石柱参中8种人参皂苷的含量测定

目的:测定石柱参中8种人参皂苷Rg1,Re,Rf,Rg2,Rb1,Rc,Rb3,Rd的含量,并建立同时测定8种人参皂苷含量的方法。方法:采用HPLCAgilent TC-C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm),流动相乙腈-0.05%磷酸水,梯度洗脱,体积流量1 mL.min-1,柱温30℃,检测波长203 nm。结果:8种人参皂苷Rg1,Re,Rf,Rg2,Rb1,Rc,Rb3,Rd质量分数分别为1.32,2.08,0.72,0.24,2.12,1.06,0.35,0.55 mg.g-1。结论:首次对石柱参药材中的人参皂苷进行了含量测定,所建立的方法分离度高,方法学验证符合要求,可作为参类药材同时测定8种人参皂苷含量的方法。     

RP-HPLC同时测定西洋参总皂苷转化产物中人参皂苷Rh1、Rg3和Rh2的含量

目的:采用高效液相色谱法同时测定两洋参总皂苷转化产物中人参皂苷Rh1、Rg3、Rh2含量.方法:采用welchromC18柱,(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),乙腈-水梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL/min,检测波长:203 nm,柱温:30℃.结果:该方法测得人参皂苷Rh1、Rg3、Rh2分别在63.89-574.98μg/mL,78.50～706.51μg/mL,63.79～574.11μg/mL内,线性关系良好,r分别为0.999 4,0.999 9,0.999 9,且人参皂苷Rh1、Rg3、Rh2(n=6)平均回收率分别为101.70%(RSD=2.0%),98.70%(RSD=1.20%),97.57%(RSD=1.61%).结论:本法能将人参皂苷Rh1、Rg3、Rh2很好的分离,检测快速,结果准确可靠,重现性好.     

一测多评法同时测定红参中11种人参皂苷的含量

目的建立一测多评法(quantitative analysis single-marker,QAMS)测定红参药材中11种皂苷类成分的含量,为红参质量控制提供科学依据。方法采用HPLC法,Agilent C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以乙腈-0.1%磷酸水溶液为流动相梯度洗脱,体积流量1.3 mL/min,柱温30℃,波长203 nm。以人参皂苷Rb1为参照物,建立其与人参皂苷Rg_1、人参皂苷Re、人参皂苷Rf、人参皂苷Rh1、人参皂苷Rc、人参皂苷Ro、人参皂苷Rb_2、人参皂苷Rb_3、人参皂苷Rd、人参皂苷Rg3的相对校正因子,外标法与QAMS分别测定11个成分含量。结果在一定线性范围内,人参皂苷Rb_1相对人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Re、人参皂苷Rf、人参皂苷Rh1、人参皂苷Rc、人参皂苷Ro、人参皂苷Rb_2、人参皂苷Rb_3、人参皂苷Rd、人参皂苷Rg_3的相对校正因子重复性好,2种方法所得11种成分的含量无明显差异,实验得相对校正因子可供参考。结论本研究建立的QAMS法,快速、简便、重复性好,可为红参药材的质量控制提供参考。     

HPLC测定田七痛经胶囊中人参皂苷Rb1、Rg1的含量

目的:建立用HPLC法测定田七痛经胶囊(三七,五灵脂,蒲黄等)中人参皂苷Rb1、人参皂苷Rg1的含量.方法:采用C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);以乙腈-水为流动相,梯度洗脱;人参皂苷Rb1、人参皂苷Rg1检测波长为203 nm;流速:1.0 mL·min-1.结果:人参皂苷Rb1在0.967～9.67μg呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999),回收率为98.8%,RSD为0.37%(n=6);人参皂苷Rg1在0.784～7.84μg范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9998),回收率为98.8%,RSD为0.38%(n=6).结论:本法快速、准确,可同时测定田七痛经胶囊中人参皂苷Rb1、人参皂苷Rg1的含量.     

