热毒宁注射液解热抗炎活性成分研究(V)

目的 研究中药复方热毒宁注射液解热抗炎活性部位的化学成分。方法 采用脂多糖（LPS）诱导小鼠内毒素休克模型对热毒宁注射液解热抗炎活性部位进行筛选,综合应用HP-20大孔树脂、硅胶、MCI、ODS柱色谱以及反相MPLC、HPLC等各种现代色谱技术对解热抗炎活性部位进行系统的分离纯化,根据化合物的光谱数据和理化性质进行结构鉴定。采用LPS诱导小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7模型,以抑制炎性细胞因子前列腺素E₂（PGE₂）的分泌为评价指标对分离得到的化合物进行体外抗炎活性评价。结果 热毒宁注射液经大孔吸附树脂95%乙醇洗脱部位为解热抗炎活性部位,从中分离得到了24个化合物,分别鉴定为 （4aS,7aS,7bS）-4,4a,7a,7b-tetrahydro-2H-1,7-dioxacyclopent[cd] indene-5-carboxylic acid methyl ester（1）、（4aS,7aS）-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydro-7-（hydroxymethyl）-cyclopenta[c] pyran-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester（2）、3α,5α-tetrahydrodeoxycordifoline lactam（3）、R-（Z）-4-甲基-5-[（2'',6'',6''-三甲基-4''-氧代-2''-环己烯-1''-基） 亚甲基]-2（5H）-呋喃酮（4）、（1α,2α,3β,4β）-2,4-双 （4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯基）-1,3-环丁烷二甲酸（5）、4-[（6-O-苯甲酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基） 氧基]-3-甲氧基苯甲酸（6）、丁香脂素（7）、E-3-（3,4-二羟基苯亚甲基）-5-（3,4-二羟基苯基） 二氢呋喃-2-酮（8）、6,7-二甲氧基香豆素（9）、7-羟基-6-甲氧基香豆素（10）、水杨酸（11）、丁香醛（12）、苯乙酸（13）、香草醛（14）、咖啡酸（15）香草乙酮（16）、3,5-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸（17）、4,5-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸（18）、3,4-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸甲酯（19）、3,5-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸甲酯（20）、4,5-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸甲酯（21）、5-O-咖啡酰奎宁酸乙酯（22）、3,5-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸乙酯（23）、4,5-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸乙酯（24）。其中化合物1、10、14~24 对LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞中PGE₂的分泌具有显著的抑制作用。结论 化合物1~9、11~13、22~24 均为首次从热毒宁注射液中分离得到,有机酸类化合物可能为热毒宁注射液解热抗炎的主要药效物质基础之一。     

火绒草的咖啡酰类成分研究

目的:研究火绒草的化学成分。方法:采用硅胶、葡聚糖凝胶、大孔树脂、制备液相等色谱技术进行化学成分分离,依据理化性质和波谱数据鉴定化合物结构。结果:从火绒草正丁醇萃取部位分离出11个化合物,分别鉴定为:绿原酸甲酯(1)、4-O-咖啡酰奎宁酸甲酯(2)、5-O-咖啡酰奎宁酸甲酯(3)、绿原酸(4)、4-O-咖啡酰奎宁酸(5)、1,3-O-二-咖啡酰奎宁酸(6)、3,4-O-二-咖啡酰奎宁酸甲酯(7)、4,5-O-二-咖啡酰奎宁酸甲酯(8)、3,5-O-二-咖啡酰奎宁酸(9)、3,4-O-二-咖啡酰奎宁酸(10)、4,5-O-二-咖啡酰奎宁酸(11)。结论:其中,化合物1~9为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

