深圳市某电子企业洁净车间职业紧张现状及影响因素分析

目的 调查某电子企业洁净车间作业人员职业紧张现状,并分析其影响因素。 方法 采用职业紧张量表(OSI-R),对洁净车间作业人员(研究组)297名和非洁净普通空调车间(对照组)301名,共计598名人员进行研究。 结果 研究组职业任务问卷、责任感、工作环境、躯体紧张反应、娱乐休闲、理性处事得分与对照组相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);且除责任感外,研究组上述项目得分均高于对照组。研究组中不同教育程度、工龄、婚姻状况的作业人员的职业紧张问卷及各子项得分差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。Logistic回归分析表明有责任感和对工作环境要求高是躯体紧张反应的危险因素,自我保健是躯体紧张反应的保护因素。 结论 洁净车间特殊的工作环境是引起作业人员职业紧张的重要因素,应采取针对性措施,降低洁净车间作业人员职业紧张反应,保护工人身心健康。     

某海洋采油平台作业工人职业紧张反应状况

[目的]了解海洋采油平台作业工人的职业紧张水平及职业紧张反应的特征,分析其职业紧张反应的影响因素。[方法]于2012年9月采取整群抽样的方法抽取海洋采油平台的所有在班工作的134名男性工人作为观察组,167名非海上平台作业的男性油田工人作为对照组。运用职业紧张量表修订版（OSI—R）进行调查。[结果]海洋采油平台作业人员的职业紧张及职业紧张反应得分均高于对照组,应对资源得分低于对照组,由自然环境引起的职业紧张评分均值（33．18）以及心理紧张反应评分均值（27．50）均高于参比人群。海洋采油平台作业工人职业紧张反应水平受职业紧张及应对资源的影响,职业紧张可增加职业紧张反应,应对资源可降低职业紧张反应。职业紧张中的角色界限不清、任务不足及自然环境,个人应对资源中的自我保健,个体特征中的学历是影响职业紧张反应水平的主要因素。[结论]海洋采油平台作业工人具有较高的职业紧张反应水平,应结合职业紧张反应水平的影响因素有针对性地对平台作业工人开展健康促进工作。     

2012年某海洋采油厂工人职业紧张现状水平调查

[目的]了解海洋石油平台采油厂工人职业紧张现状水平,找出关键影响因素,采用健康促进理论,制定有效的综合预防干预措施,从而保护职工的身体健康。[方法]2012年4～5月,采用整群抽样的方法抽取胜利油田海洋采油厂平台作业人员123人为观察组,同时抽取海洋采油厂的陆地工人132人作为对照组,采用统一设计的健康调查问卷和职业紧张量表(Occupational stress inventory-revised)进行调查,对调查结果运用SPSS软件进行统计学分析。[结果]调查255人,观察组职业任务阳性率和紧张反应阳性率高于对照组(P<0.05),且观察组职业紧张3个子问卷及各个问卷得分高于对照组工人(P<0.05)。[结论]某海洋石油平台作业工人有较高程度的职业紧张现象。     

刑警职业紧张和紧张反应研究

[目的 ]研究刑警的职业紧张和紧张反应程度。 [方法 ]应用职业紧张量表 (OSI R)对 191例刑警和 2 2 0例对照人群进行测试。 [结果 ]①刑警组的职业任务和紧张反应得分均显著高于对照组 ,而应对资源得分低于对照组 ,组间差异都具有统计学意义 (P <0 0 1)。②职业任务分析显示 ,刑警组在任务不适、任务模糊、任务冲突、责任感五个子项上的得分较对照组高 (P <0 0 1)。任务过重和工作环境两项的得分无统计学差异。③紧张反应分析结果显示 ,除人际关系紧张反应外 ,业务、心理和躯体紧张反应三个子项得分刑警组均显著高于对照组 ,具有统计学意义 (P <0 0 1)。④刑警组应对资源各子项 :娱乐休闲、自我保健、社会支持和理性处事四项得分均显著低于对照组 (P <0 0 1)。 [结论 ]刑警职业紧张和紧张反应显著增高。针对刑警的紧张源 ,应采取有效措施缓解其紧张反应 ,增强刑警的应对资源 ,促进和保护刑警的身心健康 ,提高他们的职业生活质量     

新疆沙漠环境油田作业人员职业紧张状况与高血压发病的关系研究

目的 探讨处于特殊工作环境下的油田作业人员职业紧张状况与高血压发病的关系。方法 研究采用整群抽样的方法,选取新疆某采油公司的石油工人 352 人,其中高血压患者176人确定为病例组,对照组选取性别、民族、文化程度相近的176人进行1〖DK〗∶1匹配,使用职业紧张量表(OSI-R)对油田作业人员进行紧张程度评定。结果 油田作业人员的职业紧张程度较高,病例组的职业任务紧张(ORQ)得分为174.90±35.03、个体紧张反应(PSQ)得分为104.15±23.98、个体应对资源(PRQ)得分为126.97±26.81,对照组的三项得分分别为168.71±31.18、102.30±20.11、124.80±26.31,各项得分病例组均高于对照组(P<0.05);采用单因素分析结果显示病例组和对照组在年龄、工龄、倒班、工种方面有差异(P<0.05);采用多因素logistic回归分析结果表明年龄、工龄、工种以及高度紧张情况与高血压的发生差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 处于特殊沙漠环境下的油田作业人员职业紧张反应较强烈,高血压发病风险上升。     