园参叶及林下参叶中人参皂苷含量比较

目的 建立UPLC法同时测定园参叶及林下参叶中人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rf、Rb1、Rg2、Rc、Rb2、Rd的含量,并比较两者人参皂苷含量。方法 采用UPLC CORTECS C₁₈色谱柱(2.1 mm×150 mm, 1.6μm);流动相乙腈-水,梯度洗脱;体积流量0.25 mL/min;柱温30℃;检测波长203 nm。对8种人参皂苷进行偏最小二乘法判别分析。结果 8种人参皂苷在各自范围内线性关系良好(r≥0.999 9),平均加样回收率97.47%～103.41%,RSD<3.0%。正交偏最小二乘法判别分析可区分2种药材,人参皂苷Rb1、人参皂苷Re、人参皂苷Rg2的VIP值大于1。结论 该方法稳定可靠,原人参三醇类(人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rg2)和原人参二醇类(人参皂苷Rc、Rb1、Rb2、Rd)人参皂苷的比值可作为园参叶和林下参叶区别的重要依据。     

RP-HPLC法测定血塞通中三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Rb1的含量

目的:建立血塞通中三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Rb1含量测定方法。方法:采用反相高效液相色谱法,并用外标法测定三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Rb1的含量。色谱柱为Inertsil ODS-3 5μm(4.6mm×150 mm),采用梯度洗脱,紫外检测波长为203 nm,流速为1 m l/m in,柱温为室温。结果:三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Rb1的回收率分别为100.5%、104.0%、97.3%,RSD分别为0.74%、0.67%、1.28%。结论:该方法快速、简便,可作为该制剂的质控方法。     

人参属植物高温蒸制前后人参皂苷含量的变化和细胞毒活性研究

目的研究人参属植物人参Panax ginseng、三七P. notoginseng和西洋参P. quinquefolium高温蒸制前后主要人参皂苷的含量变化,并测定高温蒸制前后样品对4株肿瘤癌细胞的细胞毒活性。方法采用HPLC建立了测定22种皂苷含量的分析方法,测定这些皂苷在人参属植物及其高温蒸制品中的含量。用MTT法测定人参属植物及其高温蒸制品对4株人类癌细胞(人类骨髓癌HL-60细胞、肝癌SMMC-7721细胞、肺癌A-549细胞、乳腺癌SK-BR-3细胞)的细胞毒活性。结果从人参、三七和西洋参及高温蒸制后的样品中鉴定出22个皂苷,包括人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1、Rc、Rb2、Rd、Rk3、Rh4、Rk1、Rg5、Rb3、Rh3、Rk2,20(S)-人参皂苷Rh1、20(R)-人参皂苷Rh1、三七皂苷Fc、三七皂苷R1、绞股蓝皂苷IX、20(S/R)-三七皂苷Ft1、20(S/R)-人参皂苷Rg3、人参皂苷Rs3、人参皂苷Rh2。人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1、Rc、Rb2和Rd为人参的主要成分;人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1和Rd为西洋参的主要成分;人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1、Rd和三七皂苷R1为三七的主要成分,高温蒸制后这3种植物的主要成分全部转化为人参皂苷Rk3、Rh4、Rk1、Rg5和20(S/R)-人参皂苷Rg3,在高温蒸制后的三七中还检测到20(S)-人参皂苷Rh1和20(R)-人参皂苷Rh1。三七皂苷Fc、人参皂苷Rb3和绞股蓝皂苷IX为三七茎叶的主要成分,高温蒸制后转化为另外8个主要成分20(S/R)-三七皂苷Ft1,20(S/R)-人参皂苷Rg3、Rs3、Rk1、Rg5,20(S/R)-人参皂苷Rh2、Rh3和Rk2。细胞毒活性结果显示,高温蒸制三七的细胞毒活性比高温蒸制人参和高温蒸制西洋参强,高温蒸制三七的细胞毒活性比三七的活性强,说明高温蒸制后三七的细胞毒活性增强。结论人参、西洋参和三七经过高温蒸制后原来的主要成分基本消失,随之转化为其他主要成分,高温蒸制三七的细胞毒活性最强。     

不同加热时间对8种人参单体皂苷含量的影响

目的:研究不同加热时间对8种人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rf、Rh1、Rb1、Ro、Rb2及Rd含量的影响。方法:采用高效液相色谱法测定不同加热时间的人参药材中,上述8种人参皂苷的含量。结果:人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1、Ro、Rb2、Rf加热后含量降低;Rd、Rh1在121℃加热60、90 min时含量升高,120 min时含量降低。结论:不同加热时间对8种人参单体皂苷的含量有影响。     

