胸腰椎损伤分类及损伤程度评分系统的评估及初步应用

目的评估胸腰椎损伤分类及损伤程度评分系统(thoracolumbar injury classification and severity score,TLICS)的可信度(interobserver reliability)和可重复性(intraobserver reproducibility),及其对胸腰椎损伤治疗的指导作用。方法2006年1月~2007年1月入院的胸腰段骨折患者38例,均行胸腰椎X线、CT、MRI检查,经过神经学查体将神经损伤状态分为:无损伤、神经根损伤、马尾神经损伤、完全性脊髓损伤(ASIA A)及不完全性脊髓损伤。对于不完全性脊髓损伤按照ASIA系统进行运动功能分级(ASIA B、C、D)。根据影像学检查将骨折形态分为:压缩型、爆裂型、减力及旋转型、牵张型;将后纵韧带复合体(posterior ligamentous complex,PLC)损伤分为:无损伤型、不确定型、断裂型。分6组医生根据TLICS系统进行评定,计算损伤程度评分,并根据评分决定其治疗方案。3个月后进行再次评估。使用Cohen加权kappa系数(unweighted Cohen kappa coefficients)对TLICS总评分、骨折形态分型、神经损伤分型、PLC损伤分型、最终治疗方案等观察项间的可信度和可重复性进行分析。根据TLICS评分选择治疗方法,评估此组病例的神经功能恢复情况、并发症发生情况。结果计算TLICS亚类(骨折形态、PLC损伤状态、TLICS总分数、治疗推荐),Kappa系数位于中度和较高一致性之间(0.46~0.73),针对神经损伤状态亚类的Kappa系数为0.93,为高度一致性,诊断可信度较高,2次可信度评估的Kappa值差异无统计学意义。以相同方法分析TLICS系统可重复性,Kappa系数也位于中度和较高度一致性之间(0.42~0.75),针对神经损伤状态的Kappa系数为0.94,为高度一致性。TLICS系统诊断准确率为95.3%,敏感性为87.6%,特异性为97.3%。38例患者中6例TLICS总分≤3的患者均选择非手术治疗;6例=4分的患者其中2例行非手术治疗,4例行手术治疗;26例≥5分的患者均选择手术治疗。无神经损伤的患者8例,均未手术;有神经损伤30例患者均行手术治疗,根性损伤6例,不完全脊髓损伤14,完全性脊髓损伤5例,马尾神经损伤5例,术后22例患者神经功能得到不同程度的恢复,恢复率为73.3%。术后无神经损伤加重,并发症发生率低。结论TLICS分类系统具有较高的可靠性和可重复性,且使用简单,易于掌握,此方法对胸腰椎损伤的评估较全面和准确,可以作为患者临床治疗选择的依据。     

胸腰椎骨折分类研究进展

胸腰椎骨折分类与临床治疗密不可分,以往经典的胸腰椎骨折分类系统存在诸多不足。胸腰椎损伤严重度评分系统(TLISS)和胸腰椎损伤分类及严重度评分系统(TLICS)将骨折与神经功能状态相结合,对胸腰椎骨折进行综合评价,具有全面性及较高的可信度和可重复性,是目前最为可靠的分类评分系统。     

三种胸腰段骨折分类法的可信度和可重复性研究

目的:探讨并比较AO分型、Denis分类、TLICS评分分类系统在胸腰段骨折诊断中的可信度和可重复性。方法:选择临床及影像学资料(X线片、CT、MRI)完整的31例胸腰段骨折患者,将该31例患者的资料提供给6名骨科医生,分别采用AO分型、Denis分类、TLICS评分分类三种方法进行脊柱骨折分类。3个月后进行重复分类。采用加权Cohen′s Kappa系数评价观察者间可信度和观察者内可重复性。结果:AO分型、Denis分类、TLICS评分分类的观察者间平均Kappa系数分别为0.517、0.639、0.713;三种分类方法的观察者内平均Kappa系数分别为0.766、0.832、0.804。结论:三种胸腰段骨折分类方法比较,TLICS评分分类方法的可信度和可重复性较高,Denis分类方法次之,AO分型方法较差,前者更具临床实用价值。     

