鼻内镜辅助下面中揭翻术治疗翼腭窝及其毗邻区域肿瘤的临床研究

目的：探讨鼻内镜辅助下面中揭翻术切除翼腭窝及其毗邻区域肿瘤的优缺点,以提高疗效,减少并发症和后遗症。方法：采用鼻内镜辅助下面中揭翻进路手术治疗翼腭窝及其毗邻区域肿瘤患者28例,其中良性肿瘤21例、恶性肿瘤7例。结果：本组28例手术均顺利,肿瘤切除彻底。术后随访0．5～5a,21例良性肿瘤患者无一例复发;7例恶性肿瘤患者术后均行放化疗,其中2例分别于术后8个月和10个月死于局部侵犯及远处转移,生存期0．5～4a3例,5a及以上2例。结论：鼻内镜辅助下面中揭翻术适用于鼻腔、鼻窦、鼻咽、翼腭窝的良性肿瘤及生长缓慢侵犯翼腭窝及其毗邻区域的恶性肿瘤,具有微创、恢复快、面部无疤痕等优点。     

经鼻内镜翼腭窝区手术相关的显微解剖学研究

目的:为经鼻内镜翼腭窝区手术提供显微解剖学基础。方法:选用30例(60侧)成人头颅湿标本,对翼腭窝区进行显微解剖观测,并模拟鼻内镜手术入路,观测翼腭窝区穿行结构及毗邻关系。结果:①翼腭窝内有上颌动脉、上颌神经及其分支,以及翼腭神经节等重要结构;②由蝶腭孔至前鼻棘的距离为(52.99±4.95)mm;③上颌神经出圆孔处至前鼻棘的距离为(62.90±3.81)mm;④翼管神经至前鼻棘的距离为(58.83±3.91)mm。结论:熟悉翼腭窝区穿行结构位置及毗邻关系,对经鼻内镜翼腭窝区手术的开展具指导意义。     

泪前隐窝入路的解剖与手术学意义

本文就泪前隐窝入路相关的应用解剖以及该入路的临床应用进行概述,重点介绍泪前隐窝、齿槽隐窝、鼻泪管、筛前动脉鼻外侧支、中鼻甲动脉、下鼻甲动脉、下鼻道动脉、翼腭窝及其内容物、颞下窝及其内容物以及蝶窦外侧隐窝等的临床应用解剖结构,并对泪前隐窝入路在真菌性上颌窦炎、上颌窦囊肿、眼眶眶底骨折、翼腭窝肿瘤、颞下窝肿瘤以及蝶窦外侧隐窝病变中的应用,以及相应解剖结构对手术的影响加以分析,为耳鼻咽喉头颈外科临床医师开展此类手术提供参考。     

翼腭窝的解剖学研究及临床意义

翼腭窝是位于颞下窝内侧、眶尖后下方的狭小骨性间隙，窝内有重要的血管、神经结构通过，并与颅内外多个腔和窝相通。由于其位置特殊，解剖结构复杂，许多起源于鼻腔、眶、鼻旁窦及鼻咽顶部的病变可累及此窝，并可沿其通道向与之联系的腔和窝蔓延。随着以鼻内窥镜为代表的微侵袭颅底外科手术的开展，临床医生对翼腭窝的解剖学研究产生了新的兴趣。因此，掌握有关翼腭窝的解剖结构、毗邻关系及影像学特点成为迫切需要。本文就近年来翼腭窝的解剖学研究及其临床意义的相关文献作一综述。     

模拟内镜下经双鼻孔至Meckel腔的解剖

目的 通过模拟内镜下经双鼻孔至Meckel腔手术入路,对Meckel腔及入路的相关结构进行解剖学研究,为临床内镜下Meckel腔手术提供解剖学及形态学资料。
方法 对10具(20侧)动静脉灌注乳胶的成人尸头标本,完全模拟经双鼻孔至Meckel腔的手术入路逐层显微解剖,对入路相关解剖标志进行观察、分析、拍摄和测量。 结果 该入路可分4步,即寻找上颌窦口,进入上颌窦,进入翼腭窝和进入Meckel腔。鼻小柱距上颌窦口的距离为（45.07±2.01）mm,与蝶腭孔的距离为(64.84±3.00)mm,距翼管前孔距离为(71.34±2.99)mm。以鼻小柱至鼻后棘的连线为底边,其与鼻小柱与上颌窦口连线的夹角为(38.81±1.72)。其与鼻小柱与蝶腭孔连线的夹角为(25.92±2.05) °。蝶腭动脉及翼管动脉平均外径分别为(2.21±0.24)mm和(1.07±0.27)mm。翼腭窝区结构复杂,其内上颌动脉及其终支蝶腭动脉和腭降动脉变异较大,沿蝶腭动脉逆行解剖有助于寻找上颌动脉及其分支结构。解剖分离翼腭窝内神经、血管等结构,追踪翼管神经血管束,依据翼管后端正对颈内动脉破裂孔段的特点,解剖分离四方形空间可较直接进入Meckel腔。结论 侵犯Meckel腔肿瘤的入路选择应该个体化,应依据肿瘤主体在Meckel腔的位置及范围等决定选1种或联合入路;内镜下经双鼻孔至Meckel腔入路可较直接地暴露Meckel腔的前下内面及翼腭窝区域的解剖结构;手术中重要的解剖标志为蝶腭孔、翼管神经、翼管和上颌神经;翼腭窝中浅部血管结构的解剖有助于深部神经结构的保护,深部神经结构（如翼管神经和上颌神经）和其穿行的骨孔有助于在颅底辨别和控制颈内动脉。     

