青岛市县级疾病预防控制中心卫生应急队伍现状调查

目的调查山东省青岛市县级疾病预防控制中心(疾控中心)突发公共卫生事件应急队伍建设现状,为加强疾控中心卫生应急能力建设提供依据。方法采用自制问卷收集青岛市1家市级疾控中心和10家县(区)级疾控中心卫生应急队员性别、年龄、学历、职称和专业等情况。结果青岛市疾控中心共有256名卫生应急队员,其中男性130人,占50.78%;女性126人,占49.22%。年龄以35~45岁为主,占49.61%;专业以预防医学为主,占64.84%。市级疾控中心卫生应急队员以硕士及以上学历为主,占63.27%,高、中、初级职称比例为1∶2.08∶0.69。县(区)级疾控中心卫生应急队员以本科学历为主,占71.98%,高、中、初级职称比例为1∶3.84∶3.44。市级疾控中心卫生应急队员在学历、职称构成上均优于县(区)级疾控中心(P0.05)。结论青岛市疾控中心卫生应急队员以35~45岁为主,男女比例均衡,市疾控中心高学历、高级职称的应急队员多于县级。     

2021年四川省疾病预防控制机构检验检测能力调查分析

目的 了解四川省各级疾控中心实验室检验检测能力现状，分析存在的问题，为四川省疾控体系能力建设提供依据。方法 2021年9—11月，对四川省省、市、县三级，209个疾控中心检验专业技术人员能力、实验室标准化建设能力和实验室检验检测能力等开展问卷调查。采用SPSS 18.0软件进行统计分析，计数资料的比较采用卡方或Fisher检验，检验水准α=0.05；若多组率之间差异有统计学意义，继续采用Bonferroni法进行不同组间率的两两比较。结果 省、市（州）、区（县）疾控中心实验室检验专业技术人员约占专业技术人员总数的比例分别为25.23%、25.74%和18.90%；省疾控中心、2个市（州）疾控中心、46个区（县）疾控中心实验室面积占比低于国家标准；有54个区（县）级疾控中心未通过检验检测机构资质认定；市（州）疾控中心实验室可开展传染病防控相关实验室检测项目中位数为44项，区（县）疾控中心中位数为15项；省疾控中心能完全完成应急相关实验室检测，市（州）疾控中心能基本完成常见病原体现场快速检测、常见病原体分离鉴定及常见农药和毒物检测分别占60%以上、90%以上及65%以上，区（县）级疾...     

贵州省疾病预防控制机构职业卫生技术服务现状及对策研究

目的:了解贵州省疾病预防控制机构职业卫生服务资源的配置现状,进一步提高我省疾控机构职业卫生服务质量,更好地开展职业卫生工作。方法:按照《贵州省疾控机构职业卫生技术服务工作评估》调查表,对全省1个省级、9个市(州)、88个县(市、区)级疾病预防控制中心进行普查。结果:全省疾病预防控制机构单独设立职业卫生科(所)的8家,有职业健康体检资质51个,有职业病危害因素检测与评价资质22家,有职业病诊断资质3家;全省疾病预防控制机构职业卫生技术人员以初、中级职称为主,占了84.6%;全省疾控中心职业卫生技术人员学历以本科和专科为主,分别占了53.5%和38.1%;全省疾控中心职业卫生技术人员年龄主要集中在30~50岁之间,占67.5%。结论:全省疾病预防控制机构资质认证不多,职业卫生专业人员技术力量不足,经费投入较少,仪器设备配备不完善,开展职业卫生检测工作少。应加强疾病预防控制机构职业卫生服务建设,培养各类职业病防治专业人才,合理配置各类职业卫生服务资源,提高职业卫生工作能力。     

南昌市疾病预防控制系统人力资源分析

目的分析南昌市、县(区)两级疾病预防控制(疾控)系统人力资源现状,为合理分配人力资源服务。方法使用自行设计的调查表,由各疾控机构负责人力资源管理的科室填写相关信息,经汇总后用于数据分析。结果南昌市级及县(区)疾控机构在岗人员共计735人,人均疾病预防控制人员为1.4/万人,专业技术人员共计565人,占总体人员的76.9%;其中医学卫生类相关专业技术人员518人,占总体人员的70.5%。市级疾控机构专业技术人员比例高于县区级疾控机构(χ~2=17.4,P0.01);市级疾控机构本科及以上人员占68.8%,县(区)级本科及以上人员占41.3%,学历在两类机构间差别有统计学意义(χ~2=155.4,P0.01);市级疾控机构卫生类专业技术人员中的中高级职称人员(77.0%)较县区(51.8%)比例高,职称分布差别有统计学意义(χ~2=45.9,P0.01)。结论南昌市辖区内的疾控机构人员尚显不足,县区级疾控机构人员学历、职称等方面有待提高,应建立健全人才引进、培养、职称晋升制度,深化政府职称改革,争取进一步提高疾控机构的人力资源素质。     

