Klinische, radiologische und axiographische Untersuchung nach konservativ funktioneller Behandlung diakapitulärer Kiefergelenkfrakturen

Purpose. The different lines of intracapsular fractures of the mandibular condyle were studied and their influence on the prognosis following close treatment was evaluated. Methods. In 40 patients with 50 intracapsular fractures of the mandibular condyle the following evaluation was carried out after close treatment: clinical, radiological and axiographical follow-up. The examinations were performed between 0,5–5 years following treatment. Three types of intracapsular fractures were distinguished. Type A = fractures through the medial condylar pole, type B = fractures through the lateral condylar pole with loss of vertical height of mandibular ramus, type M = multiple fragments, comminuted fractures. Results. Moderate to serious dysfunction was observed in 33% of the cases. Radiological examination of fracture types B and M revealed a reduction in the height of the mandibular ramus by up to 13% as compared to the contralateral side. Also with regard to deformation of the condylar head these two fracture types resulted in the most prominent pathological findings. Axiography revealed irregular excursions and a clear limitation of condylar movement in comminuted fractures by up to 74% as compared to the non-fractured side. Conclusion. The findings emphasize the severity of lesions to the osseo-disko-ligamentous complex of the TMJ caused by intracapsular fractures of the mandibular condyle. The poor functional and radiological results encountered in the fracture types B and M demonstrated the limits of conservative functional treatment. With regard to fracture type B it may be discussed whether surgical therapy would improve the results.     

髁突囊内骨折的临床特点和分类研究

目的：探讨髁突囊内骨折的临床特点,并提出一种能全面反映囊内骨折的分型,为临床制定治疗计划提供依据。方法：统计上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院口腔颌面外科关节组自1999—2008年住院手术和2007年6月—2008年12月门诊非手术治疗,经全景片和CT确诊为髁突囊内骨折的连续病例242例329侧,进行临床特点分析。部分病例经MRI检查观察关节盘移位情况。根据CT冠状位重建对囊内骨折进行分类,根据骨折线的位置,将髁突囊内骨折分为4型。A型骨折的骨折线位于髁突外1/3,B型骨折的骨折线位于中1/3,C型骨折的骨折线位于内1/3,M型骨折为粉碎性骨折。结果：囊内骨折占髁突骨折的66.8%,摔伤是主要的致伤原因。45%的囊内骨折合并下颌骨骨折。骨折侧下颌支残端外上方移位或脱位出关节窝的比例是8.8%,其中73%伴颏部或下颌体骨折。95%的囊内骨折伴关节盘前内侧移位。囊内骨折类型中,A型最多（155侧）,占47.8%;其次是B型（95侧）,占29.32%;M型（61侧）,占18.8%;C型最少（13侧）,占4%。结论：囊内骨折是下颌骨髁突骨折的最常见类型,易合并下颌骨骨折,导致下颌支残端移位或脱出关节窝。以冠状CT为主要依据的分类方法,能较全面地反映髁突囊内骨折的类型。     

Outcomes of treatment for intracapsular fractures of the mandibular condyle: recommendation for a new classification

We know of no universally accepted classification for intracapsular condylar fractures. We propose here a new classification based on the concept of a “disc-condyle” unit, and validate the classification based on outcomes of treatment. From 1 January 2010 - 31 December 2014, 55 patients with unilateral intracapsular condylar fractures were classified into three types: type A has no reduction in mandibular height or displacement of the disc (n = 7); type B has displacement of the disc with no reduction in mandibular height (n = 17); and type C has reduced mandibular height with or without displacement of the disc (n = 31). We treated types B and C by open reduction and fixation, while type A fractures were managed non-surgically. At six month follow-up, we found no significant differences in the vertical height of the ramus, mandibular deviation, protrusion, or lateral protrusion between the fractured and healthy sides. All patients had normal occlusion postoperatively and only one patient (type C) reported pain. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography showed good osseous healing and disc-condylar relations in all cases. Our results show that this new classification of intracapsular condylar fractures is a safe and easy way to obtain satisfactory outcomes of treatment. However, it needs further independent validation.     