糖尿乐颗粒中人参皂苷Rg1、Re和Rb1的HPLC测定

目的:建立同时测定糖尿乐颗粒(天花粉、山药、红参、知母、黄芪等)中人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Re、人参皂苷Rb1含量的方法。方法:采用HPLC法实现对人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Re、人参皂苷Rb1的含量测定,以DiamonsilC18(4.6mm×250mm;5μm)色谱柱为分析柱,以乙腈-0.05磷酸为流动相;检测波长为203nm。结果:在本色谱条件下,人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Re和人参皂苷Rb1之间有较好的分离度,3种成分的浓度和各自的峰面积之间有良好的线性关系,精密度、稳定性、重现性及加样回收率的相对标准偏差均小于3。结论:本方法可同时测定糖尿乐颗粒中的人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Re和人参皂苷Rb1,可作为糖尿乐颗粒的质量控制手段。     

HPLC-ELSD法测定三七止血胶囊中三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1和人参皂苷Rb1的含量

目的:采用高效液相色谱法-蒸发光散射检测器(HPLC-ELSD)测定三七止血胶囊中三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1和人参皂苷Rb1的含量.方法:以乙腈-水为流动相梯度洗脱(0～12 min,乙腈19%→36%),Hypersil ODS柱(4.0 mm × 200mm,5 μm)为固定相,流速为1.0 mL·min-1,ELSD参数:漂移管温度45℃,载气流量1.5 L·min-1.结果:三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1和人参皂苷Rb1的回收率分别为97.86%,96.24%和97.58%,RSD分别为1.36%,1.58%和1.13%(n=6).结论:该方法简便、快速、重现性好,可用于三七止血胶囊的质量控制.     

真菌的中药干预研究近5年进展

近年来真菌感染率逐年上升,传统抗真菌药物易产生耐药性,而中药在防治真菌感染方面具有一定的优势。本文就近5年来中药对白念珠菌、皮肤癣菌、曲霉菌、马拉色菌、串珠镰孢菌、申克孢子丝菌、新生隐球菌及真菌生物膜的干预研究进展进行综述。     

α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of selected Philippine plants

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Antidesma bunius Spreng. (Phyllantaceae), Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae), Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. (Oxalidaceae), Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. (Rhizophoraceae), Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. (Cyperaceae), and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Rhizophoraceae) are used as remedies to control diabetes. In the present study, these plants were screened for their potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Materials and methods

The 80% aqueous ethanolic extracts were screened for their α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity using yeast alpha glucosidase enzyme.

Results

Except for A. bilimbi with IC₅₀ at 519.86±3.07, all manifested a significant enzyme inhibitory activity. R. mucronata manifested the highest activity with IC₅₀ at 0.08±1.82 μg mL⁻¹, followed by C. tagal with IC₅₀ at 0.85±1.46 μg mL⁻¹ and B. sensitivum with IC₅₀ at 2.24±1.58 μg mL⁻¹.

Conclusion

This is the first report on the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the six Philippine plants; thus, partly defining the mechanism on why these medicinal plants possess antidiabetic properties.     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

European medicinal polypores – A modern view on traditional uses

Ethnopharmacological relevance

In particular five polypore species, i.e. Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Piptoporus betulinus, and Laricifomes officinalis, have been widely used in central European folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases, e.g. dysmenorrhoea, haemorrhoids, bladder disorders, pyretic diseases, treatment of coughs, cancer, and rheumatism. Prehistoric artefacts going back to over 5000 years underline the long tradition of using polypores for various applications ranging from food or tinder material to medicinal–spiritual uses as witnessed by two polypore species found among items of Ötzi, the Iceman. The present paper reviews the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activity of the five mentioned polypores.

Materials and methods

All available information on the selected polypore taxa used in traditional folk medicine was collected through evaluation of literature in libraries and searches in online databases using SciFinder and Web of Knowledge.

Results

Mycochemical studies report the presence of many primary (e.g. polysaccharides) and secondary metabolites (e.g. triterpenes). Crude extracts and isolated compounds show a wide spectrum of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities.

Conclusions

The investigated polypores possess a longstanding ethnomycological tradition in Europe. Here, we compile biological results which highlight their therapeutic value. Moreover, this work provides a solid base for further investigations on a molecular level, both compound- and target-wise.     

厚朴与凹叶厚朴群体遗传学研究

目的:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴的群体遗传学进行研究,为中药厚朴的质量控制提供分子生药学方面的依据。方法:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴15个居群应用2个叶绿体基因间序列psbA-trnH和trnL-trnF进行PCR扩增并测序,计算厚朴与凹叶厚朴单倍型频率,用程序HaploNst分析遗传多样性和遗传结构,应用TCS version 1.13软件构建单倍型网状进化树。结果:厚朴与凹叶厚朴均无特有单倍型存在,但单倍型频率存在显著差异,已开始出现遗传分化的趋势,NST略大于GST。结论:厚朴与凹叶厚朴在遗传上已出现遗传分化的趋势,但尚未完全分化成彼此独立的单系。     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

Antiplasmodial activity of extracts from seven medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in Cameroon

Aim of the study

In a search for new plant-derived biologically active compounds against malaria parasites, we have carried out an ethnopharmacological study to evaluate the susceptibility of cultured Plasmodium falciparum to extracts and fractions from seven Cameroonian medicinal plants used in malaria treatment. We have also explored the inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease Falcipain-2.

