Poisoning and poison control centres in Canada.

Poisoning is a major and increasing health problem in the Western world. In 1972 the 310 poison control centres in Canada reported 53 531 enquiries about poisoning, 40% in adults. In 1964 the numbers of hospital admissions and deaths due to poisoning in this country were 2446 and 38, respectively, but in 1972 the figures were 6263 and 319, respectively. Most of the hospitalizations and deaths were among adults. Of 100 Canadian poison control centres two thirds were staffed by "any nurse in the emergency room", most of whom had received no training to answer the phone enquiries. However, two thirds agreed a training program is needed. Only 6.7% of 223 parents surveyed stated they would call a poison control centre if their child had accidentally swallowed a large amount of a poisonous substance. Regionalization of centres, a training program for personnel answering telephone enquiries, the need for crisis intervention as part of poison control programs, and public education about poisoning and poison control centres are the new challenges facing those providing health services.     

儿童误服药物急性中毒的抢救治疗及护理探讨

目的 探讨儿童误服药物急性中毒的抢救治疗及护理方法，提高抢救成功率，提高患儿生命质量。方法 对我院急诊科2001年1月-2005年12月收治误服药物急性中毒儿童的抢救治疗及护理进行回顾性分析、总结。结果 5年间我科共收治误服药物急性中毒儿童102例，治愈73例，好转27例，自动出院2例，无1例死亡。结论儿童误服药物急性中毒应及早发现，及时、正确救治，精心护理，这关系着抢救能否成功，关系着痢儿的预后。     

Acute asthma: emergency department management and prospective evaluation of outcome.

To determine the current management of acute asthma in the emergency department and to evaluate outcome we reviewed the charts of 99 patients aged 15 to 55 years who presented to the emergency department of a tertiary referral, university-affiliated hospital and were subsequently discharged with a diagnosis of acute asthma. Outcome was evaluated prospectively, with a structured questionnaire, by telephone. During the visit pulsus paradoxus was documented in four patients. Spirometry was done in 63 patients; postbronchodilator values ranged from 0.9 to 4.1 L. A total of 92 patients received inhaled bronchodilator therapy, most by wet nebulization. Sixteen patients received anticholinergic agents and three received theophylline. Ingested corticosteroids were given to 27 patients. Of the 71 patients contacted, a mean of 12 days after the visit, 26 (37%) had sought further medical attention, 19 at the emergency department; 9 had required admission. Forty-six patients reported that their condition had improved, but over 60% continued to have cough, sputum production, nocturnal waking and early-morning chest tightness. The results indicate that asthma continues to be undertreated in the emergency department and highlight the importance of routine spirometry in all patients and the need for systemic corticosteroid therapy.     

Optimal technique for intramuscular injection of infants and toddlers: a randomised trial

OBJECTIVE: To compare the rates of adverse reactions and parental approval ratings for three different techniques for anterolateral thigh vaccination in children aged 2, 4, 6 and 18 months. DESIGN: Randomised, observer-blind trial. PARTICIPANTS: 375 children who received pertussis-containing vaccines in a regional New South Wales town between 29 May 2001 and 30 June 2002. INTERVENTIONS: Children were randomised to receive intramuscular injection with acellular pertussis-containing and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines with one of three recognised injection techniques (Australian, World Health Organization or United States). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Local adverse reactions (bruising and redness/swelling), systemic adverse reactions (irritability, perceived fever, persistent crying/screaming, drowsiness, vomiting/poor feeding) and parental acceptance were assessed 24 hours after injection. RESULTS: 361 children (96%) were evaluated 24 hours after vaccination. The WHO technique resulted in significantly fewer children, than with the other two techniques, with the systemic adverse reaction variable "irritability" (P = 0.0039). There was a significant difference between the technique groups overall for the local adverse reaction "bruising" with acellular pertussis-containing vaccines (P = 0.0418), due to a lower reaction rate in the WHO group compared with the US group (P = 0.0356). CONCLUSION: The WHO technique appears to be the optimal technique for anterolateral thigh injection in children--it ensures that the injection is intramuscular, results in fewer adverse reactions, and is the easiest technique to perform as it does not require angling of the needle to the long axis of the femur.     