髁突形态与髁突矢状骨折发生率之间的关系分析

目的：分析髁突形态与单侧髁突矢状骨折(sagittal fracture of mandibular condyle, SFMC)发生率之间的关系。方法：回顾2010年12月—2021年12月河北医科大学第三医院收治的155例单侧髁突矢状骨折患者的病例资料,将其螺旋CT数据以DICOM格式导入RadiAnt DICOM Viewer软件。根据Yale的髁突形态的分类标准,将髁突形态分为平、凸、角、圆4种。根据Hlawitschka的髁突矢状骨折分类标准,将髁突矢状骨折分为A、B、M 3类,分析髁突形态与单侧髁突矢状骨折发生率之间的关系。采用SPSS 26.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果：155例患者中,健侧髁突形态占比分别是平形41.9%、凸形37.4%、圆形11.6%、角形9.0%,髁突矢状骨折的分类占比分别是A型20.6%、B型42.6%、M型36.8%。不同髁突形态的髁突矢状骨折发生率不同,两者之间存在相关性(P=0.015)。平形髁突相比其他3种类型的髁突更容易发生矢状骨折,角形髁突最不容易发生矢状骨折。结论：髁突形态不同会影响髁突矢状骨折发生率,平形髁突更容易发生髁突矢状...     

导致颞下颌关节强直的成人髁突骨折类型分析

目的: 回顾分析导致颞下颌关节强直的成人髁突骨折类型。方法：回顾口腔外科关节组2010—2012年收治的由髁突骨折保守治疗导致颞下颌关节强直,从损伤到发生强直有完整CT资料的成人病例,按照下颌支残端与关节窝的位置关系,将髁突骨折分为3级,0级为下颌支残端位于关节窝内,与之无接触;1级为下颌支残端位于关节窝内,与之有接触;2级为下颌支残端外上方脱位出关节窝。结合髁突骨折类型、骨折块移位程度和关节盘的位置、下颌骨其他部位骨折情况等,分析关节强直形成的原因。结果：13例(24侧)导致关节强直病例的髁突骨折有完整的CT资料,导致关节强直的髁突骨折类型均为囊内骨折,其中B型占70%。下颌支残端与关节窝的位置关系中,0级0侧;1级10侧,占41.7%;2级14侧,占58.3%。0级和1级的关节盘均伴髁突骨折块移位,后外侧带断裂。形成关节强直的髁突骨折中,77%伴颏部骨折,导致牙弓增宽。结论：下颌支残端与关节窝的位置关系对于预后判断有重要作用,其中0级不易引起关节强直;1级较容易引起关节强直,是手术的相对适应证;2级最容易引起关节强直,是手术的绝对适应证。其他危险因素还有髁突囊内B型骨折和合并牙弓增宽的下颌骨骨折。     

Fractures of the mandibular condyle: a review of 466 cases. Literature review, reflections on treatment and proposals.

INTRODUCTION: The incidence of condylar fractures is high. Condylar fractures can be extracapsular (condylar neck or subcondylar) or intracapsular, undisplaced, deviated, displaced or dislocated. Treatment depends on the age of the patient, the co-existence of other mandibular or maxillary fractures, whether the condylar fracture is unilateral or bilateral, the level and displacement of the fracture, the state of dentition and the dental occlusion, and the surgeon's experience. PURPOSE: This report presents the experience acquired in the treatment of 466 condylar fractures over 7 years, reviews the pertinent literature and proposes guidelines for treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The archives of KAT, General District Hospital between 1995 and 2002 were scrutinized and the condylar fractures were recorded. The aetiology, age, sex, level of fracture, degree of displacement, associated facial fractures, malocclusion, and type of treatment were noted. RESULTS: Four hundred and sixty-six condylar fractures were admitted, the male:female ratio was 3.5:1. Road traffic accidents were the main cause and most fractures were unilateral, displaced, subcondylar, occurred on the left side and were treated conservatively. CONCLUSIONS: Early mobilization is the key in treating condylar fractures. Whilst rigid internal fixation provides stabilization and allows early mobilization, conservative treatment is the treatment of choice for the majority of fractures. Children and intracapsular fractures are treated conservatively with or without maxillo-mandibular fixation. Open reduction is recommended in selected cases to restore the occlusion, in severely displaced and dislocated fractures, in cases of loss of ramus height, and in edentulous patients. It may be considered in those with 'medical problems' where intermaxillary fixation is not recommended.     

