老年细菌性阴道炎患者致病菌分布与耐药性调查与分析

目的 分析老年细菌性阴道炎患者致病菌分布及耐药现状,为临床治疗提供依据.方法 回顾性分析2008～2010年于本院确诊的老年细菌性阴道炎患者送检的阴道分泌物标本致病菌分离、培养、鉴定及药敏试验结果.结果 主要病原菌依次为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(26.2%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(22.8%)、大肠埃希菌(20.5%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(14.7%)和屎肠球菌(12.1%).耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)检出率分别为46.8%、35.2%;超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)阳性大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌分别为23.9%、23.5%.葡萄球菌对青霉素、红霉素耐药率较高,屎肠球菌对青霉素耐药率相对较低;MRSA、MRCNS及ESBLs阳性大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌多药耐药现象严重.结论 革兰阳性球菌为老年细菌性阴道炎主要致病菌,其中肠球菌耐药性较轻,革兰阴性杆菌检出率相对较低.     

3 159份血液标本中病原菌的构成和耐药性分析

目的了解该院血液标本中检出病原菌的构成和耐药状况,以指导临床合理用药。方法该院2016年3 159份血液标本采用美国BD BACTEC9120全自动血液分析仪培养,血培养阳性标本采用法国梅里埃VITK2-compact全自动细菌鉴定和药敏系统进行鉴定和药敏实验,参照CLSI 2015年版判读结果,WHONET5.5软件进行数据分析。结果分离出病原菌216株,阳性率6.8%;其中革兰阴性菌104株,占48.1%;革兰阳性细菌92株,占42.6%;酵母样真菌20株,占9.3%。革兰阴性杆菌以大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌为主,产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌检出率分别为40.3%和31.3%,未检出耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌。革兰阳性菌以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CNS)和金黄色色葡萄球菌为主,耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的检出率分别为86.4%和10.0%,未见耐万古霉素和利耐唑胺葡萄球菌和肠球菌属细菌。结论该院血培养分离菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,细菌耐药性仍是临床重要问题,应引起临床高度重视。     

重症监护病房深部抽吸痰病原菌分布与耐药性分析

目的：调查ICU深部抽吸痰病原菌的流行菌株分布、耐药情况及其耐药性变化趋势,为危重患者抗感染治疗提供依据。方法：对该院ICU 2007年1月-2010年12月深部抽吸痰标本的病原菌分离株及其耐药性进行回顾性分析。结果：共分离病原菌1 312株,其中革兰阴性杆菌716株（54.6%）,革兰阳性球菌494株（35.5%）,真菌102株（7.8%）;前5位病原菌为金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌。金黄色葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）的检出率为72.4%。MRSA对除万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺以外的常用抗菌药物均高度耐药;3株耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性金黄色葡萄球菌对替考拉宁耐药;肠球菌对庆大霉素的耐药率超过90%,其中1株屎肠球菌对万古霉素耐药。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶率分别为63%和68%,泛耐药铜绿假单胞菌检出率为8%,泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌检出率为29%。结论：ICU病原菌以非发酵菌、金黄色葡萄球菌属为主,病原菌耐药情况严重,监测细菌分布及耐药性变化有助合理选择抗感染方案。     

NICU血培养病原菌分布及主要病原菌耐药性分析

目的：分析本院新生儿加强监护病房(NICU)血培养病原菌的分布及主要病原菌对抗菌药物的耐药性。方法对2013年1月至2014年8月NICU送检的血培养标本所分离病原菌的种类及药敏结果进行统计分析。结果共分离到病原菌481株,其中革兰阳性菌147株(30.56％),以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌为主;革兰阴性杆菌325株(67.56％),以肺炎克雷伯杆菌和大肠埃希菌为主。药敏结果显示,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌耐药率高,其中耐甲氧西林检出率占90.48％,未检出耐万古霉素的葡萄球菌;肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌呈现多重耐药性,对青霉素类的耐药率高,对碳青霉烯类和阿米卡星的耐药率低。结论凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌是新生儿血流感染的主要病原菌,主要病原菌对常用抗菌药物耐药率高。     

3675份痰标本中病原菌的分布及药敏结果分析

目的 分析痰标本中病原菌的分布及其药敏结果,为临床合理抗菌治疗提供科学依据。方法 按照《全国临床检验操作规程》进行病原菌分离培养,采用珠海迪尔全自动细菌鉴定系统进行菌株的鉴定及药物敏感实验。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的检测采用头孢西丁纸片法。结果 3675份痰标本中共检出1397株常见病原菌,检出率为38.0%。革兰阴性杆菌检出率为63.1%,其中肺炎克雷伯菌20.4%、鲍曼不动杆菌18.2%,大肠埃希菌14.3%,铜绿假单胞菌10.2%。革兰阳性球菌检出率为28.8%,其中肺炎链球菌检出率为18.8%,金黄色葡萄球菌检出率为10.0%。真菌检出率为8.2%。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌检出率为33.1%,产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率分别为57.5%和33.3%,检出细菌大多具有高耐药及多重耐药性。结论 下呼吸道感染病原菌中革兰阴性杆菌感染率较高,分离细菌大多具有高耐药性和多重耐药性。     

