恒温培养箱加温对不同贮存期红细胞的影响

目的探讨恒温培养箱加温对不同时间贮存红细胞悬液的影响。方法红细胞悬液在恒温培养箱中37℃、44.5℃分别放置30min,观察红细胞形态渐进规律性改变。将室温预热组、37℃加温组、44.5℃加温组的红细胞悬液进行涂片,Wright、Giemse染色后油镜下计数1000个红细胞计算其比值,并对3组RBC、WBC、Plt,测其Hb和K+的改变,详细观察溶血程度和渗透性。结果红细胞形态、WBC、RBC、Plt,Hb和血K+及红细胞的溶血程度,没有随着温度升高而改变,只是随着贮存时间的延长略有升高,Hb室温预热组为(170.8±29.18)g/L,37℃加热组为(170.72±27.9)g/L,44.5℃加温组为(171.08±22.3)g/L(P>0.05)。血清K+3组没有明显差别(P>0.05)。在1%NaCl溶液中,开始溶血与完全溶血室温预热组是(4.5±0.18),(3.6±0.1)g/L,37℃加温组为(4.41±0.38)和(3.42±0.36)g/L,44.5℃加温组为(4.3±0.2)和(3.4±0.1)g/L在室温预热时溶血值已在正常参考范围的最高上限。5种红细胞形态的变化:在14、21、28、35d时光滑球形红细胞的比率3组无显著差异,但是在35d时,随着贮存时间的延长,光滑球形红细胞也略有升高。结论红细胞悬液在温度可控培养箱(44.5℃)中加温30min,红细胞不会产生明显的溶血反应和其它损害。而随着贮存时间的延长,红细胞形态略有改变。     

颅脑手术中清洗后回收血液质量的研究

目的检验颅脑手术中血液回收机处理后回收血液的质量。方法20名颅脑疾患择期手术患者,应用自体-2000型血液回收机回收术野出血,经抗凝、过滤、离心及清洗后回输。测定血液回收机对收集血的处理过程中血小板、白细胞、K+和游离血红蛋白的清除率。用扫描电子显微镜对5份清洗后的血样及5U库存2周的红细胞悬液进行超微形态学检验,观察红细胞的形态。结果储血罐内收集血的溶血率达到(8.57±0.35)%,血液回收机的离心清洗过程中血小板、白细胞、K+和游离血红蛋白的清除率分别为:(85.4±7.3)%、(38.8±17.1)%、(90.4±4.4)%及(92.7±2.9)%。扫描电子显微镜下虽然可见回收血液中含有部分变形的红细胞,但红细胞的形态正常率仍达到(58.0±8.0)%。而库存2周的红细胞悬液中含有更多变形的红细胞(P<0.01)。结论在颅脑手术中收集的血液,溶血程度较重,但经血液回收机处理后,其质量较好。     

SAGS红细胞悬液的实验研究

本文用 SAGS(氯化钠、腺嘌呤、葡萄糖、蔗糖)保存液及改良的 HogmanSAGM(氯化钠、腺嘌呤、葡萄糖、甘露醇)保存液分别重悬血比积(Hct)≥90％的浓缩红细胞,制成晶体盐红细胞悬液 SAGS-RCS 和 SAGM-RCS。系统地比较了两者在4±2℃贮存35天中的生物化学交化。结果表明,两者的体内存活率、ATP、2,3-DPG、pH及 K~+水平基本一致。但是,贮存35天时上清游离血红蛋白水平前者明显低于后者,分别为1.71±0.95g/L 和3.1±0.19g/L(P<0.01)。     