Ondansetron versus granisetron in the prevention of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Effect of ondansetron and granisetron were evaluated in sixty (60) children (age 4-11 years) irrespective of sex, diagnosed case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) who received high dose methotrexate and did not receive any antiemetic 24 hours prior to HDMTX. This was a prospective, randomized, double-blind, single center study. Of 60 children, 30 received oral ondansetron (4mg) and rest 30 granisetron (1mg) half an hour before therapy. Drugs were randomly allocated with appropriate code. The patients were followed up from day 1 to day 5 of therapy. Episodes of nausea and vomiting were recorded and scorings was done every 24 hours following chemotherapy. No significant difference was found between two groups according to acute emesis (Day-1) (p=0.053). In day two and day three it was significant (p<0.05). In day four it was significant (p=0.002). Early chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) were controlled 90% in children who received granisetron and 70% in children who received ondansetron. Delayed (Day 2-4) CINV were controlled in 80% of children who received granisetron and 43.4% who received ondansetron (p<0.05). Granisetron group required additional doses only 3.3% cases and ondanseton group 30% cases on the second day (p<0.05). Result was significant between two groups. About 36.7% patients had episodes of nausea on day four of chemotherapy in ondansetron group and it was only 3.3% in granisetron group due to adverse effects of antiemetic drug itself (p=0.001). Maximum episodes of vomiting were found on the second day in ondansetron group 33.3% and in granisetron group 3.3% (p=0.003). Though adverse effects like headache, constipation, abdominal pain and loose motion were common in both group of children but their number was much less in children who received granisetron. On second day of therapy score of nausea and vomiting was maximum in ondansetron and minimum in granisetron treated on day 4 and the result was significant. So, to prevent acute and delayed CINV in children with ALL, oral graniseteron can be considered as more effective and well tolerated with minimum adverse effects compared with ondansetrons.     

Management of acute pyelonephritis in the emergency department observation unit

INTRODUCTIONThis study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the emergency department observation unit (EDOU) for patients with acute pyelonephritis in a Singapore tertiary academic medical centre.METHODSWe reviewed the clinical records of consecutive patients who presented with pyelonephritis between 1 July 2012 and 31 October 2014 to collect information on demographics, symptoms, signs, laboratory and radiological results, treatment, and clinical outcomes.RESULTSOf 459 emergency department (ED) patients who were identified as having pyelonephritis, 164 (35.7%) were managed in the EDOU. Successful management in the EDOU was achieved in 100 (61.0%) patients. Escherichia coli was the predominant (64.6%) micro-organism in urine cultures and was positive in 106 patients. Patients diagnosed with acute pyelonephritis who were successfully managed in the EDOU had a lower incidence of nausea (32.0% vs. 60.9%, p < 0.001) and vomiting (15.0% vs. 50.0%, p < 0.001) compared to those who were not successful.CONCLUSIONEDOU is useful for both observation and treatment of patients with acute pyelonephritis. Urine cultures are sufficient for the identification of the culprit micro-organism. Patients who present with prominent symptoms of vomiting should have routine administration of antiemetics, while consideration for second-line antiemetics is recommended for those with persistent symptoms.     

放化同步治疗宫颈癌术后脉管癌栓阳性患者的疗效及不良反应观察

目的：观察放化同步治疗宫颈癌术后脉管癌栓阳性患者的近期疗效及不良反应。方法选择宫颈癌术后脉管癌栓阳性患者共118例。按治疗方案的不同分为两组：放化同步治疗组57例,给予术后辅助同步放化疗,同步化疗方案为DDP周疗,于盆腔外照射治疗期间给予,术后病理提示手术切缘阳性、淋巴结阳性和/或宫旁组织阳性的患者予追加192 Ir后装腔内放疗;单纯放疗组61例,放疗方案与放化同步组相同。随访、评估和比较分析,两组患者的3年无病生存率、3年总生存率、1年、2年及3年盆腔复发率及治疗相关不良反应。结果宫颈癌根治术后脉管癌栓阳性的患者,术后放化同步治疗较单纯放疗降低了1年盆腔复发率（放化同步治疗8．77％,单纯放疗22．95％,P＜0．05）及2年盆腔复发率（放化同步治疗12．28％,单纯放疗27．87％,P＜0．05）,3年盆腔复发率放化同步治疗组与单纯放疗组比较,差异无显著性意义（P＞0．05）,两组3年无病生存率、3年总生存率相似。放化同步组的早期不良反应较单纯放疗组增加,主要体现在骨髓抑制和胃肠道反应,均在可耐受范围内,经积极对症支持处理未影响后续治疗。晚期不良反应两组患者无差别。结论放化同步治疗降低了宫颈癌根治术后脉管癌栓阳性患者近期局部复发率,3年的无进展生存率及总生存率未见明显改善。放化同步治疗的早期不良反应稍有增加。     

