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国内外环境健康风险评价中的暴露参数比较 总被引:11,自引:3,他引:8
暴露参数是人体暴露和健康风险评价中的关键性参数,其准确性是决定健康风险评价准确性和科学性的关键因素之一。美国、欧盟、日本、韩国等国已发布了各自的暴露参数手册,然而,由于人种、生活习惯等方面存在着差异,国外的暴露参数不能代表我国居民的暴露特征和行为,这可能给健康风险评价结果造成较大的误差,从而影响环境风险管理和风险决策的有效性和科学性。该文主要介绍了暴露参数的调查研究方法以及在环境健康风险评价工作中的应用,比较了我国与国外暴露参数在调查和科研方面的差距和不足,为我国暴露参数的发展方向提出了建议。 相似文献
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饮水暴露健康风险评估中的水摄入率 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
水摄入率作为饮水暴露健康风险评估中的主要暴露参数,直接影响到评价结果的准确性。该文总结了国外关于水摄入率研究的数据来源及调查方法;探讨了国外对于不同人群在不同温度、运动强度条件下以及游泳过程中水摄入率的研究方法和研究结果;归纳了美国、英国、加拿大、日本等国家不同性别、年龄组人群对不同类型水的日均摄入率,并将国外研究与国内某地区的研究结果进行了对比,结果表明国内外人群之间饮水率存在着较大的差异。若直接引用国外暴露参数手册中发布的水摄入率进行健康风险评估,可能造成较大偏差。我国需要开展全国范围内的饮水暴露参数调查。 相似文献
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随着工业生产的发展,有害因素越来越多,有害因素风险评估的范围,重点和方法等也随之不断扩大、促进了暴露研究的发展,其已由过去的暴露评估拓展到了暴露科学。本文阐述暴露科学的基本概念、评价方法等,以飧读者。 相似文献
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目的对某农药生产企业新建项目进行职业病危害预评价,识别、分析、评价其健康危害的风险。方法应用现场调查和风险评估法对职业病危害因素和防护措施进行分析评价。结果该项目有二氯苯酚、乙腈、氢氧化钾、六氟丙烯、硫酸、硝酸、盐酸、氯化亚锡、二氯乙烷、草酰氯、二氟苯甲酰胺、甲苯、粉尘、噪声等职业病危害因素;职业病危害因素风险级别属一般风险或低风险,风险级别最高为3.0,最低为1.4;该项目属于3级风险级别;定性为职业病危害一般的建设项目;需要实施和维持控制措施,每3年重新进行评价,进行空气监测,作业人员进行培训。结论采用风险评估法对农药生产企业进行职业病危害评价较为合适,评价可信程度较高;但是使用风险评估法进行职业病危害预评价尚在研究阶段,缺少可靠的系统的方法,评价暴露时要考虑大量的因素。 相似文献
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目的 了解江西省主要食品中镉含量状况,对居民膳食镉暴露量及其引起的健康风险进行评估。方法 对江西省11类食品中的镉含量进行统计分析,结合居民膳食营养与健康状况调查数据,参考镉的暂定每月可耐受摄入量(PTMI),对居民日常膳食镉暴露量进行评估,同时应用美国环保署(USEPA)的健康风险模型评价其安全性。结果 江西省11类食品中镉平均含量为0.00027~0.36mg/kg,总检出率和超标率分别为63.5%和1.68%,超标样品主要是动物肾脏、淡水蟹和大米;江西省居民膳食镉的月平均暴露量和偏高暴露量分别为0.021和0.054mg/kg·BW,分别占PTMI的84%和216%,镉暴露的来源主要是大米和蔬菜,二类食品的贡献率占到85.5%;应用USEPA模型评价,以平均暴露量引起的健康风险值略高于国际辐射防护委员会的推荐标准,但低于USEPA致癌风险评价指南推荐值,而高暴露人群的健康风险较高。结论 江西省大部分市售食品镉含量较低,大部分居民通过日常膳食摄入的镉基本上处于可接受水平,但高摄入量人群仍存在一定的健康风险,应引起重视。 相似文献
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摘要:目的 分析成都市畜禽血制品中甲醛本底含量及污染状况,并对畜禽血制品中甲醛的风险进行初步评估。方法 对全市范围内畜禽血制品中甲醛含量进行测定,结合成都市居民膳食消费数据,计算成都市居民甲醛暴露量及安全限值(MOS),采用点评估的方法开展成都市居民摄入畜禽血制品中甲醛的风险评估。结果 畜禽血制品及新鲜畜禽血中甲醛平均含量(中位数)分别为2.51 mg/kg、2.53 mg/kg,但是在畜禽血制品中明显存在个别甲醛含量极高的现象,最高值为3200.00 mg/kg。采用平均暴露量的点评估模型获得的畜禽血制品中甲醛急、慢性暴露的MOS分别是780、2500,而采用高端暴露量的点评估模型获得的甲醛急、慢性暴露的MOS分别是0.5、0.9。结论 成都市大部分畜禽血制品可能会有一个较低的本底含量,但不排除部分的畜禽血制品中甲醛含量极高,提示可能存在一个人为添加的过程。采用高端暴露量评估提示该物质对人体健康的风险超过了可以接受的限度,应当采取适当的风险管理措施。 相似文献
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目的 了解江西省居民膳食食品中镍含量状况,对居民膳食镍暴露量及健康风险进行评估。方法 对江西省9类食品中的镍含量进行检测和分析,参考WHO推荐的镍每日可耐受摄入量(TDI),对居民日常膳食镍暴露量进行评估,同时应用美国环保署(USEPA)的健康风险模型评价其安全性。结果 江西省9类食品中镍平均含量为0.068~0.28mg/kg,总检出率为82.9%,受镍污染较重的样品有大米、小米、禽畜肝脏、豆芽和四季豆等;江西省居民膳食镍的每日平均和偏高暴露量分别为2.69×10-3和9.71×10-3 mg/kg·d,分别占TDI的22.4%和80.9%,镍暴露的来源主要是大米和蔬菜,两类食品的贡献率占到82.9%;应用USEPA模型评价,若镍是非致癌元素,其引起的健康风险远低于国际放射防护委员会的推荐标准5.0×10-5 /年,若是致癌元素,则高暴露人群的健康风险值是推荐标准的2.18倍。结论 江西省部分食品中镍污染状况不容乐观,居民日常膳食摄入镍对高暴露人群存在较大健康风险。 相似文献
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Exposure assessment in occupational epidemiology: measuring present exposures with an example of a study of occupational asthma 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1997,70(5):295-308
The aim of the present paper is to present a comprehensive review of the issues involved in exposure assessment for occupational
epidemiology studies and to provide an example. Exposure assessment for occupational epidemiology studies is becoming more
quantitatively refined. This paper discusses important issues that need to be taken into account for exposure assessment,
with particular reference to occupational asthma. It discusses issues such as survey design, data collection, the effect of
measurement error and data interpretation. It presents recently developed methodology to evaluate exposure variability and
its effect on the attenuation of risk estimates. It also presents methodology to control for such variability. It uses examples
from a recent cohort study of flour millers and bakers. This example shows various characteristics of exposure and demonstrates
that various measures of exposure, such as peak and full-shift exposure measurements, are regularly correlated, which has
consequences for the analyses of exposure-response relationships. This paper stresses the importance of the recognition and
evaluation of exposure variability and its effect on risk estimates and shows that with different exposure grouping schemes,