上颌动脉翼腭段的应用解剖

目的 研究上颌动脉翼腭段的走行及分支规律,为翼腭窝内动脉结扎、肿瘤切除和颅面外科手术提供解剖学依据。方法 采用3种手术入路解剖21具成人尸头,观测上颌动脉翼腭段及分支的行程、管径、长度和毗邻关系。结果 上颌动脉翼腭段行于上颌骨颞下面后上区内,分为5型：Y型26.19%、中间型33.33%、T型21.43%、M型11.90%和其他型7.14%。上颌动脉翼腭段外径为（2.61±0.39）mm,总长为（19.44±3.62）mm;其分支有上牙槽后动脉、眶下动脉、圆孔动脉、翼管动脉、腭降动脉、蝶腭动脉、腭鞘动脉,分支走行变异常见;颞深前动脉可作为确定上颌动脉翼腭段的参考标志。结论 熟悉上颌动脉的分支、分型及走行对指导翼腭窝区手术及降低术后并发症具有重要意义。     

翼腭窝及其通道的CT影像与断层标本对照研究及临床意义

目的观察CT影像和断层标本上对翼腭窝及其通道的解剖学特点,为翼腭窝病变的影像诊断及手术入路提供依据。方法选取我院2012年3月—2013年1月翼腭窝及其通道区域未见异常的40名成人检查者的CT影像,采用多平面重组（MPR）技术进行重建图像。选用成人尸体头颈部标本30例,分别制成连续横、矢、冠状断层（各10例）。分别在CT影像及断层标本上,观察并测量翼腭窝及其通道的长度和宽度等径线。结果CT影像和断层标本横断层面可清晰显示翼腭窝前、后壁和翼管、蝶腭孔、翼上颌裂等通道,矢状层面能较好显示圆孔和翼腭管及腭大、小管的连续性,冠状层面利于观察翼腭窝内侧、上壁和眶下裂、翼管及其与蝶窦的关系;在经蝶骨体横断层面上的翼腭窝形态较固定,前后径分别为（6．16±0．65）mm和（6．22±0．44）mm,内外侧径分别为（23．10±1．16）mm和（23．34±0．67）mm。翼腭窝及其通道呈对称性,CT影像和断层标本的径线除眶下裂前后径外差异均无统计学意义（P值均〉0．05）。结论不同方位的CT影像和断层标本能清楚显示翼腭窝及其通道的解剖学关系,对翼腭窝病变的影像诊断及手术入路具有重要临床意义。     

上颌动脉翼腭部的应用解剖

目的:为血管造影下上颌动脉翼腭部栓塞手术及鼻内窥镜翼腭窝区域手术提供解剖学资料。方法:对固定的成人尸体上颌动脉翼腭部进行显微外科解剖,观察上颌动脉翼腭部的走行,上颌动脉、腭降动脉及蝶腭动脉的毗邻关系变化。结果:上颌动脉翼腭部总长为(14.23±2.11)mm,外径为(2.64±0.52)mm,上颌动脉翼腭部分为4种类型“:Y”型23.3%、中间型33.3%“、T”型26.7%“、M”型16.7%。结论:新分型法对临床开展血管造影下上颌动脉翼腭部栓塞手术,鼻内窥镜翼腭窝区域手术及预防手术并发症的发生具有一定的指导意义。     

