结果:16例患者术后随访3～12个月,1例包膜挛缩复发,其余病例乳房形态良好,手感及动感自然。结论:内窥镜系统操作下修复包膜挛缩,采用其微创技术通过腋窝切口,手术在可视下进行,挛缩包膜组织剥离切除完善,假体放置腔隙分离精确,创伤小,止血彻底,避免了传统手术方法经乳晕或下皱襞切除挛缩包膜的再次创伤,术后并发症少,恢复快。     

假体隆乳术后严重包膜挛缩处理结合假体置入

目的探讨假体隆乳术后严重包膜挛缩的处理方法及乳房假体置入的适应征。方法 2006年6月至2014年3月,对45例假体隆乳术后严重包膜挛缩(双侧乳房均为Baker分类法Ⅳ级)进行治疗,并进行同期或二期乳房假体置入。手术均采用乳晕切口入路,并根据情况保留或去除包膜组织,在乳腺后间隙或胸大肌后间隙置入假体。结果 38例患者均一期置入乳房假体,7例于术后6个月行二期乳房假体置入。术后切口均一期愈合,39例获门诊随访,随访率86.7%,随访时间6~58个月(平均13.5个月)。1例术后4个月时仍出现包膜挛缩Ⅳ级,予以二期手术取出乳房假体,未再置入。其余患者乳房形态良好,触摸乳房手感较柔软。结论对于严重的假体隆乳术后包膜挛缩,对包膜进行有效处理,并根据情况置入假体,可以取得较好的术后乳房外观及手感。     

假体隆乳术后并发症医疗原因分析

目的:结合临床16例硅凝胶假体隆乳术后并发症患者,分析并发症产生的原因。方法:180例小乳症患者,采用腋窝切口、乳晕切口、乳房下皱襞切口三种手术方式,硅凝胶乳房假体放置在乳房后隙或胸大肌下间隙,术后随访1年,其中16例出现了假体外露、假体破裂、纤维包膜挛缩等并发症。综合分析其产生的医源性原因。结果:180例隆乳术出现16例明显并发症,其中假体位置不佳7例;纤维包膜挛缩4例;假体外露、假体破裂、异常泌乳、切口瘢痕、血肿各1例。结论:硅凝胶假体隆乳术后并发症产生的原因是多样的,与术前设计、术中止血、腔隙剥离的范围、手术操作规范性、术后包扎固定、预防感染等因素有关系。隆乳术后并发症产生的原因有些是可以避免的。     

内窥镜在乳房假体包膜挛缩微创治疗中的应用研究

目的依托内窥镜技术，探索微创治疗包膜挛缩的新术式，以求获得满意的手术疗效。方法根据新设计的手术步骤的要求，按切口大小，不同切口的操作需要，以及挛缩部位与乳房的位置关系，在不取出假体的情况下。将内窥镜技术应用于临床包膜松解手术中。手术采用经原隆乳手术切口或乳房下皱襞切口，完成乳房假体的显露后，对于完好的硅凝胶假体或盐水假体，不必取出假体，而在包膜内壁与假体之间，应用内窥镜电刀进行切割及分离包膜，完成包膜的松解。结果应用内窥镜技术，完成包膜松解术4例。术后随访半年，效果良好。结论本术式在保证手术操作易行性的前提下，增加了包膜松解手术切口的选择性及不更换假体完成操作的可行性。微创包膜松解术主要适应于隆乳术后乳房假体包膜挛缩的患者，无论假体内注入的是硅凝胶，还是盐水，均可以采用此方法治疗。     

经乳晕切口综合处理假体隆乳术后包膜挛缩

目的 探讨经乳晕切口采用多种方法综合处理假体隆乳术后包膜挛缩的效果.方法 2005年2月至2011年6月,对94例168侧假体隆乳术后包膜挛缩进行治疗并置入假体,其挛缩程度均为Baker分类法Ⅲ、Ⅳ级.94例均采用乳晕切口,根据原假体置入腔隙及乳腺、胸大肌厚度等条件,采取重新剥离腔隙、去除或不去除包膜组织,甚至二期手术,于胸大肌或乳腺后间隙置入假体等方法综合处理,术中严格止血.结果 术后94例中46例获得门诊随访,其余病例均获得电话随访,时间6 ～37个月,平均9.9个月,术后包膜挛缩复发Ⅲ级者2例、Ⅳ级者1例,其余病例乳房外观均丰满、挺拔,柔软度较好,电话随访病例均对乳房塑形效果满意.本组病例均无血肿、感染、乳房假体破裂、乳房下垂及上移等并发症发生.结论 应用乳晕切口对假体隆乳术后包膜挛缩进行综合而有效地处理,术后包膜挛缩复发率较低,可以获得较满意的乳房塑形效果.     