儿童髁突囊内骨折治疗方法选择的影响因素分析

目的:探讨影响儿童下颌骨髁突囊内骨折治疗方法选择的因素,并对手术和保守疗法的临床效果及影像学表现进行对比。方法:对新疆医科大学一附院2008年1月~2013年10月经曲面断层片、冠状CT等确诊为囊内骨折的住院及门诊患者78例103侧进行分类,并对所有患者均行MRI检查确定关节盘的损伤及移位情况。对治疗后的患者行临床及影像学随访1～3年,评价其愈后疗效。结果:影像学检查:手术组髁突完全重建率为78.9%;保守组为72.4%,差异无统计学意义;手术组下颌骨对称率为93.1%;保守组为80.0%,差异无统计学意义;临床检查:手术组并发症少于保守组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两种治疗方式对于髁突囊内骨折愈后髁突改建及功能恢复均具有较高治愈率。结论:经临床验证,1)下颌支高度有无明显缩短;2)关节盘有无损伤及移位;3)有无明显张口受限及咬合紊乱;4)是否伴翼外肌附着丧失;以上几方面对于儿童髁突囊内骨折治疗方式的选择具有重要影响。     

髁突骨折手术治疗临床分析

目的:探讨髁突骨折手术治疗的不同术式、适应证、手术治疗程序,为临床治疗提供依据。方法:对112例髁突骨折临床资料进行分析,按照X线诊断、临床表现、骨折部位、移位程度、致伤时间等因素确定不同术式,观察其术后即期与远期效果,其中38例行传统切开复位内固定术,53例行不游离髁突的升支切开解剖复位术,18例行游离髁突和升支骨段倒置关节重建术,3例行游离髁突升支切开复位重建术。结果:各种不同的手术治疗方式均可获得较好的即期效果,但远期效果以不游离髁突的升支切开解剖复位术最佳。结论:对于大多数髁突骨折,尤其是中、低位骨折,脱位,移位或严重成角者以不游离髁突的升支切开解剖复位术效果最好。髁突粉碎骨折和陈旧骨折宜行游离髁突和升支骨段倒置关节重建术。髁突高位骨折宜行游离髁突升支切开复位重建术。     

Functional and radiological results of open and closed treatment of intracapsular (diacapitular) condylar fractures of the mandible

The study was performed to evaluate and compare the results of open and closed treatments of diacapitular fractures of the mandible. Following open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) 14 patients with 15 displaced condylar fractures, which had caused a shortening of the mandibular ramus, were examined clinically (Helkimo index), radiologically (Orthopantomogram, Clementschitsch [reversed Towne's] view, Submentovertex view) and axiographically (CARDIAX). These findings were compared to a group of 29 patients with 34 similar condylar fractures which had been treated using closed techniques. Following ORIF patients showed better radiological results with regard to the mandibular ramus height, resorption and pathological changes to the condyle, compared to the patient group after closed functional treatment. In both groups some signs of dysfunction persisted, although there were slightly better results in the ORIF group. In 30% of the closed treatment group, lateral deviation during mouth opening, crepitus and occlusal disturbances were noted. No cases of occlusal disturbance were observed in the ORIF group. The axiographic examinations revealed a significant limitation of movement of the fractured condyle in both groups. However, after open treatment, the temporomandibular joint displayed significantly less irregularities in the condylar paths. In cases of complex reconstruction of the mandibular condyle, ORIF appears to improve the function of fractured condyles, when combined with a postoperative therapeutic exercise regime.     

