关节镜下滑膜全切除联合体外低剂量放疗治疗初发膝关节内弥漫型PVNS

目的评估关节镜下滑膜全切除联合体外低剂量放疗治疗初发膝关节内弥漫型色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎(Pigmented villonodular synovitis,PVNS)的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2005-05—2015-01诊治的18例初发膝关节内弥漫型PVNS,所有患者均行关节镜下滑膜全切除术,术后进行体外低剂量(20 Gy)放疗。结果 18例均获得随访,随访时间平均68(35～120)个月。随访期间均未复发,3例合并软骨损伤者出现跪地疼痛,对症治疗。治疗前Ogilvie-Harris评分平均3.19分,等级均为差;末次随访时Ogilvie-Harris评分平均8.79分,等级均为良。末次随访时膝关节功能IKDC评分为(83.9±11.3)分,较治疗前(37.1±3.8)分明显提高。结论关节镜下滑膜全切除联合体外低剂量放疗是一种理想的初发膝关节内弥漫型PVNS的治疗方法,具有安全可靠、并发症少、术后康复快的优点。     

关节镜下滑膜切除术治疗膝关节弥漫型色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎

目的探讨采用关节镜技术治疗膝关节弥漫型色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎（pigmented villonodular synovitis,PVNS）的方法及疗效。方法26例膝关节弥漫型PVNS患者均行关节镜下滑膜全切除术。术前国际膝关节砰分委员会（IKDC）膝关节功能主观评分为（36．8±4,6）分,Lysholm膝关竹功能评分为（31．7±5．6）分？结果术后均获随访,平均38（13～61）个月。1例患者术后22月复发,再次行关节镜下滑膜切除术。IKDC膝关市功能主观评分为（55．6±3.2）分,Lyshohn膝关节功能评分为（88.5±7.2）分,均明显高于术前（P〈0.01）。结论通过不同天节镜入路,成用刨削器结合等离子汽化技术能够完成膝关节弥漫掣PVNS的滑膜彻底切除,术后近期复发率低,且关节镜下手术具有损伤少、恢复快的优点。     

32P-磷酸铬胶体滑膜切除术治疗色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎

色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎（pigmented villonodular synovitis,PVNS）是临床上相对少见的一种滑膜瘤样增生病变,其特点是关节、腱鞘、滑囊的滑膜显著增生,伴有色素沉着,多发于青壮年,多为单关节发病,好发于膝关节,髋、踝等关节也可累及.Granowitz等将PVNS分成弥漫型和局限型两种类型.目前治疗仍以手术切除滑膜为主,无论是开放手术还是关节镜下手术,术后均易复发,尤其是膝关节的弥漫型PVNS难以达到完全治愈;而PVNS的反复发作可以导致关节骨质破坏,影响关节功能.因此,彻底清除病灶滑膜、减少复发是PVNS治疗的基本原则.除手术治疗外,关节外放射治疗及放射性滑膜切除术可以作为辅助治疗手段,目的在于防止复发或者作为复发后的补救措施.^32P-磷酸铬胶体滑膜切除术应用于类风湿关节炎和血友病性关节炎有较好的效果,但作为PVNS辅助治疗的报道较少.我们对1998年8月至2003年8月来院就诊的16例膝关节弥漫型PVNS手术后复发患者试用^32P-磷酸铬胶体滑膜切除术,疗效较好.     

关节镜下诊治膝关节色素绒毛结节性滑膜炎

目的探讨关节镜下诊治膝关节色素绒毛结节性滑膜炎（pigmented villonodular synovitis,PVS）的方法和转归。方法1997年9月～2006年7月,对11例PVS行关节镜诊断和治疗,10例为全镜下手术,1例附加膝关节后方的辅助切口。其中6例弥漫型和2例弥漫结节型术后行外放疗,3例局限型未行放疗。结果术后即行外放疗的7例平均随访45个月（12～108个月）未见复发;1例弥漫型术后未完成外放疗,3个月后原位复发,再行关节镜下切除手术,术后加做放疗后随访36个月未见复发;局限型3例未做外放疗,随访30、69、72个月,未见复发。Lysholm关节功能评分由术前（53.7±20.0）分增加到（87.5±3.8）分（配对t检验,t=-5.467,P=0.000）。无感染和关节功能受限等并发症。结论关节镜下病变滑膜切除术是治疗膝关节色素绒毛结节性滑膜炎的理想选择,对弥漫型和弥漫结节型PVS术后辅以适量外放疗对防止复发有益处。     