深低温保存Rh阴性血液的质量控制

目的　确保深低温保存Rh阴性红细胞解冻后的质量。方法取ACD抗凝 ,4℃保存 6d内Rh阴性红细胞悬液或全血离心除去添加剂或血浆的浓缩红细胞 ,将红细胞经 (4 0 % )浓度甘油处理后 ,置 - 80℃冰冻保存。临床需要时 37℃水浴解冻复苏红细胞 ,依次用 9%NaCl羟乙基淀粉溶液 ,0 .9%NaCl羟乙基淀粉溶液 ,0 .9%NaCl各洗涤 1次。用生理盐水羟乙基淀粉溶液悬浮红细胞。结果 35袋冰冻解冻红细胞去甘油后红细胞回收率为(81 .1 7± 1 8.5 ) % ,游离血红蛋白为 (0 .6 3± 0 .1 6 ) g/L ,甘油残留量平均为 5 .3g/L ,体外溶血试验血红蛋白增加率为2 5 .1 9%。结论冰冻解冻去甘油红细胞各项指标均达到了国家规定的质量标准 ,临床输用效果良好     

滤除白细胞对悬浮红细胞不同贮存期溶血率的影响

目的 探讨滤除白细胞对库存悬浮红细胞不同贮存时间溶血的影响.方法 选择60名健康无偿献血者捐献血液400 mL/人(份),血浆分离后制备成悬浮红细胞60份(300 mL/份),随机分为2组(30份/组):白细胞滤除组(滤白组)应用去白细胞输血过滤器去除白细胞;对照组未滤除白细胞.将2组均置于4℃常规保存,分别于保存0、7、14、21、28、35 d6个时间点取样,检测其游离血红蛋白(FHb)及保存液中Na+、K+.结果 随着贮存时间的延长,实验组和对照组中的FHb分别由(9.48±1.67) mg/L和(6.7±1.08) mg/L上升到(198.89±28.38)m∥L和(177.12±21.03) mg/L,贮存＞21 d后2组分别为(198.89±28.38) mg/L和(177.12 ±21.03) mg/L(P＜0.05).Na+、K+未见明显变化(P＞0.05).贮存至35 d时2组均在可国家标准规定的范围内.结论 不论滤白与否,悬浮红细胞随着贮存时间的延长红细胞溶血率增加,滤白悬浮红细胞自贮存至21 d起溶血率明显高于未滤白悬浮红细胞,但到贮存末期滤白悬浮红细胞FHb仍在国家标准范围内.     

白细胞过滤时引起红细胞溶血的原因探讨

目的探讨白细胞过滤过程中引起红细胞溶血的原因。方法取60袋400ml采血袋与滤器一体的多联袋全血随机平分为A、B两组,每组30袋。A组离心后用少许血浆浸润滤盘,而后制备成悬浮红细胞,2～6℃静置12h后再过滤。B组为不浸润对照组,制成悬浮红细胞后与A组同时过滤。滤后静置3～6h测定RBCs的游离血红蛋白和K+浓度。结果 B组过滤后的悬浮红细胞游离Hb和K+的浓度明显高于实验组A组(P<0.05)。结论白细胞过滤能引起一定程度的红细胞溶血,先用少许血浆浸润能有效预防或减少过滤引起的溶血。     

保存液添加氨基酸对试剂红细胞保存时间的影响

目的延长试剂红细胞在开放状态下的保存时间。方法在实验组红细胞保存液CPDA-Ⅰ中加入5%氨基酸,对照组仅为CPDA-Ⅰ保存液,并分别配制成5%的试剂红细胞,置4℃冰箱,连续观察18周:每周测定2组试剂红细胞的pH、Hb及K+的值。结果实验组在保存126 d后红细胞出现溶血,pH为(6.7±0.4)、Hb为0、K+为(1.16±0.04)mmol/L;而对照组仅保存28 d后红细胞出现溶血,pH为(6.6±0.2)、Hb为(4.8±1.0)g/L、K+为(1.24±0.12)mmol/L,2组只有Hb的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在CPDA-Ⅰ中加入5%氨基酸可延长试剂红细胞的保存时间。     