忍冬叶中抗氧化化学成分研究

在抗氧化活性追踪下,采用多种柱色谱与高压制备液相色谱等方法从忍冬叶50％甲醇提取物的乙酸乙酯萃取部分与正丁醇萃取部分分离鉴定了9个化合物,分别是5-O-咖啡酰基奎宁酸(1),绿原酸(2),4-O-咖啡酰基奎宁酸(3),木犀草素-7-O-[α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖基(1→6)]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(4),木犀草苷(5),3,4-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸(6),3,5-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸(7),4,5-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸(8)和木犀草素(9).通过清除DPPH能力考察了这9个化合物抗氧化活性,其抗氧化能力由高到低依次为:化合物5＞化合物9＞抗坏血酸(对照)＞化合物2＞化合物8＞化合物7＞化合物6＞化合物1＞化合物3＞化合物4;其中木犀草苷(IC50 0.018 18 g·L-1)的抗氧化活性最强,其次是木犀草素(IC500.023 6 g·L-1)与绿原酸(IC50 0.035 17g·L-1),且木犀草苷和木犀草素抗氧化活性均优于抗坏血酸(对照)(IC50 0.027 54 g·L-1).试验结果为忍冬叶抗氧化产品的开发与利用奠定了基础.     

热毒宁注射液化学成分研究(Ⅱ)

目的研究中药复方热毒宁注射液化学成分。方法综合应用硅胶、ODS、Sephadex LH-20和Toyopearl HW-40柱色谱以及反相MPLC、HPLC等现代色谱技术进行分离和纯化,根据化合物的光谱数据和理化性质鉴定化合物结构,并通过观察细胞病变效应(CPE)和检测细胞存活率的方法,对分离得到的咖啡酰奎宁酸类化合物进行了体外抗呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)作用研究。结果从热毒宁注射液中分离得到16个化合物,分别鉴定为5-O-咖啡酰奎宁酸(1)、5-O-咖啡酰奎宁酸甲酯(2)、4-O-咖啡酰奎宁酸(3)、4-O-咖啡酰奎宁酸甲酯(4)、4,5-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸(5)、4,5-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸甲酯(6)、3,5-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸(7)、3,5-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸甲酯(8)、3,4-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸(9)、3,4-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸甲酯(10)、断马钱子酸(11)、马钱子苷半缩醛内酯(12)、7-表-马钱子苷半缩醛内酯(13)、E-aldosecologanin(14)、Z-aldosecologanin(15)、5H,8H-pyrano[4,3-d]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid(16)。化合物1~10具有较强的体外抗RSV的效果,其中化合物1~4的EC50值在10~30μmol/L,选择指数(SI)大于30;化合物5~10的EC50值小于10μmol/L,SI大于100。结论化合物1~16均为首次从热毒宁注射液中分离得到,咖啡酰奎宁酸类化合物可能为热毒宁注射液抗病毒的主要药效物质基础之一。     

苍耳草的酚酸成分及其抗菌作用研究

目的:研究苍耳草的化学成分及其抑菌活性。方法:采用大孔吸附树脂、Sephadex LH-20和ODS等柱色谱技术分离化合物,运用NMR、MS等波谱法鉴定化合物的结构,通过抑菌实验考察其抗菌活性。结果:从苍耳草中分离得到15个酚类化合物,分别鉴定为:绿原酸(1)、1-O-咖啡酰奎宁酸(2)、4-O-咖啡酰奎宁酸(3)、5-O-咖啡酰奎宁酸(4)、1,4-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸(5)、1,3-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸(6)、1,5-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸(7)、4,5-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸(8)、3,5-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸(9)、阿魏酸(10)、咖啡酸(11)、槲皮素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(12)、槲皮素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(13)、槲皮素-3'-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(14)、山柰酚-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(15)。结论:其中,化合物2、12~15为首次从该植物中分离得到。抑菌实验表明,苍耳草中的咖啡酰基化合物对金黄色葡萄球菌(Ⅰ)、大肠杆菌副氏痢疾杆菌(Ⅱ)、绿脓杆菌(Ⅲ)、志贺氏痢疾杆菌(Ⅳ)有良好的抑制作用。     

热毒宁注射液解热抗炎活性成分研究(Ⅴ)