羊髁突囊内骨折坚强内固定动物模型的建立

目的：创建羊髁突囊内B型骨折并同期行坚强内固定术的实验动物模型,观察髁突囊内骨折固定术后的愈合情况。方法：12只6个月龄山羊分为实验组和对照组,实验组8只,一侧关节手术造成髁突囊内B型骨折并用两孔钛板＋钢丝固定,对照组不作任何处理;术后3、6个月各处死6只,术后即刻及3、6个月行螺旋CT扫描,手术前和处死前测量实验动物的体重和最大开口度,采用SAS6.12软件包对数据进行Kruskal-Wallis检验。结果：实验组和对照组自身术后3、6个月体重和术前体重有统计学差异（P〈0.05）,但实验组和对照组之间的术前及术后3、6个月体重无统计学差异（P〉0.05）,实验组和对照组术前及术后3、6个月最大开口度自身比较和组间比较均无统计学差异（P〉0.05）;螺旋CT显示骨折固定良好,固位钉稳固,骨折愈合良好。结论：髁突囊内B型骨折后施行恰当的坚强内固定术,可以促进骨折愈合。     

Three-dimensional evaluation of condylar morphology after closed treatment of unilateral intracapsular condylar fracture in children and adolescents

PurposeTo investigate the condylar morphology after closed treatment of unilateral intracapsular condylar fracture in children and adolescents through three-dimensional evaluation and to explore the influence of age, types of fracture, follow-up period, treatment methods, and concomitant fractures on the treatment effectiveness.Materials and methodsThe medical records of patients who underwent closed treatment for condylar fractures from January 2006 to December 2018 were reviewed. The fractured sides were included in the study group and the opposite healthy joints were included in the control group. The height of articular eminence, depth of glenoid fossa, length & width & thickness of condylar process, length & width of the ramus, and deviation of pogonion were measured three-dimensionally.Results31 participants were included in the study. The length of condylar process was 2.10 ± 3.77 mm (P = 0.004) shorter, the depth of glenoid fossa was 1.09 ± 2.13 mm (P = 0.040) shallower, and the length of ramus was 1.55 ± 2.49 mm (P = 0.002) longer in fractured side than the ones in healthy side after closed treatment. The pogonion deviated 0.48 ± 1.7 mm to the fractured side, but no statistical significance was found (P = 0.129).ConclusionsChildren had great growth potential to compensate the shortening of condylar process after intracapsular condylar fracture, so closed treatment could be an effective therapy for young children and adolescents.     

Veterinary and radiological evaluations of open and closed treatment of type B diacapitular (intracapsular) fractures of the mandibular condyle in sheep

The incidence of diacapitular (intracapsular) fractures of the mandibular condyle has increased in recent years, but their treatment remains inadequate, particularly of type B fractures. To evaluate and compare outcomes of open and closed treatments we created a sheep model of a type B fracture through an osteotomy. Eight sheep were randomly divided into two groups of four each to be given closed treatment or open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) and were evaluated by veterinary and radiological examinations. Compared with before the osteotomy, there were significant reductions in maximum mouth opening (MMO) and left movement in the closed group, but no significant differences in the range of jaw movements in the ORIF group after 12 weeks of treatment. The two radiological scores that indicated the degree of osteoarthrotic changes and ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in the ORIF group were significantly lower than those in the closed group. Anatomical observation confirmed the pathological changes in the right TMJ in the closed group and adaptive changes in the ORIF group. We conclude that ORIF is more efficient than closed treatment in restoring the function and shape of the TMJ to after a type B diacapitular condylar fracture.     

34例髁突骨折伴发外耳道骨折临床分析

目的: 探讨髁突骨折与外耳道骨折的关系及同期手术的必要性。方法: 230例320侧髁突骨折根据骨折线位置不同分为矢状（Ⅰ型）、头部 （Ⅱ型）、颈部 （Ⅲ型）、髁突下（Ⅳ型）4种类型, 随访髁突与外耳道骨折同期手术与否的预后差异。采用SPSS 20.0软件包中的χ²检验,比较不同类别髁突骨折伴同侧外耳道骨折之间的差异。结果: 230例320侧髁突骨折伴外耳道骨折34例46侧,Ⅰ~Ⅳ型分别为12侧、16侧、7侧、5侧,另有6侧外耳道骨折无髁突骨折。Ⅲ型髁突骨折伴同侧外耳道骨折发生率显著低于另外3型（P<0.05）;Ⅰ型髁突骨折伴外耳道骨折的发生率显著高于Ⅳ型（P<0.05）,其他各型之间两两比较无显著差异。22例30侧随访至受伤后6个月,5例8侧在排除外耳道脑脊液漏的情况下,同期行髁突及外耳道骨折治疗,术后6个月外耳道无狭窄,听力无下降;另17例22侧均出现不同程度的外耳道狭窄,其中4例5侧出现严重听力障碍（均为外耳道粉碎性骨折）。结论: 髁突颈部骨折伴外耳道骨折的概率较低,而髁突矢状骨折较基底部骨折更易导致外耳道骨折。治疗颌面部骨折,应早期发现、治疗外耳道骨折,积极预防外耳道狭窄、听力下降等并发症。     