经鼻内窥镜翼腭窝手术的应用解剖学基础

目的通过对翼腭窝骨性标志的测量和尸体解剖为经鼻内窥镜翼腭窝手术提供形态学资料。方法对40例干性颅骨进行了骨性标志的观察,同时对10例20侧成人尸头标本按中线锯开后进行解剖,观察翼腭窝周围组织结构及毗邻关系,并测量了有关的数据。结果蝶腭孔、圆孔、翼腭裂距离前鼻嵴的距离分别为(62.3±2.7)、(64.2±4.8)、(51.5±0.6)mm,翼腭窝内的结构可以分为在后内的神经层和在前外的血管层,颈内动脉与蝶腭孔之间的距离为(16.4±3.3)mm。结论经鼻内窥镜翼腭窝手术可以获得相对安全的范围,圆孔可以作为手术中重要的标志结构。     

鼻咽部咽鼓管区的解剖学及应用解剖学研究进展

咽鼓管区是位于鼻咽侧壁上的咽鼓管及其毗邻结构的总称。鼻咽部（region of nasopharynx）位于蝶骨体和枕骨基底部下方,前经鼻后孔与鼻腔相通,向下与口咽相续。咽鼓管（pharyn-gotympanic or eustachian tube）及其毗邻是鼻咽侧壁上的重要结构。鼻咽部与颞下窝及咽旁间隙相毗邻，位置较深，结构复杂，有许多重要血管和神经穿行此区。鼻咽部病变常侵犯邻近区域，对该区域内解剖结构进行详细观测，有助于提高鼻咽部病变的早期诊断、减少并发症的发生。鼻咽侧壁的咽鼓管区的解剖及其临床应用综述如下。     

Microsurgical anatomy of the infratemporal fossa

The objective of this study is to clearly and precisely describe the topography and contents of the infratemporal fossa. Ten formalin‐fixed, adult cadaveric specimens were studied. Twenty infratemporal fossa were dissected and examined using micro‐operative techniques with magnifications of 3–40×. Information was obtained about the inter‐relationships of the contents of the infratemporal fossa. The infratemporal fossa lies at the boundary of the head and neck, and the intracranial cavity. It is surrounded by the maxillary sinus anteriorly, the mandible laterally, the pterygoid process anteromedially, and the parapharyngeal space posteromedially. It contains the maxillary artery and its branches, the pterygoid muscles, the mandibular nerve, and the pterygoid venous plexus. The course and the anatomic variation of the maxillary artery and the branches of the mandibular nerve were demonstrated. The three‐dimensional (3D) relationships between the important bony landmarks and the neurovascular bundles of the infratemporal fossa were also shown. The skull base anatomy of the infratemporal fossa is complex, requiring neurosurgeons and head and neck surgeons to have a precise knowledge of 3D details of the topography and contents of the region. A detailed 3D anatomic knowledge is mandatory to manage benign or malignant lesions involving the infratemporal fossa without significant postoperative complications. Clin. Anat., 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

3D CBCT anatomy of the pterygopalatine fossa

The anatomy of the pterygopalatine fossa keeps a traditional level and is viewed as constant, even though a series of structures neighboring the fossa are known to present individual variations. We aimed to evaluate on 3D volume renderizations the anatomical variables of the pterygopalatine fossa, as related to the variable pneumatization patterns of the bones surrounding the fossa. The study was performed retrospectively on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of 100 patients. The pterygopalatine fossa was divided into an upper (orbital) and a lower (pterygomaxillary) floor; the medial compartment of the orbital floor lodges the pterygopalatine ganglion. The pneumatization patterns of the pterygopalatine fossa orbital floor walls were variable: (a) the posterior wall pneumatization pattern was determined in 89.5 % by recesses of the sphenoidal sinus related to the maxillary nerve and pterygoid canals; (b) the upper continuation of the pterygopalatine fossa with the orbital apex was narrowed in 79.5 % by ethmoid air cells and/or a maxillary recess of the sphenoidal sinus; (c) according to its pneumatization pattern, the anterior wall of the pterygopalatine fossa was a maxillary (40.5 %), maxillo-ethmoidal (46.5 %), or maxillo-sphenoidal (13 %) wall. The logistic regression models showed that the maxillo-ethmoidal type of pterygopalatine fossa anterior wall was significantly associated with a sphenoidal sinus only expanded above the pterygoid canal and a spheno-ethmoidal upper wall. The pterygopalatine fossa viewed as an intersinus space is related to variable pneumatization patterns which can be accurately identified by CBCT and 3DVR studies, for anatomic and preoperatory purposes.     