目的研究中药复方热毒宁注射液解热抗炎活性部位的化学成分。方法采用脂多糖(LPS)诱导小鼠内毒素休克模型对热毒宁注射液解热抗炎活性部位进行筛选,综合应用HP-20大孔树脂、硅胶、MCI、ODS柱色谱以及反相MPLC、HPLC等各种现代色谱技术对解热抗炎活性部位进行系统的分离纯化,根据化合物的光谱数据和理化性质进行结构鉴定。采用LPS诱导小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7模型,以抑制炎性细胞因子前列腺素E2(PGE2)的分泌为评价指标对分离得到的化合物进行体外抗炎活性评价。结果热毒宁注射液经大孔吸附树脂95%乙醇洗脱部位为解热抗炎活性部位,从中分离得到了24个化合物,分别鉴定为(4a S,7a S,7b S)-4,4a,7a,7b-tetrahydro-2H-1,7-dioxacyclopent[cd]indene-5-carboxylicacidmethylester(1)、(4a S,7a S)-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydro-7-(hydroxymethyl)-cyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylicacidmethylester (2)、 3α,5α-tetrahydrodeoxycordifolinelactam(3)、R-(Z)-4-甲基-5-[(2′,6′,6′-三甲基-4′-氧代-2′-环己烯-1′-基)亚甲基]-2(5H)-呋喃酮(4)、(1α,2α,3β,4β)-2,4-双(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯基)-1,3-环丁烷二甲酸(5)、4-[(6-O-苯甲酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)氧基]-3-甲氧基苯甲酸(6)、丁香脂素(7)、E-3-(3,4-二羟基苯亚甲基)-5-(3,4-二羟基苯基)二氢呋喃-2-酮(8)、6,7-二甲氧基香豆素(9)、7-羟基-6-甲氧基香豆素(10)、水杨酸(11)、丁香醛(12)、苯乙酸(13)、香草醛(14)、咖啡酸(15)香草乙酮(16)、3,5-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸(17)、4,5-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸(18)、3,4-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸甲酯(19)、3,5-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸甲酯(20)、4,5-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸甲酯(21)、5-O-咖啡酰奎宁酸乙酯(22)、3,5-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸乙酯(23)、4,5-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸乙酯(24)。其中化合物1、10、14～24对LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞中PGE2的分泌具有显著的抑制作用。结论化合物1～9、11～13、22～24均为首次从热毒宁注射液中分离得到,有机酸类化合物可能为热毒宁注射液解热抗炎的主要药效物质基础之一。     

杏香兔耳风化学成分研究

目的 研究兔耳风属植物杏香兔耳风Ainsliaea fragrans的化学成分。方法 采用溶剂萃取、大孔吸附树脂、硅胶、ODS柱色谱以及HPLC等技术进行化学成分分离纯化,运用核磁共振等波谱数据分析鉴定化合物结构。结果 从杏香兔耳风乙醇提取物中分离得到20个化合物,分别鉴定为3β-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-8α-hydroxy-11α,13-dihydrozaluzanin C(1)、岩白菜素（2）、glucozaluzanin C(3)、芹菜素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖醛酸甲酯（4）、costunolide-15-β-D-glucopyranoside(5)、芹菜素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖醛酸苷（6）、木犀草素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖醛酸苷（7）、芹菜素-6,8-二-C-葡萄糖苷（8）、绿原酸（9）、1,3-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸（10）、3-O-反式对羟基香豆酰奎宁酸（11）、木犀草素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷（12）、木犀草素（13）、原儿茶酸（14）、5-O-顺式对羟基香豆酰奎宁酸（15）、1-O-咖啡酰奎宁酸（16）、隐绿原酸（17）、5-O-反式对羟基香豆酰奎宁酸...     

一测多评法同步测定银黄片中6种咖啡酰奎宁酸

目的建立银黄片中6种咖啡酰奎宁酸的一测多评定量测定方法。方法以绿原酸(5-O-咖啡酰奎宁酸)为指标,建立该成分与3-O-咖啡酰奎宁酸、4-O-咖啡酰奎宁酸、4,5-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸、3,5-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸和3,4-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸的相对校正因子,采用相对校正因子计算各成分的量,同时对13批银黄片一测多评的计算结果与外标法实测值进行比较,并对不同品牌仪器和不同厂家色谱柱进行考察,评价一测多评法在银黄片中应用的准确性和科学性。结果建立了银黄片的定量控制方法;方法准确性评价结果表明,利用一测多评法在不同色谱柱的计算值与外标实测值之间没有显著性差异。结论本法可只采用绿原酸对照品同时控制6种成分的量,为中药的多指标成分质量评价模式提供参考。     

