急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术后死亡原因分析

目的:分析急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎患者经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术后近期死亡相关原因。方法:回顾性分析2011年8月—2013年8月30例急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎接受经皮肝穿刺胆道引流治疗30例临床资料,分析术后好转与死亡病例胆汁引流量、白细胞计数、肾功能及年龄等相关临床指标。结果:30例患者均急诊行经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术,均采用外引流,手术成功率为100%。引流部位均位于胆总管,其中以右入路20例,左入路10例。无胆道出血、胆汁漏等严重并发症。围手术期间死亡6例,病死率20.0%。结果分析显示患者病死率与发病年龄、白细胞计数、术后胆汁引流量及有无多器官功能衰竭均有关。结论:急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎应及时行胆道引流减压、充分引流,积极抗感染、抗休克及预防多器官功能衰竭以降低病死率。     

超声定位联合X线引导下经皮经肝穿刺胆管引流术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸

目的:探讨超声定位联合X线引导下经皮经肝穿刺胆管引流术(PTCD)治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床效果。方法:回顾性分析行超声联合X线引导下PTCD术的46例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者资料。结果:44例(95.65%)PTCD成功,其中41例(93.2%)1次穿刺置管成功,3例(6.81%)经2次穿刺置管成功。术后引流量100~800 m L/d,术后第1天开始,患者黄疸均开始不同程度改善,临床症状逐渐减轻。术后1周,患者血清总胆红素、直接胆红素、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶水平均较术前明显降低(均P0.05)。术后出现胆道感染2例,出现少量胆道出血3例,均经对症治疗后恢复,无其他严重并发症发生。结论:超声定位联合X线引导下行PTCD具有安全、简便、并发症少的优点,是一种治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的有效方法。     

B超引导下经皮肝穿刺胆管引流治疗梗阻性黄疸的护理体会

目的探讨B超引导下经皮肝穿刺胆管引流（PTCD）治疗梗阻性黄疸的护理体会。方法 17例梗阻性黄疸的患者接受经皮肝穿刺胆管引流术,其中肝门胆管癌3例,胰头癌8,壶腹部周围癌2例,急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎（AOSC）4例。结果 B超引导下PTCD成功率为100%。血清总胆红素水平术后1周较术前明显下降（P〈0.001）,术后2周较术后1周明显下降（P〈0.001）。逆行性胆道感染3例（不包括AOSC患者）,胆漏2例,无胆道大出血和死亡病例发生。结论 B超引导下PTCD术治疗梗阻性黄疸,技术成功率高,操作简单,减黄效果满意,重视术后护理可减少患者痛苦和并发症,值得临床推广应用。     

经鼻胆管冲洗胆道+灌注高浓度抗生素治疗急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎

目的：探讨B超监视下经内镜鼻胆管引流术(ENBD),用生理盐水冲洗胆道+局部灌注高浓度抗生素,治疗急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎的疗效及安全性。方法：对22例急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎的患者,采取B超监视下行ENBD术、术后经鼻胆管行胆道冲洗及灌注高浓度抗生素为主的非手术综合治疗,对比患者治疗前后的血清总胆红素水平、肝功能、胆总管内径变化,并对患者临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：本组22例患者除1例因壶腹癌行保守治疗外,其余21例内镜下鼻胆管引流术成功,胆汁引流通畅,经胆道冲洗+灌注高浓度抗生素治疗后治愈。结论：急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎在B超监视下行ENBD术较X监视行ENBD术,胰腺炎并发症发生率降低。经鼻胆管用生理盐水冲洗胆道+局部灌注高浓度抗生素为主的综合治疗是有效的、安全的。     

超声引导经皮肝穿刺胆管引流术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸

目的探讨超声引导经皮肝穿刺胆管引流术（PTCD）在恶性梗阻性黄疸患者治疗中的应用价值。方法经超声引导对25例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者行PTCD,观察手术疗效及并发症发生情况。结果25例患者均成功穿刺引流,一次穿刺成功率为92.00%（23/25）,术后3～6日25例患者黄疸均减退。出院时血清总胆红素和肝内胆管超声测值均较术前降低（P〈0.05）。术后并发症主要有胆汁外渗1例,引流出少量血性胆汁1例。结论超声引导下PTCD具有操作简便、疗效确切、安全性高等优点,可作为恶性梗阻性黄疸术前减黄及姑息性治疗的首选方法。     

PTCD并胆道支架治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸临床观察

目的 研究PTCD（经皮经肝胆管引流术）并胆道支架置入术对恶性梗阻性黄疸的治疗效果.方法 对19例行PTCD并胆道支架置入术的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者行回顾性分析.结果 技术成功率100％,术前血清总胆红素（228.9±30.2）μmol/L,术后2周时,血清总胆红素分别下降到（167.4 ±42.1）μmol/L （P＜0.05）.8例出现并发症,其中胆道出血2例,胆管炎4例,支架阻塞1例,胆汁漏1例,经治疗好均好转.结论 PTCD并胆道支架置入术是一种安全、有效的姑息治疗梗阻性黄疸的方法.     