膝关节弥漫性色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎的关节镜治疗

目的探讨采用关节镜技术治疗膝关节弥漫性色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎的方法及其临床效果。方法1999年1月～2001年12月,对32例膝关节弥漫性色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎,在常规关节镜入路的基础上,结合膝关节后内侧、后外侧和跨后纵隔入路,进行滑膜全切。手术时强调对膝关节后内侧室和后外侧室病变滑膜的彻底切除,同时通过辅助切口切除关节外病变组织。术后进行系统的康复训练。通过13～47个月的随访,了解患膝疼痛、肿胀、活动度以及患肢整体功能康复情况。结果术后1年,2例有轻微疼痛,1例有轻度肿胀,均无关节积液;膝关节活动度平均为143°±5.1°。最后随访时,23例行MR检查,1例在内侧半月板后角底面与胫骨平台之间的憩室内发现复发,影像学复发率为4.35%(1/23),但患者无主观症状;其余患者在MRI上无复发现象。术前国际膝关节评分委员会(IKDC)膝关节功能主观评分为(63.4±5.1)分,Lysholm膝关节功能评分为(35.6±4.7)分。最后随访时,IKDC膝关节功能主观评分为(87.9±4.9)分,Lysholm膝关节功能评分为(86.3±5.6)分。3例患者因前十字韧带功能不全,于滑膜切除术后3～5个月进行了前十字韧带重建术。结论通过关节镜能够完成膝关节弥漫性色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎的滑膜彻底切除,有助于滑膜炎的治疗。关节镜手术创伤小,     

开放手术与关节镜下滑膜切除治疗膝关节绒毛结节性滑膜炎的比较

目的比较开放滑膜切除（OG）与关节镜下滑膜切除（AG）两种方法治疗膝关节弥漫型色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎（PVNS）的复发率、复发时间、Lysholm和IKDC膝关节评分。方法 46例术后病理证实为PVNS患者分别行OG（19例）和AG（27例）治疗。OG组采用膝关节前后联合入路进行滑膜切除,AG组通过高位前外侧、标准前内侧、后内外侧以及髌上外侧的关节镜入路完成滑膜切除。结果 46例均获12个月以上随访：OG组为12～60（31±14.7）个月,AG组为12～72（35±17.8）个月。复发率：OG组为15.8%（3/19）,AG组为18.5%（5/27）（P〉0.05）。复发时间：OG组为2～4年,AG组为0.5～4年。两组的膝关节活动度、Lysholm和IKDC膝关节评分：OG组分别为（134.2±22.1）°、（79.8±8.4）分、（81.9±9.3）分,AG组分别为（139.2±17.9）°、（81.6±9.3）分、（85.2±7.6）分,两组各项比较差异均无统计学意义（P值分别为0.397、0.504、0.193）。除AG组1例复发于术后6个月外,余复发病例均〉2年。结论两种方案的复发率相当,膝关节评分也无明显差异,均可作为弥漫型PVNS的治疗选择。     

单纯关节镜下滑膜切除与联合术后放疗治疗膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎疗效的比较研究