新型胸腰椎骨折损伤AO分型系统的可信度和可重复性研究

目的:评价新型胸腰椎骨折损伤AO分型系统的可信度和可重复性,探讨影响分型一致性的主要原因。方法:选取5名医师,根据术前正侧位X线片、CT、MRI影像,用新型AO分型系统独立对收治的70例胸腰椎骨折损伤患者进行分型。对同一例患者,5名医师在一次分型中只要有1名医师分型不同即认定为不一致。6周后,打乱资料顺序再次分型。全部资料均不含与分型有关的任何标记,应用加权Cohen′s Kappa系数(unweighted Cohen Kappa coefficients)评价观察者间可信度和观察者内可重复性。结果:新型AO分型系统的可信度Kappa系数为0.602,可重复性平均Kappa系数为0.782。在3大骨折类型中,压缩型(A型)和分离移位型(C型)损伤的判定具有中、高度的可信度和极好的可重复性,可信度Kappa系数分别为0.604、0.662,可重复性平均Kappa系数分别为0.787、0.761;牵张型损伤(B型)判定的一致性相对较差,可信度Kappa系数为0.362,可重复性平均Kappa系数为0.657。损伤各亚型整体一致性,可信度Kappa系数为0.526,可重复性平均Kappa系数为0.701;其中B2型一致性最差,可信度Kappa系数为0.214,可重复性平均Kappa系数为0.633;其次为A4型,可信度Kappa系数为0.322,可重复性平均Kappa系数为0.685。结论:新型胸腰椎骨折损伤AO分型系统具有中、高度的一致性和极好的可重复性,但对A4和B2型骨折判定的可信度较差。     

2种胸腰椎骨折分型在不同专业医师中应用的可信度和可重复性研究

目的探讨胸腰椎骨折的Denis分型和胸腰椎损伤分类及严重程度评分（TLICS）分型系统在不同专业医师中应用的可信度和可重复性。方法分别由不同专科医师采用2种分型方法对85例胸腰椎骨折进行分类,间隔2个月后再次分型。分析2种分型的观察者间可信度和观察者内可重复性。结果按观察者间可信度,Denis分型的Kappa值在0．632～0．735,平均为0．661（基本可信）。TUCS分型具体分值的Kappa值在0．217～0．316,平均为0．273（轻中度可信）。TUCS的推荐治疗分类Kappa值在0．641～0．764,平均为0．704（基本可信）。按观察者内可重复性,Denis分型Kappa值在0．375—0．580,平均为0．459（中度可信）。TLICS分型具体分值的Kappa值在0．319～0．478,平均为0．380（轻中度可信）。TLICS的推荐治疗分类Kappa值在0．617～0．785,平均为0．724（基本可信）。结论胸腰椎骨折的Denis分型在各个专业医师中应用的可信度较好,仍有一定的临床价值。TLICS评分的推荐治疗分型在各个专业医师中的可信度与可重复性均更高,更有利于相互交流及指导治疗。     

MRI检查对胸腰段损伤TLICS评分系统的影响和作用

目的与单用CT检查相比较,加做MRI检查,评估MRI对胸腰椎损伤程度评分系统的影响和作用。方法回顾分析2010年1月至2013年12月期间的80例胸腰椎损伤患者,女性20例,平均年龄41.3岁(22~54岁),男性60例,平均年龄45.7岁(22~69岁)。所有患者均进行X线、CT和MRI扫描。分析患者骨折数目及骨折节段;根据TLICS系统评定患者骨折形态为压缩损伤、爆裂骨折、平移/旋转、牵张损伤;后方韧带复合体(posterior ligamentous complex,PLC)的状态为无损伤、不确定损伤、损伤;评定神经功能状态,最终计算TLICS分值。第一次评估使用X线片和CT数据,6周后重复评定,同时加入MRI数据。使用Wilcoxon秩和检验比较分析MRI检查对TLICS损伤严重程度评估及对TLICS评分的改变。结果单纯CT检查发现128处胸腰椎骨折,CT+MRI共发现23处新骨折,共151处骨折。CT和MRI联用,PLC损伤分级没有发生改变的63例(79%),95%的置信区间为(0.67,0.88)。发生改变的17例(21%),95%Wilson CI(0.13,0.31)。单用CT评估其TLICS评分平均分为2.1分,而CT+MRI则平均为3.5分,Wilcoxon秩和检验P0.001,Wilcoxon效应值4.00,Wilson 95%CIs(3.00,5.00)。80例中,56例总分没有改变(70%),但24例出现改变(30%),其中损伤评分增加的22例,减小的2例。单用CT评定总分小于5分,而联合MRI后总评分≥5分的患者共14例(18%),Wilson 95%CIs为(0.10,0.31)。结论 CT和MRI的结合比单用CT能够检出更多骨与韧带的损伤,可改变TLICS的分类及评分,MRI检出的韧带损伤是分类发生改变的重要原因。     