深圳市外来工职业紧张的现状及其影响因素

目的 :了解外来工职业紧张的现状及其影响因素。方法 :应用职业紧张量表修订版 (OSI -R)对深圳市不同行业的外来工 (研究组 ) 6 4 4名及户籍员工 (对照组 ) 32 2名进行调查。结果 :外来工组职业任务和紧张反应得分高于对照组有非常显著差异 (P <0 0 1)。外业工的主要紧张源为任务过重、任务不适和工作环境 ,主要紧张反应为业务紧张反应和躯体紧张反应。个体应对资源对照组得分非常显著高于外来工组 ((P <0 0 1) ,表现在休闲、自我保健和社会支持方面。外来工紧张反应的主要影响因素为受教育年数、工作时间、任务过重、任务不适、工作环境、休闲、社会支持和理性处事。结论 :外来工是一个存在紧张的职业群体 ,增强个体应对能力可降低紧张反应 ,有必要在整个外来工职业人群中积极开展职业卫生服务 ,以促进职业人群的身心健康和工作能力。     

272名医院护理人员职业紧张分析

目的了解护理人员职业紧张的现状及其影响因素。方法应用职业紧张量表(OSI-R)对深圳市三级、二级、一级医院护理人员(护理组)272名和工厂、服务及商业等女性行政管理人员(对照组)386人进行调查。结果护理组职业任务和应对资源得分高于对照组(P<0.01),而紧张反应得分两组差异无显著性(P>0.05)。护理人员紧张反应的主要影响因素为任务不适、任务冲突、责任感、工作环境、休闲、社会支持和理性处事。结论护理人员接触于较高的职业紧张因素水平,增强个体应对能力可降低紧张反应。     

外资企业工人工作能力与职业紧张关系的研究

[目的]探索职业紧张与工人工作能力之间的关系及其影响因素。[方法]对开发区某3家工厂497名工人采用职业紧张问卷和工作能力指数进行调查。[结果]女性组的工作能力指数得分为36.48±4.46,男性组得分为36.13 ±4.29,两组无显著性差异(P>0.05)。其中与工作要求关系一项女性(4.13±0.73)高于男性(3.96±0.72),差异有显著性(P<0.05)。应付紧张能力、了解自己、兴趣、尊重别人、心理满足、信心充足和心情平静7项指标与工作能力之间呈正相关(P<0.01)。[结论]职业紧张可降低工人的工作能力。     

紧张易感性与职业紧张关系的探讨

[目的]探讨紧张易感性与职业紧张因素、紧张反应和有关个性特征因素之间的关系。[方法]使用多个职业紧张因素、紧张反应和个性特征量表对某铁路货运编组站93名男性调度员进行测试。对资料采用多元逐步回归分析、方差分析和相关分析。[结果]相关分析表明紧张易感性与某些紧张因素、紧张反应和个性特征因素间相关系数具有显著意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。方差分析结果显示不同紧张易感性评分组间工作困难、心理卫生、抑郁症、焦虑状态、睡眠障碍、心身抱怨、每日紧张感评分、焦虑特性、生活态度、自尊感、工作心理控制源评分和收缩压、舒张压水平差异具有显著性 (P<0.05或P<0.01)。逐步回归分析结果显示紧张易感性分别进入了抑郁症、焦虑和每日紧张感的预测方程 ,且对方程总变异的解释均在25 %以上。[结论]提示紧张易感性对紧张因素和紧张反应存在着显著影响 ,高紧张易感性的个体对职业紧张因素的负性主观评价更多 ,其紧张反应更强烈、更多。     

不同职业人群工作紧张及影响因素分析

目的了解中小学教师中、监狱狱警、视屏显示终端(VDT)3种不同职业作业人员的职业紧张程度。方法采用工作紧张测量量表(JSS)对中小学教师、狱警、VDT作业人员的职业紧张程度进行测量。结果 851名中小学教师中,男性工作紧张反应、工作压力强度得分分别为(2.34±0.51)、(1.96±0.51)分,女性分别为(2.19±0.59)、(1.85±0.55)分,男性高于女性(P<0.05);组织支持缺乏得分>40岁年龄段的(1.78±0.54)分,高于其他年龄段,男性的(1.83±0.56)分高于女性得分(1.62±0.58)分,高级职称得分高于中级和初级职称;影响中小学教师工作紧张主要因素是年龄、性别和学历;875名监狱狱警工作紧张反应得分男性的(2.13±0.13)分高于女性的(2.10±0.15)分(P<0.05),本科以上学历的(2.14±0.11)分高于大专以下学历(P<0.05);工作压力强度男性的(1.66±0.15)分高于女性的(1.63±0.18)分(P<0.05),年龄段>40岁的(1.67±0.17)分高于其他年龄段;组织支持缺乏得分男性高于女性,本科学历以上高于其他学历;主要影响狱警工作紧张的因素为性别和学历;842名VDT作业人员工作紧张强度得分男性的(2.24±0.15)分高于女性的(2.10±0.13)分;影响VDT作业人员工作紧张的主要因素为年龄。结论 3种不同职业人群劳动者工作压力男性普遍高于女性,中小学教师和狱警工作紧张的影响因素为性别和学历,而年龄是VDT作业人员的工作紧张影响因素。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.