经PTCD途径胆道金属支架置入术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸137例临床疗效分析

目的 探讨经皮经肝胆道引流(PTCD)后置入胆道金属支架姑息性治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床应用价值.方法 对137例失去根治性手术机会或不愿行手术治疗的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者,在超声引下行PTCD,术后1周在DSA下经PTCD窦道置入胆道金属支架,经此途径将体外引流转换为内引流.结果 137例患者术前血清总胆红素水平为(274.7±151.5)μmol/L,术后1周血清总胆红素下降到(150.1±100.6)μmol/L (P＜0.01),肝功能明显改善(P＜0.01),术后平均生存时间为(9.29 ±0.77)个月.结论 经PTCD途径胆道金属支架置入术是一种治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的有效方法,可明显延长患者生存时间、改善生活质量,具有安全、简便、创伤小、可重复等优点.     

损伤控制理念在急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎中的应用体会

目的 研究损伤控制理念在急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎中的应用价值。 方法 回顾性分析2015年10月至2019年5月滁州市第一人民医院急诊外科收治的73例化脓性胆管炎患者行损伤控制性手术和后续治疗情况。结果 73例中,47例行腹腔镜胆总管切开减压+胆道镜取石+T管引流,13例行PTCD手术,13例行ERCP手术。一阶段干预治愈19例：经腹腔镜微创手术治愈17例,经内镜取石手术治愈2例。一阶段干预后死亡5例,病死率6.8%（5/73）。21例一阶段干预后未行二次手术：肝内外胆管结石患者8例,单 纯胆总管结石患者8例,恶性肿瘤患者5例。二期确定性手术治疗28例,术后切口感染2例,胆漏2例,胆道出血1例,手术后短期无死亡病例。 结论 损伤控制理念可有效提高急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎手术安全性,降低围手术期病死率。     

超声引导下PTCD治疗梗阻性黄疸

目的 探讨超声引导下PTCD的操作技术及其临床应用价值。方法 15例梗阻性黄疸患者,14例肝门部胆管癌,1例肝癌合并胆总管癌栓,在超声引导下行PTCD术,穿刺肝左叶胆管6例,右叶胆管9例,术后常规胆道造影。结果穿刺成功率100％,未出现出血、胆汁性腹膜炎等并发症。术后一周胆红素平均下降80．5umol／L。其中9例不能手术切除的肿瘤患者黄疸减退后带管出院,5例患者经胆道引流黄疸减退后行肿瘤根治性切除,1例肝门部胆管癌合并肝转移患者术后1月死亡。结论 超声引导下PTCD是一种治疗梗阻性黄疸的有效方法,具有安全、并发症少的优点,与X线相结合,可明显提高手术成功率。     

不同途径胆道支架置入治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸42例回顾分析

目的 探讨不同方式胆道支架置入在恶性梗阻性黄疸患者临床治疗中的应用价值及选择.方法 回顾分析42例不能根治切除的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者采用记忆金属合金胆道内撑支架经开腹手术置入(n=18)、经PTCD置入(n=17)及经ERCP置入(n=7)治疗的情况.结果 所有患者均完成胆管末端支架置入达到内引流.支架植入术后胆红素均在术后第1周下降约100 μmol/L; 谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶及谷氨酰转肽酶在术后第1周开始较术前明显下降(P＜0.05).全组中位生存时间为22周,平均生存(32.89±33.87)周.全组围手术期死亡2例,死亡率为4.76%.主要并发症有胆管炎8例,胆道出血3例,肝功能衰竭2例.结论 胆道支架经开腹手术置入、经PTCD置入及经ERCP置入均可有效解除恶性梗阻性黄疸患者胆管梗阻,改善肝功能; 临床应根据患者的局部及全身情况选择不同的置入方式,提高安全性及有效性,尽可能减少并发症的发生.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.