青少年髁突骨折诊治的回顾性分析

目的:探讨青少年髁突骨折的临床特点及治疗方法。方法:对1990-2002年间收治的52例(75侧)青少年(2～18岁)髁突骨折病例的临床和随访资料进行回顾性分析。结果:青少年髁突骨折主要由着力于颏部的间接创伤引起,多为颈部的中高位骨折,大部分骨折断端移位较轻,骨块均是向前下内方向移位。保守治疗和手术治疗都取得了较好效果。主要的后遗症是下颌骨发育不良、开口偏斜和轻度张口受限。结论:着力于颏部的外伤要仔细检查有无髁突骨折。治疗上应尽可能采用保守治疗;对于严重移位而难以复位的、粉碎性的髁突骨折,以及不能进行保守治疗的病例,主张手术复位固定。     

生长期山羊囊内骨折复位术中保留髁突软骨的重要性及组织学研究

目的：通过组织学观察,探讨髁突囊内骨折内固定术中保留和切除髁突软骨对髁突生长发育的影响。方法：6个月龄山羊12只,随机分为实验组（n=8）和对照组（n=4）。实验组双侧髁突造成囊内骨折并同期行手术复位固定．一侧保留髁突软骨,另一侧切除髁突软骨。术后3个月、6个月处死动物,切取髁突标本行石蜡切片和硬组织切片观察骨折愈合和髁突生长情况。结果：实验组髁突骨折愈合良好,钛板被新生骨组织覆盖;HE染色显示．保留髁突软骨组,髁突软骨结构清晰,与正常对照髁突相同,软骨成骨活跃,髁突生长发育正常;切除髁突软骨组,髁突软骨层消失,表面为成熟的骨细胞覆盖,直接与关节盘的纤维组织相连,新生骨组织少见：硬组织切片显示,钛板与骨组织直接结合．未见组织渗出和排异反应。结论：手术复位髁突囊内骨折时保留髁突软骨,不会影响髁突的生长发育;损伤髁突软骨．会造成髁突与关节盘黏连．引起髁突生长发育障碍。     

下颌骨缺损整复后颞下颌关节的变化

目的 :观察单侧或部分下颌骨缺损重建术后升支高度和下颌骨髁状突运动的变化。材料和方法 :30例患者按手术方式的不同分为两组 ,A组为保留髁状突的下颌骨部分切除、自体骨移植或病变骨冷冻再植整复组 ,B组为未保留髁状突组 ,术后通过X线检查评价结果。结果 :所有患者手术后都表现有不同程度的髁状突运动障碍。主要有升支高度降低、髁状突水平运动和转动能力降低 ,且A、B两组间存在明显差别 ,B组改变大于A组。结论 :下颌骨缺损重建对颞下颌关节结构和功能具有一定的影响 ,保留髁状突时所受影响要明显小于未保留髁状突组。因此保留髁状突有利于获得较好的术后功能效果     

Mandibular condyle fractures: determinants of treatment and outcome.

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to analyze the principal variables that determine the choice of the method of treatment and the outcome in condylar fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 104 mandibular condyle fractures to analyze and determine the relation between the principal clinical variables and the postoperative results. All patients underwent a clinic-radiologic investigation focusing on fracture remodeling, evolution, dental occlusion, and symmetry of the mandible. We analyzed the influence of the preoperative clinical variables (level of fracture, treatment, postoperative physical therapy, displacement and dislocation, comminution, loss of ramus height, patient age, gender, etiology, occlusion, status of dentition, and presence of facial and mandibular fractures) over the postoperative results and outcome. RESULTS: The principal factors that determined the treatment decision were the level of the fracture and the degree of displacement. The level of the fracture influenced the degree of preoperative coronal and sagittal displacement (neck fractures had greater medial and anterior displacement than head and subcondylar fractures) and the treatment applied. The functional improvement obtained by open methods was greater than that obtained by closed treatment. Open treatment increased the incidence of postoperative condylar deformities and mandibular asymmetry. CONCLUSION: The variables that influenced the method of treatment and predicted the prognosis are the level of fracture, degree and direction of displacement of the fractured segments, age, medical status of the patient, concomitant injuries, and status of dentition.     