光叶丁公藤酚性成分研究

目的研究光叶丁公藤Erycibe schmidtii藤茎的化学成分。方法利用正、反相硅胶色谱柱、Sephadex LH-20色谱及半制备高效液相色谱等方法分离纯化,通过核磁共振波谱分析方法鉴定结构。利用NO相对生成率法对量较多的化合物进行抗炎活性检测。结果从光叶丁公藤藤茎95%乙醇提取物中分离得到12个化合物,分别鉴定为咖啡酸(1)、N-反式-对羟基苯乙基阿魏酰胺(2)、绿原酸(3)、绿原酸甲酯(4)、4-O-咖啡酰基奎宁酸(5)、4-O-咖啡酰基奎宁酸甲酯(6)、4,5-O-双咖啡酰基奎宁酸(7)、4,5-O-双咖啡酰基奎宁酸甲酯(8)、3,5-O-双咖啡酰基奎宁酸(9)、3,5-O-双咖啡酰基奎宁酸甲酯(10)、3,4-O-双咖啡酰基奎宁酸(11)、3,4-O-双咖啡酰基奎宁酸甲酯(12)。化合物1和2对RAW 264.7细胞释放NO显示出一定的抑制活性。结论化合物5~7、9、11、12为首次从该属植物中分离得到,化合物1、2、4~12为首次从该植物中分离得到。化合物1和2有一定抗炎活性。     

HPLC法同时测定银黄颗粒中6个咖啡酰奎宁酸

目的建立HPLC法同时测定银黄颗粒中6个咖啡酰奎宁酸类。方法银黄颗粒50%甲醇提取物分析采用Kromasil C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以乙腈(A)-0.4%磷酸溶液(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱,柱温35℃,体积流量1.0 m L/min,检测波长327 nm。结果 3-O-咖啡酰奎宁酸、绿原酸(5-O-咖啡酰奎宁酸)、4-O-咖啡酰奎宁酸、4,5-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸、3,5-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸和3,4-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸进样量分别在0.012~0.236μg、0.043~0.866μg、0.013~0.253μg、0.012~0.246μg、0.012~0.248μg和0.020~0.397μg范围内与色谱峰峰面积呈良好的线性关系;平均回收率(n=6)分别为96.2%、96.8%、96.2%、104.9%、96.8%和95.9%;RSD分别为0.6%、0.5%、1.3%、0.4%、0.2%和0.3%。结论 26批银黄颗粒样品的绿原酸含有量差别不大,但其他5个咖啡酰奎宁酸含有量差异较大。建议以咖啡酰奎宁酸类成分代替绿原酸检测银黄颗粒。     

应用NIRS技术获取SaO2以及相关信息量化辨识气虚的方法和意义

目的：探索应用近红外光谱学（Near-infrared Spectroscopy,NIRS）技术获取血氧饱和度（Oxygen Saturation,SaO₂）以及相关信息量化辨识气虚的方法,讨论量化气虚对于中医临床的价值。方法：通过总结NIRS技术的研究与应用现状,探索缺氧与气虚以及典型症候之间的关联,依据文献中易于引起SaO₂值降低的各种疾病以及相关症状特征,比较气虚的典型症状,探索SaO₂与气虚典型症候之间的相关性,讨论NIRS获取SaO₂以及相关信息量化气虚的途径与方法。应用精确获取的SaO₂测量值,将SaO₂值与主观感受的强度进行关联,尝试量化评价气虚相关主观感受的强度。结果：依据已有数据归纳出不同海拔、年龄下对应的正常值以及气虚程度,主观不适感程度。在协助中医医师快速量化评估气虚程度方面,具有一定的应用空间。结论：SaO₂可以作为量化辅助气虚程度的指标之一.     