2015年驻马店市疾病预防控制中心基本检验能力分析

目的了解驻马店市、县区级疾病预防控制中心检验能力的发展状况,为加强驻马店市、县疾病预防控制中心实验室检验能力建设提供科学依据。方法采用现况调查研究方法、收集2015年驻马店市、县级疾病预防控制中心检验人员、实验室仪器设备和检验项目开展情况等资料。结果市疾控中心实验室用房比例为40.00%,达到国家标准,各县实验室用房比例均低于国家标准。2015年市疾控中心卫生检验专业技术人员17人,各县卫生检验人员68人,分别占同级专业技术人员的13.82%和8.01%。市疾控中心A类和B类检测项目开展率分别为90.27%和13.53%。八县疾控中心A类和B类检测项目开展率平均为72.14%和36.07%,汝南县、正阳县、遂平县和西平县开展率高于各县平均值。结论驻马店市县两级疾控机构实验室检验能力不能满足工作要求等问题,从一定程度上制约了疾病预防控制机构专业技术服务能力水平的提升。下一步,建议通过提供检验专业人员素质、增加实验室检验设备配置等来增强疾病预防控制机构的建设和发展。     

浙江省各级疾病预防控制机构慢性病防控能力分析

目的 了解浙江省各级疾病预防控制中心(疾控中心)慢性病防制能力状况，为加强全省慢性病防制能力建设提供依据。方法 通过2017年全国慢性病预防控制能力调查系统网络问卷，收集浙江省各级疾控中心慢性病防制能力调查结果，描述性分析各项慢性病防制能力情况。结果 (1)政策能力：24.27%的单位所在地政府或卫生行政部门有现行慢性病防控相关规划；(2)基础配置能力：各级疾控中心均设有承担慢性病防制工作的部门，慢性病防制工作人员占比在省市县三级分别为5.47%,5.47%和8.84%。慢性病防制工作经费占比在省市县三级分别为2.06%, 1.49%和4.86%。(3)培训与指导能力：省级、全部地市级及97.80%的县(市、区)级疾控中心举办了慢性病防制培训班。(4)合作与参与能力：各级疾控中心与媒体、教育部门及体育部门开展合作的比例较高，分别为89.32%,63.11%和53.40%。(5)监测能力：各级疾控中心均开展了死因监测、恶性肿瘤病例报告、脑卒中病例报告、心肌梗死病例报告等监测工作。危险因素方面，开展烟草使用监测的单位最多。(6)干预能力：各级疾控中心均开展了高血压、糖尿病患者干预工作。危险...     

2010—2020年桂林地区疾病预防控制中心卫生人力资源动态分析

目的 了解2010—2020年桂林地区疾病预防控制中心（简称疾控中心）卫生人力资源变化情况,为桂林地区疾控中心卫生人力资源规划提供科学依据。方法 利用桂林市卫生健康统计年鉴相关数据,对2010—2020年桂林地区疾控中心卫生人力资源总量、结构、年龄、工作年限、学历、职称等进行分析。结果 2010—2020年桂林地区疾控中心卫生人力资源总量增长20.00%,其中卫生技术人员增长33.69%,每万人卫生技术人员数由0.99人上升到1.23人,卫生技术人员、专业技术人员占比分别达到了82.28%、87.14%。所有地区疾控中心卫生技术人员数占比均大于70%,有4个地区疾控中心专业技术人员数占比低于85%,除龙胜各族自治县、资源县外,其他地区每万人卫生技术人员数均低于1.75人。卫生技术人员45～54岁、30年及以上工作年限、大学本科及研究生学历,正高及副高职称人员占比分别上升了6.47%、6.92%、16.26%、14.93%。其他技术人员中级及以上人员占比上升了7.33%,管理人员则无变化。结论 2010—2020年桂林地区疾控中心卫生人力资源总量稳步增长,结构逐渐改善,卫生技术人员、专业...     