抗胸腺细胞免疫球蛋白治疗儿童再生障碍性贫血的不良反应相关因素及疗效相关性研究

目的  归纳抗胸腺细胞免疫球蛋白（ATG）免疫抑制治疗儿童再生障碍性贫血（AA）不良反应防治对策,评价不良反应与疗效的关系,分析不良反应发生的相关因素。方法  采用ATG联合环孢菌素A（CsA）联合免疫抑制疗法（CIS）治疗儿童再生障碍性贫血共61例,其中使用美国（Genzyme公司）R-ATG 31例,使用德国（Fresenius公司）R-ATG 30例。采取不良反应综合防治措施,比较两种ATG不良反应发生率,分析不良反应与疗效关系,分析不良反应的相关因素。结果  Fresenius-ATG相关类过敏反应、血清病、感染和需加输血小板等不良反应发生率分别为40.00%（12例）、43.30%（13例）、16.70%（5例）和23.33%（7例）;Genzyme-ATG相关类过敏反应、血清病、感染和需加输血小板等不良反应发生率分别为35.48%（11例）、35.48%（11例）、9.70%（3例）和29.03%（9例）,两种制剂ATG不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义（P >0.05）。不良反应的发生与否疗效比较差异无统计学意义,不良反应发生率在不同年龄,性别和疾病分型中差异无统计学意义。经综合防治,所有不良反应均得以及时控制,无治疗相关死亡。结论  ATG联合CsA治疗儿童再生障碍性贫血安全有效,综合防治措施可有效防治不良反应。Fresenius-ATG和Genzyme-ATG治疗儿童再生障碍性贫血不良反应发生率相当;不良反应的发生并不影响ATG治疗效果;不同年龄、性别及疾病严重程度与不良反应发生无直接相关性。

     

帕洛诺司琼预防肺癌化疗中恶心、呕吐的效果观察

目的:探析帕洛诺司琼预防肺癌化疗中恶心、呕吐的效果。方法:随机选择晚期肺癌化疗患者40例,分为观察组与对照组。观察患者化疗中急性呕吐反应、延迟呕吐的情况、恶心分级情况及改善不良反应。结果:观察组患者急性呕吐与对照组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);延迟呕吐情况、患者恶心控制情况,观察组均显著高于对照组。观察组不良反应发生率较对照组低,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:晚期肺癌的化疗中,帕洛诺司琼在延迟呕吐的止吐方面及患者恶心控制方面较阿扎司琼疗效好,在急性呕吐止吐方面作用与阿扎司琼相似,临床不良反应轻微,值得推广应用。     

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate poisoning from toy beads

A 2-year-old boy and a 10-year-old girl presented to the emergency department with a decreased level of consciousness. The girl had had persistent vomiting and a seizure. Urine metabolic screening tests were positive for gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB). Samples from toy beads ingested by both children contained 1,4-butanediol, which is metabolised to GHB in humans. Regulatory authorities were notified, leading to an international recall of the toy beads.     