乌头碱配伍人参皂苷Rb1对原代培养心肌细胞能量代谢的影响

目的：探讨乌头碱配伍人参皂苷Rb₁对心肌细胞能量代谢的影响。方法：采用胰蛋白酶消化和差速贴壁法培养大鼠乳鼠心肌细胞,分为正常对照组、0.2%乌头碱组、0.1%乌头碱组、人参皂苷Rb₁组、乌头碱配伍人参皂苷Rb₁组（1?1、1?2、2?1）,给药作用1 h,检测心肌细胞的细胞活力和体内糖原、琥珀酸脱氢酶、细胞色素C氧化酶以及细胞乳酸脱氢酶的含量。结果：0.2%乌头碱能够明显降低心肌细胞活力,增加乳酸脱氢酶含量,降低细胞内糖原、琥珀酸脱氢酶、细胞色素C氧化酶含量;1×10^-6 mol·L^-1或2×10^-6 mol·L^-1浓度的人参皂苷Rb1配伍乌头碱,可明显对抗0.2%乌头碱对心肌细胞的毒性。结论：人参皂苷Rb1可降低乌头碱心肌细胞毒性,其作用机制可能与对抗细胞能量代谢有关。     

白芍提取物对经前期综合征肝气郁证模型大鼠额叶5-HT3A/3BR分布与蛋白表达的影响

目的：本研究就5-羟色胺3受体（5-HT₃R）水平探讨白芍提取物（Radix Paeoniae Alba Extract,RPAE）干预经前期综合征（Premenstrual Syndrome,PMS）肝气郁证抑郁情绪的分子作用机制。方法：复制PMS肝气郁证大鼠模型,用白芍提取物进行药物干预,采用免疫荧光技术和蛋白印迹技术（western blot）分别检测5-HT_3AR和5-HT_3BR在大鼠脑内的分布和蛋白表达情况。结果: 5-HT_3AR和5-HT_3BR在各组大鼠额叶均有阳性表达;与正常组大鼠相比,模型组大鼠额叶5-HT_3AR、5-HT_3BR蛋白表达水平均显著升高（P<0.05）;与模型组大鼠相比,白芍提取物组大鼠额叶5-HT_3AR蛋白表达水平均显著下降（P<0.05）。结论：白芍提取物能够调控PMS 抑郁症大鼠额叶5-HT_3AR和5-HT_3BR蛋白表达,这可能是其干预PMS肝气郁证抑郁情绪的作用机制之一。     

Medicinal herbs for the treatment of rheumatic disorders—A survey of European herbals from the 16th and 17th century

Ethnopharmacological relevance

From the 16th up into the 18th century botanical and medicinal knowledge in Europe was documented and spread in magnificently illustrated herbals. For the most part modern science has neglected this source of knowledge and old remedies have not been systematically evaluated pharmacologically.

Aim of the study

Rheumatic disorders and chronic inflammatory and degenerative diseases of the musculoskeletal system were chosen in an attempt to discuss remedies described in the old herbals in the viewpoint of modern science.

Materials and methods

Five of the most important European herbals of the 16th and 17th century were searched for terms related to rheumatic diseases, and plants and recipes described for their treatment. An extensive search of the scientific data banks Medline and SciFinder scholar was done to find recent results concerning the phytochemistry and possible antiphlogistic activities of the plants.

Results

Sixty-three plants were identified in the herbals for this indication. More than half of them have shown in vitro or in vivo antiphlogistic activities.

Conclusions

European herbals may be a valuable source of information for the selection of plants for focussed screening programmes. Information contained in these herbals should be explored in a systematic manner.     

Behavioral recovery following sub-chronic paeoniflorin administration in the striatal 6-OHDA lesion rodent model of Parkinson's disease

In the present studies, the effect of paeoniflorin (PF), one of the main compounds extracted from Paeoniae radix, in alleviating the neurological impairment following unilateral striatal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion was examined in Sprague-Dawley rats. Sub-chronic PF (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg, s.c., twice daily for 11 days) administration dose-dependently reduced apomorphine (APO)-induced rotation, suggesting that PF had an ameliorative effect on the 6-OHDA-induced neurological impairment. Notably, PF had no direct action on dopamine D(1) receptor or dopamine D(2) receptor indicated by the competitive binding experiments. These results suggest that PF, an active component of Paeoniae radix, might provide an opportunity to introduce a non-dopaminergic management of Parkinson's disease.     

Alditols and monosaccharides from sorghum vinegar can attenuate platelet aggregation by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-1 and thromboxane-A2 synthase

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Vinegar has been used as both a common seasoning and a traditional Chinese medicine. Sorghum vinegar is an excellent source of physiological substances with multiple health benefits.