保留纤维包膜的乳房假体置换术

目的 探讨胸大胸后间隙乳房假体置入术后纤维包膜挛缩所致远期并发症的手术治疗原则及方法。方法 乳晕切口行假体转换术,在充分保留原纤维包膜的原则下,针对手感较硬,乳房变形等并发症行相应的手术处理。结果 ２４例术后均取得满意效果。结论 转换假体结合对症处理可有效纠治隆乳术后纤维包膜挛缩所致并发症,充分保留原纤维膜可获得较好远期效果。     

腋窝切口胸大肌后隆乳术技术要点探讨

目的:探讨腋窝切口胸大肌后隆乳术技术要点。方法:分析96例腋窝切口胸大肌后隆乳术患者的手术设计、切口位置的选择、腔隙分离及术后处理等环节的技术要点。结果:90例患者获得满意效果。2例乳房假体上移,1例形态欠佳,3例出现一侧乳房Ⅲ度包膜挛缩。结论:掌握腋窝切口胸大肌后隆乳术技术要点可取得满意的手术效果。     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶在乳房纤维包膜挛缩病例中的应用(Ⅱ)

目的　介绍一种治疗硅胶囊假体隆乳术后纤维包膜挛缩的有效治疗方法和新材料。方法　从 1997年 10月至 2 0 0 0年 9月 ,用此方法治疗 16 7只因硅胶囊假体隆乳引起纤维包膜挛缩的乳房 ,根据包膜囊内有无出血分为Ⅰ期置换或Ⅱ期置换 ,对包膜严重挛缩或乳房下皱襞高低不一致的病例提出具体的矫正方法 ,对取出假体后能否Ⅰ期置换水凝胶和严重挛缩的包膜腔是否能在扩大分离后Ⅰ期置入水凝胶作了分析。结果　本组 16 7只乳房除 3例 4只乳房在术中分离扩大包膜腔和 1只乳房置换术后因外伤造成出血更换水凝胶外 ,均取得了满意的术后效果。乳房形态自然、质地柔软。结论　聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶置换硅胶囊假体 ,治疗因硅胶囊假体隆乳术后造成纤维包膜挛缩取得良好的治疗效果。从随访的结果看 ,这是解决这一顽症的有效方法     

Endoscopic Transaxillary Capsular Contracture Treatment

Background Traditionally, breast implant extraction and capsular contracture treatment are performed using the transareolar approach. However, this approach is not acceptable to Chinese patients because of the additional scar formation. The authors present their experience using capsular contracture treatment using transaxillary endoscopic assistance without the need for an additional incision. Methods The former transaxillary incisional scar for augmentation mammoplasty is used. Blunt dissection to the outer surface of the fibrous capsule is performed. A 30° 10-mm endoscope is placed through the axillary incision for dissection of the capsule’s outer surface. After completion of this procedure, the capsule is cauterized open, and extraction is completed. Transaxillary capsulectomy is performed under endoscopic control. The reimplantation is performed with the no-touch technique after an adequate pocket has been created. Results From October 2005 to September 2006, 11 patients were treated with the described procedure. The results were favorable during a follow-up period of 4 to 6 months. No scar was left on the breast, and no additional scarring occurred. Conclusions Endoscopic transaxillary capsular contracture treatment through the axillary incision was possible, with successful removal of the fibrous capsule. The technique eliminated the incision on the breast and created one incision far from the breast area for completion of the procedure.     