胸腰椎损伤分类及损伤程度评分在胸腰段骨折治疗中的临床意义

[目的]探讨胸腰椎损伤分类及损伤程度评分(thoracolumbar injury classification and severity score,TLICS)在胸腰段骨折治疗中的临床意义.[方法]31例胸腰段骨折患者,根据脊柱损伤形态学、神经功能状况和后方韧带复合体(posterior ligamentous complex,PLc)完整性三个方面情况,给予TLICS评分.根据评分结果,TLICS 评分>4分者行手术治疗,TLICS评分<4分者行保守治疗(包括行椎体强化术),TLICS评分=4分者视情况行手术治疗或保守治疗.以此将患者分为手术治疗组和保守治疗组.于治疗前、治疗后分别行Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)评分和脊髓损伤Frankel分级,对手术治疗组和保守治疗组的治疗前、治疗后ODI评分及改善率行组间统计学分析.[结果]所有患者进行12个月～3年随访,TLICS评分:>4分者11例,等于4分者5例,<4分者15例.16例患者采用手术治疗,15例患者采用保守治疗,其中9例采用椎体成形术.治疗前ODI评分平均74.19分,治疗后随访ODI评分平均30.45分,平均手术改善率为60.24%.手术治疗组和保守治疗组患者的改善率无组间统计学差异.[结论]对于胸腰段骨折患者,TLICS评分系统能够有效指导临床治疗,获得满意治疗效果.     

胸腰椎爆裂型骨折后路治疗体会

目的 评估经后路长节段椎弓根螺钉固定联合减压钛网植入治疗胸腰段爆裂型骨折的效果.方法 单纯后路长节段椎弓根螺钉固定联合减压钛网植入治疗9例胸腰椎爆裂型骨折.根据胸腰椎损伤分类及损伤程度评分系统(Thoracolumbar Injury Classification and Severity Score,TLICS)[...     

应用评分测量法评估青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者的上胸弯

目的 设计脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis AIS)患者上胸弯评价量表,并应用其确定上胸弯是否需要融合.方法 由5名脊柱外科医师分别测量29份影像学资料.按照上胸弯冠状面Bending像、矢状面Cobb角和放射学双肩高度差(radiographic shoulder height,RSH)的不同,设定不同的分值(0～3分),设计评分量表.3周后,重复测量,分析量表的可靠性和可重复性.根据患者评分量表得分多少,确定是否需要融合上胸弯,分析此方法的可靠性和可重复性.结果 术前上胸弯冠状面Cobb角、Bending像Cobb角、RSH、矢状面Cobb角的平均得分分别为2.4、2.4、0.2和1.1,总计得分平均为6.0.评分量表的可信度和可重复性平均值分别为:总计得分项均为79.3%(Kappa值0.77);冠状面Cobb角得分项为89.7%(Kappa值0.89)和82.8%(Kappa值0.81);Bending像Cobb角得分项为86.2%(Kappa值0.85)和89.7%(Kappa值0.89);RSH得分项为96.6%(Kappa值0.95)和93.1%(Kappa值0.92);矢状面Cobb角得分项为96.6%(Kappa值0.95).根据评分量表,规定上述评分项单项得分达到3分或总计得分≥4分时,上胸弯需要融合,此方法的可信度和可重复性均为96.6%(Kappa值均为0.95).结论 AIS 上胸弯侧凸参数评分测量法和根据评分确定上胸弯是否需要融合方法可靠性和可重复性良好,可应用于临床.     