目的比较单纯关节镜治疗弥漫型色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎（DPVNS）与联合术后放疗的复发率和关节评分的差异。方法对92例在关节镜下滑膜切除术的首次治疗的单侧全关节内（无关节外病变）DPVNS,87例术后1个月复查MR滑膜切除干净无DPVNS残留征象,并完成24个月以上随访的患者,分为单纯关节镜下滑膜切除术（AS）组40例和关节镜下滑膜切除术联合术后放疗（AS＋RT）组47例,根据DPVNS病变部位分为膝关节前关节囊型、后关节囊型、累及前后关节囊的全关节囊型等3种类型,AS组中前关节囊型11例、后关节囊型10例、全关节囊型19例,（AS＋RT）组中前关节囊型13例、后关节囊型11例、全关节囊型23例,评估各型各组的复发率、膝关节活动度和膝关节功能评分。结果全关节囊型AS组复发率高于（AS＋RT）组（2=4.101,P〈0.05）;前关节囊型、后关节囊型和全关节囊型的膝关节活动度、Lysholm和IKDC评分无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。结论关节镜下滑膜切除术能够很好地切除前关节囊或后关节囊的滑膜,术后复查MR未发现DPVNS残留情况可以不联合放疗,但对于病变遍布前、后关节囊的全关节囊型DPVNS,建议常规联合放疗以减少复发率。     

关节镜结合放射治疗膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎

[目的]探讨采用关节镜结合放射治疗膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎的方法及其临床应用价值。[方法]2000年1月～2003年7月,共收治14例膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎患者,采用关节镜下常规器械加双极射频进行关节内病变切除,术后弥漫性色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎辅以放疗,13例通过10～45个月的随访,了解患膝活动度、疼痛、肿胀情况。[结果]13例随访患者,术前国际膝关节评分委员会(IKDC)膝关节功能主观评分为(58.7±6.4)分,最后随访时,IKDC膝关节功能主观评分为(86.5±5.7)分。[结论]通过关节镜能完成膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎滑膜较彻底切除,对弥漫性膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎辅以术后放疗是一种有效方法。     

膝弥漫型色素绒毛结节性滑膜炎四种治疗比较

[目的]比较四种不同治疗方法治疗膝关节弥漫型色素绒毛结节性滑膜炎（pigmented villonodular synovitis, PVNS）的临床疗效。[方法]回顾性分析2010年1月—2019年12月在本院治疗的52例膝关节弥漫型PVNS患者的临床资料,根据术前医患沟通结果,8例采用关节镜滑膜切除（arthroscopic synovectomy, AS）,22例采用关节镜滑膜切除辅助术后放疗（AS+postoperative radiotherapy, ASRT）,5例采用关节镜结合后路开放滑膜切除（AS+posterior open synovectomy, ASPO）,17例采用关节镜结合后路开放滑膜切除和辅助术后放疗（AS+posterior open synovectomy+postoperative radiotherapy, APRT）。比较四组围手术期情况、随访和影像资料。[结果] AS组与ASRT的手术时间、切口总长度、术后引流量、下地行走时间、住院时间均显著优于ASPO和APRT组（P<0.05）。所有患者均获随访25～118个月,平均（59.8±20....     

膝关节弥漫性色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎常规切开与关节镜滑膜全切比较的临床对照试验

目的:比较膝关节弥漫性色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎常规切开滑膜切除与关节镜手术滑膜全切的术后效果,介绍关节镜下滑膜全切方法。方法:19例患者分2组治疗,常规切开组10例,年龄26~66岁,平均42岁;病程12~30个月,平均18个月;采用常规膝前入路,视野内滑膜全切。关节镜组9例,年龄15~58岁,平均39岁;病程15~36个月,平均21个月;采用常规前内上、前外上、前内下、前外下入路,再作后内、后外辅助入路及跨后纵隔入路。必要时辅助关节外小切口,将滑膜全切。结果:两组术后均经6~36个月随访,了解患膝活动度及功能情况。最后随访两组膝关节活动度均超过120°,切开组平均132.7°±3.1,°IKDC关节功能主观评分(80.8±4.9)分,Lysholm膝关节功能评分(81.0±4.4)分。关节镜组膝关节活动度平均136.0°±3.5,°IKDC膝关节功能主观评分(82.9±5.0)分,Lysholm膝关节功能评分(81.4±3.6)分。结论:关节镜组具有比常规切开组更多的优势,术后可早期锻炼,无切口裂开、不愈合等危险,切口感染、关节僵直等风险明显低。因此,关节镜治疗膝关节弥漫性色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎应为首选方法。     