新生儿病房病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解本院新生儿病房病原菌的分布及耐药性,为临床用药提供依据。方法回顾性调查分析2010年6月至2011年12月新生儿病房送检标本中分离的245株病原菌,用Vitek-2全自动微生物鉴定系统进行鉴定及药敏试验。结果 245株病原菌中,革兰阳性球菌84株(占34.3%),革兰阴性杆菌158株(占64.5%),以咽拭子检出率最高(40.0%)。主要病原菌为肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、表皮葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌。革兰阴性杆菌和葡萄球菌属对常用抗菌药物耐药严重,且呈多药耐药。革兰阴性杆菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的检出率为70.9%;未检出耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA),耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)检出率为58.5%,无耐万古霉素葡萄球菌检出。结论新生儿病房病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,对常用抗菌药物耐药严重,应动态监测病原菌流行株及其耐药情况,合理使用抗菌药物。     

血培养常见病原菌分布和耐药性分析

目的 了解血培养常见病原菌的分布和耐药情况.方法 在5054份血培养标本中收集非重复分离株674株,其中革兰阳性菌63.2%,革兰阴性菌34.9%,真菌1.9%.以CLSI推荐的纸片扩散法测定其抗菌药物敏感性,用WHONET 5.4软件分析结果.结果 5054例血培养中,分离非重复株674,阳性率为13.3%.主要病原菌有凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肠球菌、链球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌等.其中耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）占凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的83%,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）占金黄色葡萄球菌的61.2%,未发现耐万古霉素的葡萄球菌,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的菌株分别为63.8%和35.5%,分离出13株真菌.高耐氨基甙类肠球菌（HLGR）检出率为58.1%,分离到耐万古霉素的肠球菌.结论 血培养中病原菌复杂多样,耐药率高,及时监测血培养中病原菌的耐药性对于指导临床合理用药、防止滥用抗生素、减少耐药菌株的产生是很有必要的.     

2012年度某院患者无菌体液耐药性监测的调查

目的 了解2012年度该院患者无菌体液的细菌分布和对抗菌药物的耐药性.方法 对临床送检的无菌体液标本按常规进行病原菌分离,采用Vitek2-Compact系统和ATB Express系统进行鉴定,测定抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）值,采用纸片扩散法（K-B）进行微生物敏感性试验.应用WHONET 5.6软件进行数据分析.结果 分离菌株556株,革兰阴性菌316株（57%）,革兰阳性菌226株（40%）.常见细菌分别为大肠埃希菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌.大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率分别为53.3%和21.1%;检出9株金黄色葡萄球菌,其中,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（66%）;耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（74%）.未发现对万古霉素和利奈唑胺耐药的葡萄球菌.未发现对万古霉素耐药的肠球菌属细菌.大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青酶烯类耐药的检出率分别为3.8%和3.8%.结论 及时监测病原菌的菌群种类、分布和耐药变迁以指导临床合理、规范地使用抗菌药物.     

2009年大连市中心医院细菌耐药性监测

目的了解临床常见病原菌的分布及耐药现状,为临床合理使用抗生素提供参考依据。方法采用纸片扩散法进行抗生素敏感性试验。结果共分离病原菌3 202株,其中革兰阴性杆菌占78.8%,革兰阳性球菌占15.7%,真菌占5.5%。大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)检出率分别为68.4%和58.3%,葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)的检出率分别为53.6%和61.7%。碳青霉烯类抗生素对大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌高度敏感,敏感率为100%,而对铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌抗菌活性明显降低,敏感率为47.7%～71.6%,革兰阳性球菌对糖肽类和利奈唑胺抗生素高度敏感。结论细菌耐药性不断增强,应及时监测病原菌及耐药性变化趋势,加强抗生素合理使用。     

十堰地区外科手术切口感染病原菌分布与耐药性调查

目的 了解十堰地区近5年来外科手术切口感染病原菌分布与耐药性.方法 采集伤口分泌物进行病原菌培养并鉴定;用K-B法进行药物敏感试验,对病原菌耐药性进行分析.结果 病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,占63.8%,革兰阳性球菌占35.29%,真菌占0.91%,病原菌分布前5位是:大肠埃希菌(24.41%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(21.07%)、铜绿假单胞菌(15.54%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(12.8%)、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(12.32%).其中,特殊耐药菌检出率耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)为42.75%,耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌(MRSE)为47.97%,产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌为23.55%,产ESBLs铜绿假单胞菌为18.09%,产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌为32.26%.结论 外科手术切口感染病原菌种类在发生变化,整体耐药性呈上升趋势,应采取预防和控制措施,以降低手术切口感染率.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.