胸腰椎损伤分类与损伤程度评分在地震伤致胸腰段椎体骨折中的应用

地震伤导致的脊柱骨折与平时外伤导致的脊柱骨折存在不同的特点[1],但目前文献对地震所致脊柱骨折的分型、评分和治疗报道较少.2008年5月12日14时58分,中国四川汶川地区发生里氏8.0级地震,解放军总医院派遣的成都军区总医院医疗分队共收治65例胸腰段椎体骨折患者,均根据胸腰椎损伤分类与损伤程度评分(thoracolumbar injury classification and severity,TLICS)系统来分类并选择治疗方案,本文旨在探讨TLICS在地震伤致胸腰段椎体骨折中的应用.     

Concomitant fractures of the acetabulum and spine: a retrospective review of over 300 patients

BACKGROUND: The incidence and spectrum of concomitant acetabulum and spine trauma has not been clearly defined. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 307 acetabulum fracture patients over 5 years, and evaluated this cohort for concomitant spine injuries. Patient and injury demographics, spine and neurologic injury and delay in diagnosis were examined. RESULTS: Complete data were available for 275 (90%) of the cohort, and 55 spine injuries (54 fractures and 1 traumatic disc herniation) were identified in 34 patients. Thus, the incidence of concomitant acetabulum and spine fractures was approximately 13% (34 of 275). Four percent of the patients sustained significant thoracolumbar fractures (burst, flexion-distraction, or dislocation). An average 8.6-day delay in diagnosis occurred in three spine fracture patients. One suffered progressive neurologic injury. CONCLUSIONS: It is essential that the traumatologists have a high index of suspicion for spine injury, particularly thoracolumbar injury in patients who sustain fractures of the acetabulum. We recommend early thoracolumbar computed tomography imaging in patients with fractures of the acetabulum if plain radiographs are not possible or inadequate.     

Occurrence of massive gluteal muscle necrosis following transcatheter angiographic embolization (TAE) to control pelvic hemorrhage in 6 patients

BACKGROUND: An association between cervical fractures and thoracolumbar fractures after blunt trauma has long been assumed, but not adequately demonstrated. We sought to determine the actual association between these injuries in a large nationwide data set. METHODS: The National Trauma Databank (NTDB) was queried for victims of blunt vehicular trauma with at least minimal injury. An odds ratio was calculated for the association between cervical spine fractures and thoracolumbar fractures. RESULTS: Overall 190,183 NTDB patient records met the criteria of a motor vehicle crash with more than minimal injury. Of these 7.51% (14,292) had cervical spine fractures, 4.73% (8,996) had thoracic spine fractures, 5.93% (11,280) had lumbar spine fractures, and 9.79% (18,623) had either thoracic or lumbar fractures. Of patients with a cervical spine fracture, 13.06% (2,433) also had a thoracic or lumbar fracture, whereas among patients without cervical spine fracture only 6.91% (11,859) had a thoracolumbar fracture. The odds ratio (OR) for a thoracolumbar fracture in the presence of a cervical spine fracture was 2.02 (p < 0.0001) (95% confidence interval 1.9318-2.1201). CONCLUSION: These data confirm a strong association between cervical spine fractures and thoracolumbar fractures after blunt vehicular trauma, and support the practice of imaging the complete spine when a cervical fracture is identified.     