different health risk estimates can be obtained. Quantitative exposure assessment is generally difficult, time-consuming and
expensive and many issues need to be taken into account, but it can be rewarding and has become an absolute necessity for
many occupational epidemiology studies. Evaluation of components of exposure variance is absolutely necessary. Exposure variability
could lead to serious attenuation of risk estimates.
Received: 3 July 1996 / Accepted: 2 April 1997 相似文献
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《International journal of hygiene and environmental health》2015,218(4):414-421
ObjectivesPregnant women are a highly mobile group, yet studies suggest exposure error due to migration in pregnancy is minimal. We aimed to investigate the impact of maternal residential mobility on exposure to environmental variables (urban fabric, roads and air pollution (PM10 and NO2)) and socio-economic factors (deprivation) that varied spatially and temporally.MethodsWe used data on residential histories for deliveries at ≥24 weeks gestation recorded by the Northern Congenital Abnormality Survey, 2000–2008 (n = 5399) to compare: (a) exposure at conception assigned to maternal postcode at delivery versus maternal postcode at conception, and (b) exposure at conception assigned to maternal postcode at delivery versus mean exposure based on residences throughout pregnancy.ResultsIn this population, 24.4% of women moved during pregnancy. Depending on the exposure variable assessed, 1–12% of women overall were assigned an exposure at delivery >1SD different to that at conception, and 2–25% assigned an exposure at delivery >1SD different to the mean exposure throughout pregnancy.ConclusionsTo meaningfully explore the subtle associations between environmental exposures and health, consideration must be given to error introduced by residential mobility. 相似文献
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Nutrition can modulate the toxicity of environmental pollutants: implications in risk assessment and human health 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Hennig B Ormsbee L McClain CJ Watkins BA Blumberg B Bachas LG Sanderson W Thompson C Suk WA 《Environmental health perspectives》2012,120(6):771-774
Background: The paradigm of human risk assessment includes many variables that must be viewed collectively in order to improve human health and prevent chronic disease. The pathology of chronic diseases is complex, however, and may be influenced by exposure to environmental pollu-tants, a sedentary lifestyle, and poor dietary habits. Much of the emerging evidence suggests that nutrition can modulate the toxicity of environmental pollutants, which may alter human risks associated with toxicant exposures.Objectives: In this commentary, we discuss the basis for recommending that nutrition be considered a critical variable in disease outcomes associated with exposure to environmental pollutants, thus establishing the importance of incorporating nutrition within the context of cumulative risk assessment.Discussion: A convincing body of research indicates that nutrition is a modulator of vulnerability to environmental insults; thus, it is timely to consider nutrition as a vital component of human risk assessment. Nutrition may serve as either an agonist or an antagonist (e.g., high-fat foods or foods rich in antioxidants, respectively) of the health impacts associated with exposure to environmental pollutants. Dietary practices and food choices may help explain the large variability observed in human risk assessment.Conclusion: We recommend that nutrition and dietary practices be incorporated into future environmental research and the development of risk assessment paradigms. Healthful nutrition interventions might be a powerful approach to reduce disease risks associated with many environmental toxic insults and should be considered a variable within the context of cumulative risk assessment and, where appropriate, a potential tool for subsequent risk reduction. 相似文献
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目的探讨大棚种植中农药暴露对女性生殖健康的影响。方法对从事蔬菜大棚种植的女性进行问卷调查,将农药暴露分为低、中、高三个暴露组,对不同农药暴露组之间均衡性检验后分析农药暴露对女性生殖健康的影响。结果低、中、高三个农药暴露组,分别为183、174、212人。除孕期并发症以外,不同农药暴露组女性月经功能异常状况、妇科疾病、不良妊娠结局、性功能状况的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),且与农药的相关系数分别为0.49、0.31、0.13、0.16。结论长期农药暴露对女性生殖健康具有影响,其中对女性月经功能状况、妇科疾病、不良妊娠结局、性功能状况等的影响最为明显。 相似文献