髁突多发性骨折微型钛板内固定的近期观察

目的:观察髁突多发性骨折后,微型钛板内固定的疗效。方法:8例11侧髁突多发性骨折病例,术中将多发性骨折的髁突1.0cm以上的骨折片复位,微型钛板固定,基本恢复解剖形态。结果:本组病例术后张口度基本正常,前伸运动、侧向运动无障碍,咬合关系基本正常。结论:微型钛板内固定可有效的治疗髁突多发性骨折。     

Articular soft tissue injuries associated with mandibular condyle fractures and the effects on oral function

The majority of studies debating the optimization of treatment for condylar mandibular fractures focus on the bony aspect first. However, fractures of the mandibular condyle may go together with soft tissue injury of the temporomandibular joint. An electronic literature search for this topic was undertaken. Assessment of quality was carried out using the Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. Sixteen articles were included in this review. The reviewed literature showed that intracapsular fractures and dislocated condylar fractures result in more severe injuries. Serious injury to the disc and capsule of the temporomandibular joint is a contributing factor towards development of complications after closed treatment. The results of this review give an overview of the published studies focusing on articular soft tissue injuries caused by condylar mandibular fractures. Additionally, an overview of the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) settings used to detect these injuries is provided. Until now, the relation between soft tissue injuries and type of condylar trauma and their influence on clinical outcome has been insufficiently investigated. Before considering reduction of soft tissues next to reduction of the fracture, more research is needed into the impact of soft tissue injuries on oral functioning, in which a uniform classification is used.     

下颌骨髁突囊内骨折的治疗探讨

目的：根据髁突囊内骨折的分类,提出相应的治疗原则,经临床应用验证该原则的可行性和可靠性。方法：对上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院口腔颌面外科关节组自1999年至2008年住院手术和2007年6月至2008年12月门诊非手术治疗、经全景片和（或）CT确诊为髁突囊内骨折的连续病例242例329侧进行分类,部分病例经MRI检查观察关节盘的移位情况,由此制定非手术治疗和手术复位固定的基本原则。在此基础上,根据囊内骨折的不同类型、骨折块移位程度、下颌支残端移位情况、年龄、是否伴发其他部位骨折和错等制定相应的治疗适应证。治疗前后进行问卷调查、临床检查和CT检查,以评价治疗效果。随访期均在3个月以上。结果：非手术治疗91例121侧,其中16例因为咬合紊乱进行颌间弹性牵引。54例获得随访,随访率59%。其中有长期CT随访者29例,儿童髁突出现完全或几乎完全改建者占78%（7/9）,成人髁突主要表现为骨折的错位愈合,占55%。9例出现关节强直（外院转诊自然愈合病例）,2例出现关节区疼痛,保守治疗疗效为76%。手术治疗的适应证为下颌支残端外上方脱位于关节窝外侧的任何类型骨折,不能通过非手术治疗复位以及骨折块明显移位或脱位的囊内骨折。开放性手术151例208侧,其中A型111侧,B型60侧,C型8侧,M型25侧。178侧进行了骨折块复位固定;23侧行骨折块取出、关节盘复位。术后有CT复查者89例115侧,达到解剖复位或接近解剖复位的比率为95.6%。35例术后随访3个月～5a,随访率23%,其中10例12侧儿童患者的髁突内固定术后出现继续生长,占63.2%;成人髁突骨折愈合良好者占92%。术后并发症为关节区弹响1侧,钛板位置过高、引起髁突骨质吸收行取出术2侧,面神经颞支损伤3侧。结论：本文提出的囊内骨折的治疗原则及其治疗适应证,经临床初步应用,证实为一种切实可行的办法,但仍需加强随访和开展随机对照的前瞻性研究。由于儿童的改建能力强,在同等条件下,儿童较成人更多选用非手术治疗。A型以手术复位固定为主,B、C、M型以观察为主。