Materials and methods

Plant materials were extracted by maceration in organic solvents, and subsequently partitioned or fractionated to afford test fractions. The susceptibility of erythrocytes and the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum to plant extracts was evaluated in culture. In addition, the ability of annonaceous extracts to inhibit recombinant cysteine protease Falcipain-2 was also assessed.

Results and discussion

The extracts showed no toxicity against erythrocytes. The majority of plant extracts were highly active against Plasmodium falciparumin vitro, with IC₅₀ values lower than 5 μg/ml. Annonaceous extracts (acetogenin-rich fractions and interface precipitates) exhibited the highest potency. Some of these extracts exhibited modest inhibition of Falcipain-2.

Conclusion

These results support continued investigation of components of traditional medicines as potential new antimalarial agents.     

金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因克隆和生物信息学分析

目的:克隆金银花类药用植物4-二磷酸胞苷-2-C-甲基赤藓糖激酶(4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase,IspE)和4-羟基-3-甲基-2-邻苯基二磷酸还原酶(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase,IspH)基因,并对其基因序列、蛋白特性和转录活性进行分析、比较.方法:从忍冬Lonicera japonica转录组测序结果中分析获得了IspE,IspH基因.分别以忍冬、红白忍冬L.japonica var.chinensis、红腺忍冬L.hypoglauca和水忍冬L.dasystyla新鲜花蕾为材料,利用RT-PCR技术克隆获得了4种金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因的全长cDNA.运用生物信息学分析软件,预测编码蛋白的结构和功能,并通过RT-PCR检测IspE和IspH在忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬、水忍冬花蕾中的转录情况.结果:金银花类药用植物IspE基因含有1个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 221 bp,编码406个氨基酸;IspH含有一个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 380 bp,编码459个氨基酸.IspE和IspH均为非分泌蛋白,均定位于叶绿体中.RT-PCR分析结果表明在忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬的花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平没有显著差异,但红白忍冬花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平均显著高于忍冬.结论:克隆获得忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬中IspE,IspH基因,并证实了其在不同金银花类药用植物中的表达,为进一步研究IspE,IspH基因对萜类化合物生物合成和花香气以及颜色的影响奠定了基础.     

中国石斛属植物文献计量研究

石斛是珍稀濒危中药材,目前正处于快速发展阶段。为全面了解我国石斛属植物研究的历史和发展现状,作者以1954～2010年"中国知网中国学术期刊网络出版总库"收录的石斛研究文献为依据,采用文献计量学的原理和方法,对我国石斛属植物研究文献从文献年代分布、期刊分布与被引频率、主题分布、研究对象分布、作者与研究机构分布等方面进行了统计与分析。结果表明,我国石斛研究明显分为起步(2个)、停滞、平稳发展、快速上升5个阶段;期刊分布存在离散性与集中性并存的现象,已形成核心期刊研究群,并以《中国中药杂志》、《中草药》和《陕西中医》为代表;研究主题广泛涉及临床与药理、组织培养与种苗繁育、成分分析等多个领域,已经形成比较稳定的研究机构和团队,但研究对象差异显著,以铁皮石斛、金钗石斛和霍山石斛最为集中。我国石斛属植物的研究已取得显著成果,但种植产业发展缓慢,供需矛盾突出,预计种苗繁育与人工种植、产品开发、化学与药理等方面是未来的研究热点,其文献报道仍将进一步上升。     

牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵的显微和化学鉴别

目的:为苦苣苔科唇柱苣苔属植物牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵的鉴定和分类提供解剖学和化学依据。方法:采用石蜡制片法和水合氯醛透化法对2种药用植物的根状茎和叶横切面和粉末特征进行研究,应用光学显微镜观察显微结构。采用HPLC-UV法进行化学鉴别。结果:牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵显微特征无明显区别,但是化学特征有明显的差异。结论:化学诞生特征鉴别方法可以作为2种药用植物的鉴定方法。