Aim of this study

To evaluate the antiplatelet aggregation activity of alditols and monosaccharides extracted from sorghum vinegar and analysis its mechanism.

Materials and methods

Alditol and monosaccharide extract (AME) from sorghum vinegar was first evaluated for antiplatelet activity using the turbidimetric method. Blood was collected from healthy volunteer donors. The platelet aggregation was induced by arachidonic acid (AA), collagen, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and thrombin in vitro. AME was divided into three experimental groups with the concentration were 0.10, 0.25 and 0.50 mg/mL. In order to determine the inhibitory activity of AME on COX1, TXS and TXA₂ production experiments were conducted using the COX1, TXS and TXB₂ EIA kit. Computational docking was used to find the docking pose of monosaccharides and alditols with COX₁.

Results

AME showed significant induction of antiplatelet activity by arachidonic acid (AA), collagen, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and thrombin in a concentration-dependent manner (p<0.05). AME (0.50 mg/mL) reduced the AA-induced aggregation rate to 10.35%±0.46%, which was comparable to acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin, ASA) (0.50 mg/mL, 6.35%±0.58%), a medical standard. Furthermore, AME strongly inhibited cyclooxygenase-1 (COX1) and thromboxane-A₂ synthase (TXS), and subsequently attenuated thromboxane-A₂ (TXA₂) production. These findings indicated that AME attenuates platelet aggregation through the AA metabolism pathway. Computational docking showed that alditols (L-erythritol, L-arabitol, xylitol and D-sorbitol), monosaccharides (D-glucopyranose, D-fructofuranonse, D-xylopyranose, D-galactopyranose and D-ribose), ethyl glucoside and 3,4-(methylenedioxy) mandelic acid could dock directly into the active site of COX1.

Conclusion

Alditols and monosaccharides from sorghum vinegar inhibit multiple steps in the platelet aggregation pathway, and may be beneficial for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.     

Aegiceras corniculatum extract suppresses initial and late phases of inflammation in rat paw and attenuates the production of eicosanoids in rat neutrophils and human platelets

Aim of the study

The present study is designed to explore the anti-inflammatory potential of Aegiceras corniculatum Linn. Blanco stems extracts and their mechanism of action against various pro-inflammatory mediators and to validate its traditional use against inflammatory diseases.

Materials and methods

Rat paw edema and peritonitis models were employed for in vivo studies. For in vitro studies human platelets and rat neutrophils were stimulated with Ca²⁺-ionophore A23187 leading to the production of various pro-inflammatory metabolites, i.e., 12-HTT, 12-HETE and LTB₄ and 5-HETE which were quantified by HPLC.

Results

The highly polar methanol extract (100 mg/kg) caused ∼90% reduction in the carrageenan- and prostaglandin E2-induced paw edema in rats. It also caused the inhibition of cycloxygenase-1 metabolite, 12-HHT (IC₅₀ 41.1 ± 1.5 μg/ml) with a concomitant rise in 12-lipoxygenase metabolite, 12-HETE in A23187 stimulated human platelets. Conversely, the non-polar hexane extract attenuated (IC₅₀ 0.36 ± 0.12 μg/ml) 12-HETE formation with a parallel rise in 12-HHT, thereby displaying a selectivity towards 12-lipoxygenase. Non-polar hexane extract also antagonized the production of 5-lipoxygenase metabolites, i.e., leukotriene B₄ and 5-HETE in the rat neutrophils. Furthermore, ethyl acetate extract inhibited both COX and 5-LOX with a marked decline in the production of 12-HHT (IC₅₀ 0.08 ± 0.002 μg/ml) and LTB₄ (IC₅₀ 0.86 ± 0.03 μg/ml), respectively. The anti-inflammatory effect of hexane and ethyl acetate extracts was also reflected by the diminution of carrageenan-induced cell infiltration in rat peritoneum. Additionally, plant extracts caused ∼60% suppression in dextran-induced paw edema implying that they also ameliorate histamine and serotonin release.

Conclusion

Hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts derived from Aegiceras corniculatum possess significant anti-inflammatory activity via multiple mechanisms and validate their traditional use against inflammation-related diseases.     