经椎弓根椎管前方减压治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折

目的探讨后路经椎弓根椎管前方骨块切除减压重建治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折的临床疗效。方法 2007年6月至2009年5月采用后路经椎弓根椎管前方骨块切除减压重建治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折26例（20例获得随访,6例失访）。高空坠落伤8例,车祸伤10例,重物压砸伤2例。T113例,T127例,L18例,L22例。采用A S IA分级进行神经功能评估。通过术前、术后1周、术后6个月随访时的X线及CT片比较椎管容积及Cobb角变化,评估椎管减压及复位情况。结果手术时间2.3～3.5 h,平均2.8 h,术中出血500～1 800 mL,平均700 mL,术中无神经及血管进一步损伤,术后无感染及深静脉血栓等并发症。20例患者得到随访,平均随访18个月（12～24个月）。椎管容积（CT测量实际椎管容积占正常椎管容积的百分比）术前平均53.23%,术后1周95.17%,术后6个月96.47%,与术前比较明显改善（P〈0.05）;Cobb角术前平均20.6,°术后1周4.3,°术后6个月4.9,°与术前比较明显改善（P〈0.05）。所有病例脊髓获得有效减压,A S IA分级改善1级者10例,改善2级者7例,2例无明显改善者术前均为A级,1例术前为E级者术后仍为E级。所有病例术后6个月植骨均达骨性愈合,内固定未见松动、断裂。结论后路经椎弓根椎管前方骨块切除减压重建治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折可以有效恢复椎管容积及Cobb角度,是安全、有效的手术方法。     

Thoracolumbar spine fractures: Is there a problem?

Every physician who treats injured patients has a responsibility to detect and appropriately manage thoracolumbar spinal column injuries. Fractures of the thoracolumbar spine are relatively common, so clinicians must give them every consideration both to protect from secondary spinal cord injury and to appreciate the extent of the patient's injuries. Other extraspinal as well as noncontiguous injuries to the spinal column are frequently present. Unfortunately, thoracolumbar spine fractures are often missed or diagnosed late in clinical series. In an era of cost-containment, not all responsive patients require full thoracolumbar spine radiographs. In awake, alert, nonintoxicated patients with simple injury mechanisms, these fractures can be ruled out through physical examination, if the patient has no physical findings and does not have other serious injuries. However, concern has recently been raised that some patients may have "asymptomatic" fractures that may be missed without radiography. The evidence reveals that fractures are not truly asymptomatic but may be masked by other distracting injuries, making them fractures occult rather than asymptomatic. Clinicians and subsequently their patients will always be at risk if this important distinction is forgotten.     

强直性脊柱炎脊柱骨折的治疗

目的 了解强且性脊柱炎(AS)脊柱骨折治疗的特点及注意事项。方法对19例AS脊柱骨折病例进行回顾性分析硬随访,19例中颈椎骨折11例,9例发生在C5-7间;胸腰椎骨折8例,7例为应力骨折,均发生存T10-L2间。二柱骨折16例。9例并发脊髓损伤,其中8例为颈椎骨折。所有19例患者均接受了手术治疗。颈椎骨折或脱位采用了4种手术方式,其中9例做了前路间盘切除或椎体次全切除、椎间值骨加钢板内固定术。胸腰椎骨折也做了4种术式,其中5例的术式为后路长节段固定加前、后联合融合,结果术岳18例患者获得了平均46．4个月的随访。并发脊髓损伤的9例患者,术后8例的神经功能有恢复。18例患者的骨折部位均已骨性愈合一术中并发脊髓损伤2例,因脑血管意外死亡1例,并发肺炎2例。结论 AS脊柱骨折好发于下颈椎及胸腰段,大多为三柱骨折,颈椎骨折并发脊髓损伤的发生率较高。胸腰椎多为应力骨折一手术治疗可使大多数患者的骨折愈合良好,神经功能有不同程度的恢复。对颈椎骨折患者,可采用前路椎体问植骨、钢板内固定的术式;而对于胸腰椎骨折,主张后路长节段固定,前、后联合植骨融合,术中及术后均可能出现并发症,应注意预防或避免。     

Thoracolumbar fracture in blunt trauma patients: guidelines for diagnosis and imaging