Surgical outcome of radical maxillectomy in advanced maxillary sinus cancers

We investigated the surgical outcome of radical maxillectomy in advanced maxillary sinus cancers invading through the posterior wall and into the infratemporal fossa. Twenty-eight patients with maxillary sinus squamous cell carcinoma, who visited the Otorhinolaryngology Department at Severance Hospital from March, 1993 to February, 2001 and underwent the surgery, were analyzed retrospectively by reviewing clinical medical records and radiologic test results. The mean follow- up period was 78.8 months.(26-162 months) Local recurrence, sites of local recurrence, and the 2-year disease-free survival rate were analyzed. Of the total 28 cases, 9 cases were T3, and 19 cases were T4. Total maxillectomy was performed in 12 cases (42.9%) and radical maxillectomy in 16 cases (57.1%). Regardless of staging, radical maxillectomy was performed only when cancers invaded through the posterior wall and into the infratemporal fossa. When cancers only maginally or did not invade the posterior wall, total maxillectomy was performed. The 2-year disease-free survival rate was 75% for both total and radical maxillectomy, and the local recurrence rates were 8.3% and 18.7% respectively. All recurrence occurred at the posterior resection margin of the maxillectomy. We strongly recommend the use of radical maxillectomy in the cases of advanced maxillary sinus cancers invading the infratemporal fossa. Radical maxillectomy can provide sufficient safety margins and lower the local recurrence rate.     

The pterygopalatine recess of the superior nasal meatus

The pneumatizations surrounding the pterygopalatine fossa (PPF) and closely related to the sphenopalatine foramen are anatomically variable. During the assessment of a cone beam computed tomography of a 64-year-old male patient, we found bilaterally a previously unreported anatomic variant. This was represented by a lateral or pterygopalatine recess (PPR) of the superior nasal meatus which extended in the anterior wall of the PPF and protruded within the maxillary sinus to determine a maxillary bulla. The PPR was antero-superior to the sphenopalatine foramen. Additionally were found a right nasal septal deviation, seemingly compensated by a left middle concha bullosa and a left prominent ethmoidal bulla. The superior turbinates were also pneumatized. Such anatomic variants related to the pterygopalatine angle of the maxillary sinus should be explored prior to surgical or endoscopic procedures which target the maxillary sinus, the pterygopalatine fossa, or the skull base.     

上颌神经的解剖研究及其临床意义

目的　为翼腭窝内上颌神经手术提供解剖依据。 方法　在15个成人头颅部标本中解剖观测上颌神经出圆孔处到鼻腔外侧壁、正中矢状面的距离,观察上颌神经与上颌动脉的关系。 结果　上颌神经出圆孔处到鼻腔外侧壁的距离为（13.78±2.18）mm;距正中矢状面的距离为（17.89±2.67）mm 。上颌神经与上颌动脉的位置关系是：63.3％动脉位于神经的外下方,37.7％在神经下方。 上颌神经与上颌动脉之间的距离为 （7.68±1.35）mm（6.60~11.10 mm）。 结论　本研究可为上颌神经手术提供解剖学参数。     

翼腭窝手术入路的断层与应用解剖学研究

目的:用改进火棉胶包埋技术,为翼腭窝新型手术入路提供应用解剖学依据.方法:固定成人尸头标本30例,取其前颅底.标本经脱钙、脱水等系列处理,分别行三维连续薄切片,厚度0.25 mm.同时对80侧干燥骨进行测量.结果:翼腭窝形态多样,除有三角形外,还有弧形、横置"S"形、楔形、"L"形、哑铃形、短棒状或斜向外上的窄长条形.翼腭窝在中鼻道处内侧壁厚度为(1.95±0.66)mmm(左),(1.97±0.74)mm(右).在中鼻道处上颌窦口后缘至翼腭窝距离(11.25±1.95)mm(左),(11.22±1.96)mm(右).结论:新型手术入路不经过上颌窦,运用器械从中鼻道深入至翼腭窝的内侧壁深度,打开薄骨板,直接进入翼腭窝,由此处入路手术创伤小、出血少、安全、术后并发症少.     

内镜经泪前隐窝入路治疗上颌窦前内下壁病变

目的　探讨鼻内镜下经泪前隐窝径路治疗上颌窦病变的临床效果。 方法　回顾性分析了2008年1月~2018年1月三家医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科收治的采用内镜辅助下经泪前隐窝入路治疗的各种上颌窦病变患者67例的临床资料。 结果　上颌窦内下壁囊肿20例,上颌窦内下壁息肉6例,内翻性乳头状瘤2例,真菌球性鼻-鼻窦炎23例,变态反应性真菌性鼻-鼻窦炎13例,慢性侵袭性真菌性鼻-鼻窦炎1例。所有患者术后定期随访半年以上未见复发。 结论　鼻内镜下泪前隐窝入路能够充分显露上颌窦腔,彻底切除上颌窦内的病变,手术操作方便,能够有效治疗上颌窦各种良性病变,如有明显的泪前隐窝及齿槽隐窝存在,可作为上颌窦前内下壁病变的首选手术入路。