Plants used for treatment of dysentery and diarrhoea by the Bhoxa community of district Dehradun,Uttarakhand, India

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Dysentery and diarrhoea are major causes of morbidity and mortality in rural communities of developing world. The Bhoxa community is an important primitive indigenous community of Uttarakhand, India. In this paper we have tried to scientifically enumerate ethnomedicinal plants and herbal preparations used by Bhoxa community to treat dysentery and diarrhoea, and discuss their antidiarrhoeal properties in the light of previous ethnomedicinal, pharmacological, microbiological and phytochemical studies. To record plants and herbal preparations used by Bhoxa community of district Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India in treatment of dysentery and diarrhoea, and to discuss antidiarrhoeal and antimicrobial properties of the recorded plants.

Materials and methods

Ethnomedicinal survey was conducted in different villages of Bhoxa community located in district Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. Thirty Bhoxa traditional healers were interviewed to collect information on plants used by them for treating dysentery and diarrhoea. For each of the recorded plant species the use value (UV) and fidelity level (FL) was calculated. Detailed literature survey was conducted to summarize ethnomedicinal, pharmacological, microbiological and phytochemical information on the medicinal plants listed in the present study.

Results

Fifty medicinal plants (45 genera and 30 families) were used by Bhoxa community to treat dysentery and diarrhoea, among which 27 species were used for dysentery, 41 for diarrhoea and 18 for both dysentery and diarrhoea. Three plants viz., Dioscorea bulbifera L., Euphorbia thymifolia L. and Prunus persica (L.) Stokes, recorded in the present survey have been reported for the first time in treatment of dysentery and diarrhoea by any indigenous communities in India. FL and UV values revealed that most preferred species for the treatment of dysentery and diarrhoea by Bhoxa community are Euphorbia hirta L. followed by Holarrhena pubescens Wall., Helicteres isora L. and Cassia fistula L. Earlier pharmacological studies confirmed that 27 of the recorded plants have some proven antidiarrhoeal properties and remaining 23 plants have to be pharmacologically evaluated for their antidiarrhoeal properties. Except 6 plants all the other recorded plants have shown antimicrobial properties in previous microbiological studies. Previous studies have corroborated the ethnomedicinal claims made by the traditional healers of the Bhoxa community.

Conclusions

Present study has provided new information on many medicinal plants and their uses. All the three newly reported plants for treatment of dysentery and diarrhoea have not been pharmacologically evaluated yet for their possible antidiarrhoeal properties. Twenty-three and six plants have not been evaluated pharmacologically and microbiologically, respectively. The present information may serve as a baseline data to initiate further research for discovery of new compounds and biological activities of these potential plants. Further research on these plants may provide some important clues for development of new drugs for dysentery and diarrhoea or other related diseases.     

愈肺宁方对慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期患者诱导痰炎症细胞和LTB4的影响

目的：探讨愈肺宁方（简称愈肺宁）对慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）稳定期患者诱导痰炎症细胞及诱导痰和血浆白三烯B₄（LTB₄）的影响。方法：采用随机双盲安慰剂对照研究,将COPD稳定期患者60例分成愈肺宁治疗组（简称治疗组）和安慰剂对照组（简称对照组）,每组30例,在基础治疗的同时分别给予愈肺宁和安慰剂治疗,连续8周,检测治疗前后患者诱导痰中炎症细胞及诱导痰和血浆LTB₄水平。结果：治疗组实际完成28例,对照组实际完成27例,治疗组治疗后诱导痰白细胞和中性粒细胞浓度降低（P<0.05）,诱导痰LTB₄水平未见明显改变,血浆LTB₄水平明显降低（P<0.05）;对照组治疗后诱导痰白细胞和中性粒细胞无明显改变,诱导痰LTB₄水平反而升高（P<0.05）,血浆LTB₄无明显改变;COPD患者的诱导痰白细胞、中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞分别与LTB₄呈弱的正相关（r=0.359、r=0.341和r=0.260,均P<0.01）。结论：愈肺宁可以降低COPD稳定期患者诱导痰炎症细胞和血浆LTB₄水平,并阻止诱导痰LTB₄水平进一步升高,说明愈肺宁可能通过降低LTB₄以减轻气道炎症,这可能是愈肺宁治疗COPD的机制之一。