云南省州(市)级疾病预防控制中心职业卫生服务能力现状调查

目的了解云南省州(市)级疾病预防控制中心(简称疾控中心)职业卫生服务能力现状,对基层职业病防治能力做出客观评价,为政府进一步加强职业病防治工作提供决策依据。方法采用填报调查表法,对云南省州(市)级疾控中心的职业卫生服务能力现状进行调查。结果云南省16个州(市)级疾控中心目前拥有职业健康检查资质机构13个,具有职业病诊断资质的机构和职业卫生技术服务资质的机构分别为10和4个。共有职业健康检查医务人员292人,主要以本科学历、中级职称、36~45岁的人员为主;共有职业病诊断医师106人,以本科学历、中级职称、46~55岁的人员为主;共有职业卫生专业技术人员194人,以本科学历、初级及以下职称、35岁及以下的人员为主。共有职业卫生相关仪器设备2 218台(件),处于正常有2 018台(件)(95.04%)。2013—2015年对1 144家用人单位的140 216人进行了职业健康检查,检出职业禁忌证人数和疑似职业病人数逐年增加;诊断职业病244人,共完成职业卫生技术服务项目273个,完成数量逐年递减。9个开展过职业病诊断的州(市)级疾控中心,仅有4个完成同时向所在地的卫生行政部门和安全生产监督管理部门报告,13个开展职业健康检查的州(市)级疾控中心,有3个存在迟报和漏报。结论云南省州(市)疾控中心职业卫生服务能力不足,增加职业病防治的经费投入,加强职业卫生人员队伍建设,尽快出台新的收费标准,加强职业病直报网络建设,加大职业卫生的防治宣传和监管力度对提高云南省公共卫生的发展具有重大意义。     

黑龙江省慢性病预防控制能力现状分析

目的了解黑龙江省慢性病预防控制能力现状,为加强该省慢性病防控能力建设、制定慢性病防控相关政策提供依据。方法对2011年黑龙江省1个省级、13个市(地)级和132个县(区)级疾病预防控制中心(疾控中心)慢病防控能力现状进行问卷调查,内容包括机构设置、人员和经费配置、继续教育情况,监测和干预工作开展情况以及科研能力等。采用SPSS 17.0统计软件进行数据分析。结果黑龙江省10个市(地)级和59个县(区)级疾控中心设有专职慢性病科(所)或以慢性病为主的科(所)。各级疾控中心从事慢性病防控人员327人,占所有在岗人员的4.57%(327/7 153),其中本科及以上学历者占42.81%(140/327)、医学类专业者占85.32%(279/327),从事慢性病工作不足5年者占60.25%(197/327)。84.62%(11/13)的市(地)级、87.88%(116/132)的县(区)级疾控中心参加慢病防控相关培训;92.31%(12/13)和65.91%(87/132)开展了死因监测工作;92.31%(12/13)和62.12%(82/132)开展了恶性肿瘤病例报告工作;53.85%(7/13)和68.18%(90/132)开展了高血压干预工作,38.46%(5/13)和67.42%(89/132)开展了糖尿病干预工作。市(地)级和县(区)级疾控中心配置慢性病防控专项经费的单位分别为15.39%(2/13)和14.39%(19/132),承担国内科研课题的单位分别为15.39%(2/13)和2.27%(3/132),发表过国内外期刊论文的单位分别为7.69%(1/13)和0.76%(1/132)。结论与2009年调查数据相比,黑龙江省各级疾控中心慢性病防控人员数量,县(区)级疾控中心设立专职慢性病科(所)或以慢性病为主的科所和配置慢性病专项经费的单位均有所增加,但仍存在机构和人员不足以及工作经费缺乏等问题。     

全国省级疾控中心公共卫生经费投入调查

目的通过调查全国省级疾病预防控制中心(以下简称疾控中心)2006年环境卫生、营养与食品卫生、职业卫生和放射卫生(简称公共卫生)相关技术服务收入、公共卫生业务工作经费以及疾控中心的预算内、预算外项目等经费,初步分析省级疾控中心公共卫生收入情况,为进一步加强政府财政对公共卫生投入,加快疾控中心公共卫生业务发展提供依据。方法召开全国省级疾控中心公共卫生工作研讨会;针对全国省级疾控中心公共卫生工作开展问卷调查,对调查数据进行整理和统计分析。结果公共卫生技术服务收入成为省级疾控中心预算外收入的主要来源。2006年省级疾控中心公共卫生技术服务收入占全部技术服务收入的52.1%;2006年全国省级疾控中心公共卫生技术服务收入占疾控中心总业务工作经费的比例平均为18.42%;2006年全国省级疾控中心公共卫生业务工作经费(不含实验室仪器购置费及设备维持费)占其总业务工作经费的比例平均为19.19%;2006年全国省级疾控中心公共卫生专项工作经费尚不足全部经费的3%。结论政府财政尚未建立省级疾控中心公共卫生的经费保障机制,多数省级疾控中心自身的经费缺口较大,依靠公共卫生等创收贴补经费不足的情况比较普遍,有偿服务多成为公共卫生的工作内容之一,有限的经费无法保证公共卫生工作的持续有效开展。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.