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine a clinical diagnostic pathway for the imaging of the thoracolumbar spine in blunt trauma patients. METHOD: A literature review was undertaken to determine the factors important in the detection of thoracolumbar injury and also to produce a trial protocol, which could be tested retrospectively. Two hundred patients admitted between 1998 and 2000 were reviewed retrospectively to form a database of the relevant clinical features. The diagnostic pathway protocol was tested retrospectively in two groups; one hundred with known thoracolumbar fractures and one hundred undifferentiated multi-trauma patients. Sensitivity and specificity indices were determined using the chi-squared test of association. RESULTS: Falls and motor vehicle crashes were the most common mechanism of injury causing thoracolumbar fractures. No significant association could be found between mechanism of injury (MOI) and presence of thoracolumbar fracture. Clinical signs found to be associated with thoracolumbar fracture include: (1) back pain/midline tenderness (Sens 62.1% Spec 91.5%), (2) palpable midline step (Sens 13.8% Spec 100%), (3) back bruising (Sens 6.9% Spec 98.6%), (4) abnormal neurological signs (Sens 41.4% Spec 95.8%).Cervical level fractures were also found to be associated with an increased incidence of thoracolumbar fractures. Factors found to influence the detection of back pain/midline tenderness include: (1) GCS<15, (2) ETOH/drug intoxication, (3) major distracting injury. The proposed diagnostic pathway would have led to 92% of patients receiving TL imaging in group 2 (multi-trauma) with a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 11.3% and a negative predictive value of 100%. CONCLUSION: From the literature and the results of the study, we propose that imaging of the thoracolumbar spine is required in those patients suffering from a high force mechanism of injury if any of the following are present: (1) back pain/midline tenderness, (2) local signs of thoracolumbar injury, (3) abnormal neurological signs, (4) cervical spine fracture, (5) GCS<15, (6) major distracting injury, (7) ETOH/ drug intoxication. An evidence based diagnostic pathway has been shown to be highly sensitive in determining the presence of TL fracture in a retrospective study of blunt trauma patients.     

经皮置入AF治疗无神经损伤的胸腰椎骨折

目的 探讨经皮置入AF治疗无神经损伤的胸腰椎骨折效果.方法 15例患者在连续透视监视下,选准椎弓根定位点,打入克氏针定位,位置满意后,依次置入椎弓根螺钉,皮下潜行分离置入连接杆.结果 所有患者X线复查骨折复位满意,无手术副损伤.术后2周下床活动.结论 经皮置入AF治疗无神经损伤的胸腰椎骨折是一种可行的微创治疗方式.     

Timing of thoracolomber spine stabilization in trauma patients; impact on neurological outcome and clinical course. A real prospective (rct) randomized controlled study

OBJECTIVE: Optimal timing of stabilization for spinal injuries is discussed controversially. The goal of this study is to investigate the neurological recovery and its influencing factors in thoracolumbar spine fractures after surgical decompression and stabilization within 8 h of spinal cord injury versus surgery which is performed between 3 and 15 days. METHODS: Twenty-seven patients undergoing thoracolumbar stabilization with neurological deficit for an acute thoracolumbar spinal injury at the level of Th8-L2 vertebra at Selcuk University between March 2004 and December 2006 were recorded. Patients with neurological deficity and medically stable for surgery underwent immediate stabilization within 8 h defined as group I (n = 12) and patients underwent operation in 3-15 days after thoracolumbar injury were defined as group II (n = 15). Patients were assessed for neurologic deficit and improvement as defined by the scoring system of American spinal injury association (ASIA). RESULTS: In spite of comparable demographic data, patients in group I had a significantly shorter overall hospital and intensive care unit stay and had lesser systemic complications such as pneumonia and also exhibited better neurological improvement than group II (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Early surgery may improve neurological recovery and decrease hospitalization time and also additional systemic complications in patients with thoracolomber spinal cord injuries. Thus early stabilization of thoracolumbar spine fractures within 8 h after trauma appears to be favorable.     

胸腰段脊柱骨折后路内固定手术失败原因分析

目的分析胸腰段脊柱骨折后路内固定失败的原因,探讨如何选择内固定手术。方法依据作者收集的14例内固定失败病例的临床资料结合典型病例的症状体征及X线片表现进行分析。结果14例患者中13例仍留有不同程度的脊髓损伤症状,脊柱后凸Cobb's角度为12.5~34.2°。结论常见原因为(1)内固定手术适应证选择不当;(2)内固定选择错误;(3)内固定节段的选择错误;(4)内固定撑开过度;(5)植骨与否对内固定手术存在一定的影响。