关节镜联合髌上囊小切口滑膜切除术治疗膝关节弥漫型色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎的疗效分析

目的：探讨应用关节镜结合髌上囊小切口切开滑膜切除治疗膝关节弥漫型色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎（ PVNS）患者的疗效。方法本组对2006年1月至2011年12月因膝关节弥漫型PVNS的32例患者进行回顾性分析,该组患者全部采用膝关节镜结合髌上囊局部切开滑膜切除的治疗方法。本研究对患者的基本情况、治疗方法、复发率和症状进展进行的记录,最短随访时间为7个月（平均中位数为49.8个月;范围7～141个月）。结果应用膝关节镜结合髌上囊局部切开滑膜切除方法治疗PVNS的复发率低（6.3％）,肿胀和疼痛术后好转,其中明显好转没有疼痛和活动不适的为50％,而关节炎持续进展的为11.1％,但是没有患者在最后随访期内发展进行膝关节置换。最常见的并发症为血肿,发生率为3％,但是没有发现对患者术后疗效产生明显影响。术前KSS临床评分为（62.7±17.7）分;功能评分为（45.0±24.0）分,术后临床KSS评分（85.2±10.9）分;功能评分（79.5±12.3）分,比较均有统计学差异（临床KSS评分：t＝4.456,P＜0.001;功能KSS评分：t＝5.279,P＜0.001）;而Lysholm评分术前（64.7±15.0）分,术后提高到（83.2±8.4）分,二者间比较有统计学差异（ t＝4.451,P＜0.001）。结论结合相关文献报道,膝关节镜结合髌上囊局部切开滑膜切除方法是治疗膝关节弥漫型PVNS的较好方法,有着较低的复发率和并发症。     

Results of total knee arthroplasty in patients with gonarthrosis resulting from the delayed diagnosis of PVNS: a case series

Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is a benign tumor that affects synovial lined joints, tendon sheaths and bursae. It is most commonly seen in one knee joint. The recommended treatment is total synovectomy, while radiotherapy can be used as adjuvant therapy for patients at risk for recurrence. The aim of our study was to show that the devastating effects of inactive diffuse PVNS may not be recognized for years and to evaluate the efficiency of aggressive total synovectomy on patients with PVNS during a follow-up period of 5 years. In the present study, 5 knees of four patients who had been previously followed due to gonarthrosis and diagnosed with PVNS during total knee arthroplasty (TKA) were followed and evaluated for a mean duration of 68 months. Mean age of the patients was 61.2 (52–66). All patients were women. One patient had right knee involvement, two had left knee involvement, and one had both knees involved. All patients had diffuse PVNS. Total synovectomy was performed in all patients in addition to TKA. During the follow-up, recurrence was not seen in any of the patients and prosthesis loosening was not detected. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of total synovectomy over the 5 years following the operation and to show that the devastating effects of inactive PVNS may sometimes be overlooked for years before being recognized during the treatment of the gonarthrosis that develops due to the disease. Although the disease is generally monoarticular, the study also presents a patient with bilateral PVNS.     

Result of arthroscopic treatment of pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee

Purpose:We report 10 years’ experience in arthroscopic treatment of pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) of the knee in a series of patients affected by the localized or diffuse form of the disease. The purpose of the study is to critically examine the results of arthroscopic synovectomy in the knee affected by PVNS, to determine the safety and effectiveness of the procedure.Type of Study:Retrospective case analysis.Methods:The study population consists of 19 patients, with an average follow-up of 60 months (minimum, 12; maximum, 128). All patients underwent knee arthroscopy. The 3 standard portals were used; posteromedial and posterolateral portals were added if required. Four patients were affected by localized PVNS and were subject to partial synovectomy with excision of the pathologic tissue. The remaining 15 patients presented a diffuse form of PVNS; 7 of them underwent extended arthroscopic synovectomy and 8 underwent partial synovectomy. The diagnosis was confirmed by synovial biopsy.Results:In the group affected by the localized form of PVNS, the arthroscopic local excision resulted in a complete and persistent regression of the pathology. Among the patients affected by the diffuse form of PVNS, clinical results were better and the recurrence rate was lower in the group treated with extended synovectomy. No relevant complications were encountered. In particular, no cases of infection, stiffness, or neurovascular lesions were seen.Conclusions:Arthroscopic synovectomy is an appropriate treatment for knee PVNS. Extended synovectomy must be performed in all cases of diffuse PVNS.     

Pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee: average five-year follow-up of arthroscopic treatment

We have reviewed the results of arthroscopic treatment of pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) with reference to both recurrence and to function. Between 1985 and 1995, a single surgeon treated eight patients. At an average 5-year follow-up, all patients were interviewed and had assessment of Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) knee score for both the affected and unaffected knees. Also recorded were age, sex, and whether disease was recurrent, localized, or diffuse. Disease recurred in 4 patients, all with diffuse PVNS, and 3 of them required a further arthroscopic synovectomy at a mean of 16 months after the index procedure. All patients had good or excellent functional results. There was no significant difference between HSS knee scores for affected and unaffected knees. Arthroscopic synovectomy is a successful treatment in patients with localized PVNS of the knee and results in a knee that is functionally not different from its unaffected partner.     

膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎的微创治疗

目的探讨单独或联合关节镜微创手术对膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎的诊断和治疗价值。方法2002年1月～2006年4月，对38例关节镜下诊断膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎（其中5例为院外手术后复发病例）常规行滑膜切除术，囊外病灶较大者辅助小切口开放手术完整切除病灶。样本全部送病理检查。术后常规放置引流管、局部冰敷和按计划功能锻炼。结果38例均为单膝手术，关节镜下滑膜明显增生呈特征性棕黄色，术后病理确诊，其中局灶性病灶20例，弥漫性滑膜炎18例；6例胭窝部位病灶较大而辅助开放手术。术前国际膝关节评分委员会（IKDC）膝关节功能主观评分为（60．4±6．1）分，术后1年时评分为（89．3±7．2）分。38例随访1～4年（平均2．1年），症状无复发，除2例院外开放手术后复发病例膝关节屈曲仅90。外，其余患者屈伸功能正常。结论关节镜手术对膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎具有较高的诊断价值，还可非常有效地处理关节内病变，对囊外病灶较大时应辅助小切口开放手术完整切除病灶以避免症状复发。     

膝前、后交叉韧带与内侧副韧带损伤的一期修复重建

目的探讨膝关节镜下重建前、后交叉韧带联合有限切开修复内侧副韧带恢复膝关节稳定和功能的疗效。方法 2003年4月-2010年10月,收治14例(14膝)前、后交叉韧带伴内侧副韧带损伤患者。男10例,女4例;年龄21～71岁,平均41岁。致伤原因:交通事故伤11例,高处坠落伤3例。患者受伤至入院时间为1～4 d,平均2 d。Lysholm评分为(17.00±8.29)分,国际膝关节文献委员会(IKDC)评分为(20.93±8.28)分。伴膝关节脱位9例,半月板损伤5例。关节镜下采用同种异体肌腱(2例)或自体腘绳肌腱(12例)重建前、后交叉韧带,有限切开修复内侧副韧带。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合;3例出现下肢麻木,自行缓解。患者均获随访,随访时间为12～18个月,平均14个月。患者膝关节均于3个月内达屈曲120°,伸直0°。术后1年膝关节IKDC评分为(89.93±6.26)分,Lysholm评分为(88.93±4.82)分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论对于膝关节韧带多发伤,关节镜配合有限切开修复重建韧带,避免了开放关节腔,同时由于创伤小,术后关节粘连轻,关节功能恢复快。     

