多层桨搅拌槽内的宏观混合特性

在直径为0.476 m的搅拌槽内,采用电导法测定搅拌槽内单层桨和多层桨体系的混合时间。对于单层桨体系,在相同的搅拌输入功率下,不同类型的径向流桨和轴向流桨具有相同的混合时间。对于窄叶翼型CBY搅拌桨,在相同的搅拌输入功率下,单层、双层以及三层CBY搅拌桨的混合时间基本相同;而对于六直叶涡轮桨DT-6,在相同的搅拌输入功率下其混合时间随桨叶层数的增加而加长;多层CBY桨的混合时间远低于多层DT-6搅拌桨的混合时间。     

搅拌设备内流场的数值研究

利用滑移网格法计算了六直叶Rushton涡轮搅拌设备内的流场。考察了计算流体力学(CFD)模拟搅拌设备流场的预测能力，分析了搅拌桨叶端及附近区域的流动行为。结果表明：CFD计算的时均速度与实验结果一致，CFD技术与实验手段可相互补充；搅拌桨叶片端部的速度分布并非关于叶片高度的中心位置严格对称，搅拌设备的流场结构并非完全由搅拌桨的行为决定；六直叶Rushton涡轮叶端附近区域最大径向速度点与最大切向速度点不在同一个位置，径向速度在叶端附近区域有一个流动发展的过程。     

涡轮桨搅拌槽内混合过程的大涡模拟

在FLUENT 6.1软件平台和网络并行计算硬件平台上,采用大涡模拟(LES)的方法对涡轮桨搅拌槽内的混合过程进行了数值模拟。利用滤波函数对N av ier-Stokes方程进行空间滤波,对大尺寸的涡直接进行求解,而被滤掉的比网格小的旋涡通过Sam agorinsky-L illy亚格子模型求解,对搅拌桨区域采用滑移网格技术。结果表明:大涡模拟对尾涡的预报优于雷诺平均(RAN S)方法,混合时间以及示踪剂响应曲线模拟结果和实验结果吻合较好,且优于RAN S方法。大涡模拟方法为准确预测搅拌槽内湍流流动的非稳态及周期性脉动特性提供了一种有效的工具。     

气—液—固相体系颗粒完全离底悬浮的临界搅拌转速

在机械搅拌槽中，使用翼形轴流桨（Ｋ４）、涡轮桨（ＤＴ）、６叶４５°斜叶桨（６ＰＴＤ、６ＰＴＵ）（排出流向下、向上），对低粘度物系气－液－固三相体系的颗粒完全离底悬浮的临界搅拌转速Ｎ_（ＪＳＧ）作了实验研究，阐明了不同搅拌桨结构下，悬浮液浓度及通气量对Ｎ_（ＪＳＧ）的影响规律。实验得出在相同的悬浮液浓度及通气量下，Ｋ４的Ｎ_（ＪＳＧ）最低。     

非结构化四面体单元用于搅拌设备流场的计算

采用非结构化四面体单元,利用滑移网格技术模拟了搅拌设备内的非定常流场。通过搅拌桨叶端时均速度、功率准数与实验值的对比,量化考察了不同因素对计算精度的影响,指出了建模过程中网格划分和参数设置应遵循的原则,为非结构化四面体单元进一步用于搅拌设备CFD分析提供了可靠的理论依据,从而为基于CFD技术的具有复杂型面的新型搅拌桨的开发打下基础。     

PIV和CFD在搅拌桨设计和优化中的应用

综述了激光粒子图像速度场仪(PIV)和计算流体力学(CFD)技术在搅拌桨设计和优化中的应用,阐述了PIV的实验测量基本原理及从平面PIV向三维PIV的发展趋势。目前,CFD数值模拟方法主要集中在雷诺平均方法(RANS)和大涡模拟方法(LES),而直接数值模拟方法由于物性模型精度以及计算量等原因尚难以工程化直接应用。通过CFD数值模拟方法和PIV实验方法验证,探究搅拌槽式反应器中速度场、剪切场、湍流动能耗散速率场等微观信息,进一步可以得到循环流量、平均剪切速率、搅拌功率、混合时间等宏观信息,这些结果将有助于对搅拌反应器中的流动与混合过程的深入剖析。随着高性能计算技术的发展,CFD数值模拟方法将会得到更大的应用,其与先进的三维PIV技术的耦合,将成为搅拌反应器设计与优化的重要方法。     

自吸式涡轮搅拌桨的性能研究

系统地测定了自吸式双圆盘六叶涡轮桨应用于气-液-固三相浆态搅拌反应器的性能。研究了吸入气体的临界转速、表征搅拌桨对气体抽吸能力的吸气压力、气体自吸的吸入流量、搅拌功率、气含率、气液分散性能和气液传质规律,以及固体催化剂颗粒的悬浮问题。采用磁钢密封结合自吸式涡轮搅拌桨的三相浆态搅拌反应器,比较适宜于精细化学品合成的工艺研究及本征动力学测定,并对中小规模三相浆态反应工艺的连续化生产提供了可行性研究。     

笼式通气搅拌桨的流体循环、混合及液体夹带

研究了具有双层笼式通气搅拌桨的Cell Cul-20A生物反应器的流体循环、混合及搅拌桨的液体夹带特性。理论分析及实验结果表明,适当地增大搅拌桨直径及导流筒内径,有利于增强混合效果。搅拌桨的液体夹带有助于提高氧传递速率,但在实际的培养细胞过程中,丝网内液位下降显著,因此靠增大液体夹带量来提高反应器的传质系数是不现实的。     