去白细胞悬浮红细胞与悬浮红细胞储存期内溶血率的比较

目的观察去白细胞悬浮红细胞和常规制备悬浮红细胞在储存期内的溶血率变化,评价储存前白细胞过滤对于红细胞溶血率的的影响。方法随机采集80袋200 mL全血,将其分为白细胞过滤组和未过滤组,其中过滤组分别用上海输血技术公司、威高和南格尔3家公司的血袋各采20袋,过滤并制成悬浮红细胞;未过滤组用上海输血技术公司普通血袋采20袋,制成悬浮红细胞。2组置于(4±2)℃条件下储存35 d,在储存期14、21、28、35 d取样检测红细胞溶血率。结果 60袋去白细胞悬浮红细胞储存期内平均红细胞溶血率分别为14 d(0.11±0.06)%、21 d(0.20±0.10)%、28 d(0.31±0.13)%、35 d(0.42±0.15)%,20袋未过滤组平均红细胞溶血率分别为14 d(0.07±0.08)%、21 d(0.10±0.06)%、28 d(0.15±0.09)%、35 d(0.22±0.11)%,过滤保存21 d后溶血率有显著升高(P<0.05),但2组结果均符合欧盟和AABB标准中对于储存期末红细胞溶血率的要求。3家公司血袋制备的去白细胞悬浮红细胞保存期末溶血率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论储存前白细胞滤除过程未对35 d储存期的红细胞溶血率产生明显影响,35 d储存期的红细胞符合欧盟标准和AABB标准。     

糖尿病伴冠心病患者血浆游离肉碱水平的相关性研究

目的:研究肉碱在糖尿病、冠心病及糖尿病合并冠心病状态下的变化情况,探讨肉碱与上述疾病的关系,以便为肉碱的临床应用提供理论依据。方法:选择106例观察对象,分为正常对照组、糖尿病组、冠心病组、糖尿病伴冠心病组,通过酶联荧光法检测上述观察对象的血浆游离肉碱浓度。结果:正常对照组、糖尿病组、冠心病组糖尿病伴心脏病组血浆游离肉碱浓度分别为(72.51±9.76)μm o l/L、(59.83±14.56)μm o l/L、(64.13±12.59)μm o l/L、(52.18±11.43)μm o l/L。结论:糖尿病患者、冠心病患者血浆中游离肉碱水平较健康人显著下降;糖尿病伴冠心病患者血浆中游离肉碱水平较单纯糖尿病患者及冠心病患者均显著下降。     

肺炎衣原体感染与急性脑梗死的相关性

目的:探讨肺炎衣原体(Cpn)感染与急性脑梗死发生发展的关系。方法:采用微量免疫荧光法(M IF)检测100例急性脑梗死患者(病例组)与100例同期门诊健康体检者(对照组)肺炎衣原体血清特异性IgG、IgM抗体,并使用全自动生化仪检测血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)浓度及C-反应蛋白(CRP)水平。结果:病例组和对照组肺炎衣原体慢性感染率分别为72.0%、50.0%,差异有显著性(P<0.01)。急性感染率分别为15.0%、12.0%,两组差异无显著性(P>0.05)。病例组血脂水平:TC(6.1±1.48)mm o l/L,TG(2.69±1.91)mm o l/L,LDL-C(3.85±0.25)mm o l/L,HDL-C(1.03±0.56)mm o l/L;对照组TC、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C水平分别为(4.22±0.43)mm o l/L,(1.08±0.25)mm o l/L,(2.48±0.65)mm o l/L,(1.15±0.59)mm o l/L;两组CRP水平分别为:(13.72±5.30)m g/L,(5.61±2.4)m g/L;两组在血脂、CRP水平比较差异有显著性(P<0.01)。在病例组中,肺炎衣原体阳性者(感染组)血清TC、TG浓度及CRP水平高于阴性者(非感染组)(P<0.05),HDL-C浓度略低于非感染组,但差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:肺炎衣原体慢性感染与脑梗死发病有一定的相关性,血清中的CRP和肺炎衣原体抗体水平升高提示炎症反应增强。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.