隆乳术后纤维包膜挛缩的预防

目的：探讨预防和降低隆乳术后包膜挛缩的方法。方法：回顾分析60例(其中10例假体置换)采取预防包膜挛缩综合措施的隆乳患者包膜挛缩发生的情况。结果：术后随访0．5-2年,第一次隆乳的50例患者中,47例患者乳房外观自然,挺拔逼真,手感柔软;3例患者出现包膜挛缩(Baker分级：2例Ⅲ级,1例Ⅱ级)。10例假体置换患者8例乳房外观自然,挺拔逼真,手感柔软：2例患者再次出现包膜挛缩(Baker分级：1例Ⅲ级,1例Ⅱ级)。结论：采取选择高质量假体、双切口双平面隆乳、术后引流和口服肤康片等综合措施可以预防和降低包膜挛缩的发生。     

Preliminary (3 years) experience with smooth wall silicone gel implants for primary breast augmentation

The goal of this study is to obtain data concerning the incidence of capsular contracture and reoperation rates in patients having primary breast augmentation utilizing modern low-bleed smooth-wall silicone gel implants. Data were collected retrospectively and consisted of 44 patients who underwent primary breast augmentation using smooth silicone gel implants (Mentor Corporation) in the period between 2001 and 2003. Of the 131 patients identified, 44 patients fit the criteria of primary breast augmentation. Secondary cases and primary augmentation with mastopexy were excluded from this study. This group of patients is still followed, and the data are being updated periodically. A total of 44 patients underwent primary breast augmentation. Average age was 32 years (range, 19-57). Average follow-up was 34 months (range, 28-40). Average operative time was 52 minutes. The inframammary incision was used in 65% of patients and the areolar incision in 35%. The subglandular position was used in 35% of patients versus the submuscular position in 65%. Nine patients (20%) developed capsular contracture. Six patients (13.6%) had Baker 3 capsular contracture, which required revision. Four of the 9 patients with capsular contracture had implants placed in the submuscular space and 5 in the subglandular position. Relative to the implant position, 4 patients (9%) with implants placed in the submuscular position developed capsular contracture. Relative to the subglandular position, 5 patients (11.3%) with implants placed in the subglandular position developed capsular contracture. Eight patients (19%) required implant revision, 6 patients for capsular contracture, and 2 patients requested size change. Preliminary data from this study indicate that the use of the new generation of gel implants yields less capsular contracture, as well as decreased revision rates. Subglandular placement of gel implants did not significantly increase the risk of capsular contracture. Longer follow-up and multicenter studies are still needed to confirm these findings. This cumulative data could challenge the current status of gel implant moratorium imposed by the incidence of capsular contracture and revision rates.     

Influence of patient age on capsular contracture after aesthetic breast augmentation

The influence of age on capsular contracture rates remains unclear. Most studies have only investigated early capsule development and not whether a link between age at primary surgery and the later development of capsular fibrosis exists. To clarify whether patient age impacts the development of late capsular fibrosis, the authors conducted a retrospective case study involving 43 patients who presented for surgical revision of capsular contracture (Baker grade ≥III) between four and 40 years after primary breast augmentation. Possible correlations between age and implant placement were analyzed. Late presentation of capsular fibrosis occurred a mean of 15.6 years after primary augmentation, with a slightly negative, but not significant, correlation between age at primary operation and duration of implant placement. Patients <40 years of age underwent an operative revision after a mean of 18.9 years, while patients ≥40 years of age needed an operative revision a mean of 11.9 years after primary breast augmentation (P=0.0368). The results suggest that with advancing age, the average time to develop capsular fibrosis is significantly shorter in individuals who develop capsular contracture. As more data are collected, appropriate advice can be provided to patients regarding factors that influence the long-term outcomes of breast augmentation.     

内窥镜辅助下乳房聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶取出术

目的探讨内窥镜辅助下取出隆乳术后注射物的整形修复的临床应用与操作要点。方法N2006年1月至2012年10月,应用内窥镜辅助取出聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后35例70侧。行双侧腋窝切口或乳晕切口,内窥镜直视下取出注射材料,21例I期放置乳房假体。结果随访1年,术后恢复良好,无明显包块,无包膜挛缩。所有患者术后乳房无明显注射物残留,无血肿及感染。结论采用内窥镜辅助下行注射隆乳术后注射物取出整形修复术,手术在直视下进行,去除注射物较彻底,创伤较小;I期假体置入无明显影响,术后效果好,无明显并发症发生,是值得推广应用的辅助技术。     