大剂量甲氨蝶呤、表柔比星联合顺铂新辅助化疗骨肉瘤的疗效分析*

目的:观察大剂量甲氨蝶呤(MTX)、表柔比星(EPI)联合顺铂(PDD)新辅助化疗治疗Ⅱb期骨肉瘤的疗效和不良反应。方法:分析25例经病理诊断、初治、Ⅱb期肢体骨肉瘤患者接受大剂量甲氨蝶呤(10～12 g/m²)、表柔比星(80 mg/m²)、顺铂(75 mg/m²)联合化疗的疗效和不良反应。结果:保肢成功率为76 %,5年PFS率达到72 %:5年复发转移率28 %,5年生存率72 %。最常见的不良反应为血液学毒性中性粒细胞减少、贫血、血小板下降、肝功能损害,非血液学毒性脱发、恶心呕吐、腹泻、口腔黏膜炎,多为轻到中度;Ⅲ-Ⅳ级的恶心、呕吐、中性粒细胞减少、脱发、肝功能损害发生率分别为32 %、36 %、68 %和4 %。结论:大剂量甲氨蝶呤、表柔比星、顺铂联合方案新辅助治疗Ⅱb期骨肉瘤保肢成功率高,5年生存率高、复发转移率低,疗效确切,不良反应轻,耐受性良好,值得临床推广使用。     

TACE治疗化疗后进展期结直肠癌肝转移的临床研究

目的探讨采用经导管动脉内化疗栓塞(TACE)治疗化疗后进展期结直肠癌肝转移的临床疗效。方法选择45例采用FOLFOX6方案化疗后疗效评估为肿瘤进展的结直肠癌肝转移患者,应用氟尿嘧啶、奥沙利铂及碘油经肝动脉灌注化疗栓塞,观察近期疗效、不良反应及1年生存率。TACE前及TACE 1周后抽取患者外周血,应用流式细胞仪检测外周血T淋巴细胞亚群。结果 TACE 1周后患者外周血丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、CD4+较TACE前升高(P<0.05),而CD3+、CD4+/CD8+的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。TACE后常见的不良反应主要有腹痛、恶心、呕吐、发热及肝功能损害等。45例患者完全缓解0例,部分缓解14例,稳定21例。结论 TACE可作为治疗一线化疗失败的结直肠癌肝转移有效的二线补救方案。     

62例注射用左氧氟沙星不良反应分析及护理体会

目的：探讨左氧氟沙星不良反应发生的情况及护理体会。方法：对我院急诊科输液区的2368例患者使用左氧氟沙星的情况进行观察。结果：其中62例患者出现了不良反应。结论：在使用左氧氟沙星时,掌握适应证,注意观察护理。     

卡马西平联合丙戊酸钠治疗额叶癫痫的疗效分析

目的:探讨卡马西平联合丙戊酸钠治疗额叶癫痫的临床疗效及不良反应。方法:将2009年9月～2011年4月期间我科收治的额叶癫痫患者53例随机分成2组,观察组包括患者27例,我们给予卡马西平联合丙戊酸钠治疗;对照组包括患者26例,我们给予单药卡马西平治疗。所有患者在治疗开始后均随访半年。结果:观察组的治疗效果显著优于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者的不良反应发生率相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:与单药卡马西平相比,卡马西平联合丙戊酸钠治疗额叶癫痫具有疗效好,不良反应发生率无显著增加等优点,因此该联合方案可以作为额叶癫痫的常规有效治疗方案之一。     

七氟醚对耳鼻喉科全麻患者罗库溴铵肌松效应的影响

目的 探讨七氟醚对耳鼻喉科全麻患者罗库溴铵肌松效应影响的方法及效果.方法:随机抽取本院耳鼻喉科近期行全麻手术患者82例,随机分成两组,实验组44例,行七氟醚吸入麻醉;对照组38例,行丙泊酚静脉麻醉.在麻醉平稳后静脉注射罗库溴铵0.6mg/kg,对比两组患者的麻醉效果、各项时间指标和不良发应.结果:两组间相比,实验组患者的麻醉总有效率为95.4%,高于对照组的81.6%(P<0.05);实验组起效时间,完全肌松时间,T2-T4出现时间,TOFr恢复时间均优于对照组(P<0.05);实验组不良发应发生率为9.1%,低于对照组的21.1%(P<0.05).结论:七氟醚可延长耳鼻喉科全麻患者罗库溴铵的肌松效应,优化手术时间,减少不良反应.     