搅拌对多黏类芽孢杆菌发酵氧传递过程的影响及CFD模拟

以羧甲基纤维素钠水溶液(CMC)为液相,空气为气相,研究了不同桨型组合、体系黏度、气量、桨间距、气体分布器等对搅拌过程中氧传递的影响。结果表明：在CMC体系中,下层用径向流的涡轮斜叶桨、上层用轴向流的翼型桨有利于氧传递。当单位体积功率P/V≥1.5 kW/m3时,涡轮斜叶翼型组合桨（SRT-HI）比传统的双层透平组合桨（RT-RT）的传质系数提高约10%,且高径比越大,SRTHI优势越明显。进一步用CFX11.0进行模拟,得到了不同桨型组合下气液两相的速率、气体和氧传质系数的分布等。并在50 L发酵罐中分别采用SRTHI与RTRT研究了搅拌对多黏类芽孢杆菌HY96-2发酵溶氧影响的热模实验,结果表明,在P/V=1.6 kW/m3条件下采用SRT-HI发酵,过程中体系的溶氧情况明显好于采用RTRT时的溶氧情况。     

木质纤维素预处理物系的流变学特性表征以及计算流体力学模拟

预处理是木质纤维素生物炼制中的关键环节。传统的预处理一般在实验室规模的小尺度条件下进行,并未考虑大尺度反应器内的搅拌及搅拌桨型式对混合、传热和传质及预处理效果的影响。研究了在无游离水相存在的干式稀酸预处理反应器中,引入螺带搅拌桨强化混合和传递的可行性,对由固体玉米秸秆颗粒构成的固相体系进行了“拟流体”假设,针对木质纤维素吸水性强、流变学特性无法直接测定的特点,通过测定搅拌体系的扭矩值间接获得秸秆物系的表观黏度(ηa)和表观剪切速率(γeff),从而获得了表征秸秆物系虚拟流体的流变指数(n)和稠度系数(Kpl);建立了干式预处理过程的计算流体力学(CFD)模型,并通过比对秸秆物系冷模实验和CFD模型计算的功率消耗和混合时间,验证了所建模型的准确性。CFD模拟和冷模实验的结果表明在无游离水相存在的干式预处理反应器中引入螺带搅拌桨进行强化混合和传递是可行的,并为带有搅拌的预处理反应器的放大和加工提供了依据。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

Acupuncture Combined with Spinal Tui Na for Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea in 30 Cases

Objective: To observe the therapeutic effects in acupunture treatment of primary dysmenorrhea combined with spinal Tui Na, and study its mechanism. Methods: Thirty cases of the treatment group were treated by acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na, and thirty cases in the control group were treated by routine acupuncture. Results: The total effective rate was 93.3% in the treatment group, and 73.3% in the control group, with a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). Conclusions: Acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na has good prospects for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.     

Luo Lingjie's Experience in Treating Chronic Nephropathy

In treating chronic nephropathy,Luo Lingjie,a chief physician,pays attention to regulating the balance between yin and yang,treating infection if present,and removing pathogenic factors.He prescribes gentle drugs and uses carefully strongly warming-tonifying ones,emphasizes the importance of persuading the patient to persist in treatment with medication and nurse one's health for recuperation,and is good at combined use of TCM and western medicine therapy and brings the merits of various therapies into full play,with obvious theraoeutic effects.     

Dr.Zhang Ren's Experience in the Acupuncture Treatment of Different Diseases with the Same Therapeutic Principle

Dr.Zhang Ren,the chief physician,is the chairman of Shanghai Acupuncture and Moxibustion Association.Having been engaged in medicine for about 40 years,he is experienced in treating various intractable diseases.In his long years of clinical practice,he advocates taking the TCM differentiation as the basis to seek for the acupuncture method for treatment of modern intractable diseases.The author of this essay had the fortune to follow Dr.Zhang in study.The following is a summary of Dr.Zhang's experience in the acupuncture treatment for different intractable diseases with the same therapeutic principle.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

猪肺磷脂注射液联合经鼻持续气道正压通气对呼吸衰竭早产儿的临床疗效及肌酸激酶同工酶活性的影响

目的 探讨猪肺磷脂注射液联合经鼻持续气道正压通气(NCPAP)对呼吸衰竭早产儿的临床疗效及肌酸激酶同工酶活性(CK-MB)的影响.方法 选取呼吸衰竭早产儿80例,分为观察组和对照组各40例.对照组采用NCPAP给氧治疗,观察组给予NCPAP给氧联合猪肺磷脂气管内给药.观察两组患儿治疗前及治疗12h、24 h后PaO2、PaCO2、血氧饱和度(SaO2)、pH的变化情况,检测治疗前及治疗5d后血清CK-MB水平;评估两组患儿的临床治疗效果.结果 两组患儿PaO2、PaCO2、SaO2、pH比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),其中观察组治疗后的PaO2、SaO2、pH均高于对照组,PaCO2则低于对照组.两组的PaO2、SaO2、pH均随观察时间延长而升高(P＜0.05),PaCO2均随观察时间的延长而降低(P＜0.05).观察组治疗有效率为87.5％,显著高于对照组的70.0％ (P ＜0.05).治疗5d后两组患儿血清CK-MB水平均较前降低(P＜0.05),且观察组明显低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 猪肺磷脂注射液气管内给药联合NCPAP可以显著降低呼吸衰竭早产儿CK-MB的含量,提高治疗有效率,起到很好的呼吸循环支持作用.