Relationship of Incision Choice to Capsular Contracture

Background Capsular contracture can be an ongoing problem in breast augmentation even with good surgical technique. In the author’s practice, a higher incidence of capsular contracture was observed with the use of a periareolar incision than with an inframammary incision. Methods A review of breast augmentations performed from November 2004 through June 2006 was conducted. This analysis included the incision used, the procedure performed, and the development of capsular contracture. Results The incidence of contracture was 0.59% in the inframammary group and 9.5% in the periareolar group. This increase in capsular contracture with a periareolar incision was statistically significant. Capsular contracture occurring with augmentation performed at the time of a periareolar mastopexy was 8%, which was statistically significant compared with the inframammary group. The difference in contracture rates between a periareolar incision alone and a periareolar mastopexy was not statistically significant. Conclusions Breast augmentation through a periareolar incision has a higher incidence of capsular contracture than observed with an inframammary incision. This most likely occurs due to an increase in contamination of the breast pocket with intraductal material colonized by bacteria. The periareolar incision is, and will remain, a standard of care. Therefore, this information can help clinicians make a more informed decision regarding incision placement for breast augmentation. Presented at the annual meeting of the Texas Society of Plastic Surgeons, September 30, 2007.     

Correction of Capsular Contracture by Insertion of a Breast Prosthesis Anterior to the Original Capsule and Preservation of the Contracted Capsule: Technique and Outcomes

Background  

This study aimed to explore the treatment of capsular contracture after augmentation mammaplasty by insertion of a breast prosthesis anterior to the original capsule.     

A new instrument for performing an open capsulotomy in the transaxillary submuscular approach

A new way to perform a safe and predictable open capsulotomy is presented. A capsular contracture occurring after a subpectoral breast augmentation can not be handled with a closed capsulotomy. A patient who has a nicely healed scar in the axilla after a previous breast augmentation is likely not very interested in having a new scar added on the breast from a capsulotomy. Therefore, the author tried to handle this through the old axillary scar. In many cases the capsulotomy can be accomplished with a blunt dissector, but when this is not enough, the capsule has to be cut open with a sharp instrument. Such an instrument for this purpose was not on the market. This has lead to the new design of one.     

Capsular contracture in subfascial breast augmentation: recommendations and treatment

Capsular contracture is the most common long-term complication of breast augmentation. In subfascial breast augmentation, there had been reports of 0% to 2% of capsular contracture (Serra-Renom et al., Plast Reconstr Surg 116:640–645; Ventura and Marcello, Aesthetic Plast Surg 29:379–383; Tijerina et al., Aesthetic Plast Surg 34:16–22; Graf et al., Plast Reconstr Surg 111(2):904–908). Graf et al. mentioned a 2.3% of capsular contracture grade II in 263 patients that underwent subfascial breast augmentation (Graf et al., Plast Reconstr Surg 111(2):904–908). There are several theories that can explain the presence of a capsular contracture, and the most described are: the microbiology theory and the contamination of the pocket due to a foreign body (Araco et al., Plast Reconstr Surg 124(6): 1808–1819; Schaub et al., Plast Reconstr Surg 126(6): 2140–2149). In 5?years, 35 patients with breast augmentation were considered for surgical treatment for capsular contracture. From 35 patients, only 4 patients were operated by us initially, the remaining 31 came to us as new patients with a capsular contracture. Each patient had different characteristics and was classified with the Baker scale. Depending on the grade (I–IV) and clinical characteristics of the patient, the surgical treatment was selected between a subcapsular pocket, total capsulectomy with or without implant, or radiation of the capsule. Thirty-five patients were considered for surgical treatment for a capsular contracture. All of our patients had great outcome at short and long term without any signs of complications. Twenty-seven patients were followed for 2?years postop, and 8 patients treated with a subcapsular pocket have less than 2?years of follow-up. In patients with less mammary gland tissue, a subcapsular pocket had reduced the risk of complications of a total capsulectomy due to close relationship between the skin and the capsule. There are several complications that could be present with a total capsulectomy, which are: tissue necrosis, breast irregularities, and/or damage to the skin. This technique had produced great results in patients with lo mammary tissue and a capsular contracture. Capsular contracture is the most common long-term complication in breast augmentation. There are several techniques that can be reproduced to have better outcomes and reduce the risk of complications. We recommend the use of these strategies to help in the treatment of capsular contracture.