不同浓度丙泊酚复合氯胺酮在小儿全身麻醉中的应用

目的:探讨不同浓度丙泊酚复合氯胺酮在小儿全身麻醉中的临床效果和安全性.方法:将2009 年2 月至2011 年8 月于我院住院择期外科手术的患儿75 例随机分为三组,分别采用三种浓度0.5%(A 组)、0.7%(B 组)、0.9%(C 组)的丙泊酚复合氯胺酮进行全身麻醉.对患儿手术时间、苏醒时间,手术过程中平均动脉压值(MAP)、心率(HR),手术后咳嗽、呕吐、呼吸抑制等不良反应等进行统计分析.结果:C 组患儿MAP 、HR 值明显低于A 组和B 组(P＜0.05),苏醒时间明显短于其他两组(P＜0.05),恶心、呕吐、呼吸抑制等不良反应发生率也明显低于其他两组(P＜0.05).结论:0.9%的丙泊酚复合氯胺酮对患儿全身麻醉效果确切,能减少单独应用时的不良反应,值得推广应用.     

A Randomized Trial of Population-Based Clinical Decision Support to Manage Health and Resource Use for Medicaid Beneficiaries

To determine whether a clinical decision support system can favorably impact the delivery of emergency department and hospital services. Randomized clinical trial of three clinical decision support delivery modalities: email messages to care managers (email), printed reports to clinic administrators (report) and letters to patients (letter) conducted among 20,180 Medicaid beneficiaries in Durham County, North Carolina with follow-up through 9 months. Patients in the email group had fewer low-severity emergency department encounters vs. controls (8.1 vs. 10.6/100 enrollees, p?<?0.001) with no increase in outpatient encounters or medical costs. Patients in the letter group had more outpatient encounters and greater outpatient and total medical costs. There were no treatment-related differences for patients in the reports group. Among patients <18 years, those in the email group had fewer low severity (7.6 vs. 10.6/100 enrollees, p?<?0.001) and total emergency department encounters (18.3 vs. 23.5/100 enrollees, p?<?0.001), and lower emergency department ($63 vs. $89, p?=?0.002) and total medical costs ($1,736 vs. $2,207, p?=?0.009). Patients who were ≥18 years in the letter group had greater outpatient medical costs. There were no intervention-related differences in patient-reported assessments of quality of life and medical care received. The effectiveness of clinical decision support messaging depended upon the delivery modality and patient age. Health IT interventions must be carefully evaluated to ensure that the resultant outcomes are aligned with expectations as interventions can have differing effects on clinical and economic outcomes.     

布比卡因复合芬太尼腰麻在急诊下肢手术中的应用

目的:探讨芬太尼腰麻对下肢手术麻醉的临床效应。方法:选择ASA分级I～II行急诊下肢手术病人40例,随机分为两组,每组20例,实验组(F组)使用0.75﹪布比卡因7.5mg(1mL)+芬太尼25μg(0.5mL),对照组(B)腰麻使用0.75﹪布比卡因11.5mg(1.5mL),腰麻药中均加入10﹪葡萄糖1mL,总容量为2.5mL,选择L3～4间隙穿刺,术中观察记录病人血压(SBP,DBP,MAP),HR,麻醉效果,运动阻滞情况及不良反应。结果:B组血压下降比F组更加显著,B组有5例需加麻黄素处理,F组血压有轻微下降,但均在代偿范围之内,不需加麻黄素处理(P<0.05);B组Bromage评分为3～4分,F组得分主要为2～3分;两组术后恶心,呕吐,皮肤搔痒及尿潴留等无显著性差异。结论:小剂量芬太尼用于腰麻对急诊骨科下肢手术循环影响小,麻醉效果确切,术后患者能及早运动,不良反应少,值得推广。     

Drug surveillance data in a Canadian hospital.

Comparison of results of a Canadian hospital-based drug surveillance program with data from centres in the United States and Israel showed no important difference in the rate of drug exposures or adverse reactions. Drugs for symptomatic relief were frequently used in the Canadian centre. Women received more drugs and had more adverse reactions than men. Life-threatening and potentially fatal reactions were caused by commonly used drugs; autopsy findings may detect previously unsuspected relations between drug events and mechanisms of death. Voluntary reporting and intensive monitoring are both important in the field of adverse drug reactions.