关节镜下自体腘绳肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带治疗复发性髌骨脱位

目的探讨关节镜下采用自体腘绳肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带治疗复发性髌骨脱位的疗效。方法 2005年1月-2010年1月,对22例(22膝)复发性髌骨脱位患者采用关节镜下外侧支持带松解,取自体腘绳肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带治疗。男5例,女17例;年龄15～19岁,平均17.3岁。髌骨脱位3～8次,平均4次。主要临床症状为患膝关节疼痛、肿胀、无力,活动受限。髌骨倾斜试验、恐惧试验、内侧髌股韧带止点处压痛、髌骨向外推移时恐惧征均呈阳性。根据国际膝关节文献委员会(IKDC)评分标准,膝关节功能主观评分为(36.7±4.7)分,Lysholm评分为(69.3±3.8)分。X线片示患者髌骨向外倾斜。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。患者均获随访,随访时间18～49个月,平均34个月。术后患者关节疼痛、肿胀、无力等症状较术前明显改善。随访期间患者髌骨脱位无复发。末次随访时,IKDC膝关节功能主观评分为(92.4±5.3)分,Lysholm评分为(91.7±5.2)分,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论关节镜下取自体腘绳肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带可明显改善髌骨稳定性,是治疗复发性髌骨脱位的有效方法之一。     

Low-dose external beam radiotherapy as a postoperative treatment for patients with diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee

Background and purpose Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is a rare proliferative disorder involving synovial membranes, and patients with PVNS have a variable prognosis. We retrospectively analyzed clinical outcomes after synovectomy plus low-dose external beam radiotherapy for diffuse PVNS of the knee.

Methods We reviewed the medical records of 23 patients who underwent postoperative radiotherapy between 1998 and 2007. 19 patients had primary disease and 4 had recurrent disease with an average of 2.5 prior surgeries. After synovectomy (17 arthroscopic surgeries; 6 open), all 23 patients received 4-MV or 6-MV external beam radiotherapy with a median dose of 20 (12–34) Gy in 10 fractions.

Results At a median follow-up of 9 (0.8–12) years, 4 patients had recurrent disease, with a median disease-free interval of 5 years. Of these 4 patients, 3 received salvage synovectomy and regained local control. Univariate analysis showed that age, sex, history of trauma, and total dose of radiation were not predictive of local control. 22 patients reported excellent or good joint function, and 1 who refused salvage synovectomy had poor joint function. None of the patients experienced grade 3 or higher radiation-related toxicity or radiation-induced secondary malignancies.

Interpretation Postoperative external beam radiotherapy is an effective and acceptable modality to prevent local recurrence and preserve joint function in patients with diffuse PVNS of the knee. Low-dose (20 Gy) radiotherapy appears to be as effective as moderate-dose treatment (around 35 Gy).     

关节镜下诊治膝关节弥漫性色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎

目的 探讨采用关节镜技术诊治膝关节弥漫性色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎的临床疗效.方法 自2009年3月至2011年5月关节镜下诊治膝关节弥漫性色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎7例,先行后内、后外侧间室的清理,然后清理髁间窝,交叉韧带表面,前内、外侧间室,内、外侧沟,最后行髌上囊清理,病变组织均送病检.术后常规放置引流管,按计划指导功能训练.结果 本组7例患者有4例MRI发现结节病变,诊断为弥漫性绒毛结节性滑膜炎;3例镜检发现术前穿刺液为鲜血或淡黄色液或褐色液.1例伴外侧半月板复杂撕裂;2例合并不同程度的骨关节炎.无一例发生膝关节感染.术后2例行放疗.全部患者获得随访,随访时间12.0~32.0个月,平均21.4月,无膝关节活动受限,未见复发病例.所有患者对术后疗效表示满意.Lysholm膝关节的功能评分由术前的50.7分增加到86.6分.结论 关节镜技术诊治膝关节弥漫性色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎是一种创伤小,恢复快,病灶切除彻底,能有效地避免复发的治疗方法.