Human rights and universal access for men who have sex with men and people who inject drugs: A qualitative analysis of the 2010 UNGASS narrative country progress reports

All UN member states have endorsed a commitment to protect human rights in the global fight against HIV and to ensure universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care, and support. To assess progress towards fulfilling this commitment, countries submit reports to UNAIDS biennially, known as UNGASS reports. Our quantitative analyses show that core indicators relating to most-at-risk populations, particularly men who have sex with men (MSM) and people who inject drugs (PWID) are limited or absent from many UNGASS reports, particularly those submitted by countries in developing regions. We conducted a qualitative thematic analysis of the narrative part of the 2010 UNGASS country progress reports, an important yet under-explored part of the reporting process, to consider how signatory countries in developing regions address the issue of MSM and PWID in a written form. Our analysis identified a repertoire of narrative approaches to MSM and PWID which revealed fault lines between countries’ endorsement of the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS and programmatic responses to MSM and PWID. Our findings raise questions about the relationship between “universal” human rights and “local” cultures, and about the UNGASS reporting process itself. Through critical engagement with these questions, our article aims to contribute to international dialogues on how to better recognise and respond to shortcomings in the global commitment to human rights and universal access for people vulnerable to HIV.     

新疆乌鲁木齐市男男性行为人群HIV传播动力学的预测和分析

目的建立人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染传播动力学模型,评估男男性行为(MSM)人群HIV感染状况,并预测未来十年新疆乌鲁木齐市MSM人群HIV的流行趋势,为制定合适的防控措施提供定量依据。方法利用新疆乌鲁木齐市2009—2017年MSM人群HIV的监测数据,建立HIV传播的动力学模型。通过模型分析得到决定疾病传播与否的基本再生数R0,并用收集和估计的参数对模型进行数值模拟,分析乌鲁木齐市MSM人群HIV的流行状况。结果建立的MSM人群HIV的传播动力学模型拟合效果合理[平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)=10.89%,均方根百分比误差(RMSPE)=25.74%],基本再生数R0≈0.2616(95%CI:0.2394～0.9299),该模型预测2027年乌鲁木齐市MSM人群HIV的阳性率下降至2%。参数敏感性分析发现,由低危易感者发展成为高危易感者的比例、由HIV感染者发展成为艾滋病患者的比例和高危易感者发展成为低危易感者的比例是影响MSM人群HIV流行的主要因素。结论乌鲁木齐市MSM人群HIV感染呈现持续流行,相关部门应加强对MSM人群的防控,推广安全套的使用,加强宣传教育等综合性干预措施,控制MSM人群HIV的流行。     

Gay men and other men who have sex with men in West Africa: evidence from the field

This paper presents a synthesis of lessons learned from field experiences in HIV prevention, treatment and care services for men who have sex with men in the four contiguous West African countries of the Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea-Conakry and Senegal. Service provision for men who have sex with men in these countries is contextualised by the epidemiology of HIV, as well as the socio-political environment. These countries share notable commonalities in terms of social structures and culture, though past approaches to the needs of men who have sex with men have varied greatly. This synthesis includes three distinct components. The first focuses on what is known about HIV epidemiology among men who have sex with men in these countries and provides an overview of the data gaps affecting the quality of service provision. The second aspect describes the HIV prevention and treatment services currently available and how organisations and strategies have evolved in their approach to working with men who have sex with men. Finally, an examination of the political and cultural climate highlights socio-cultural factors that enable or impede HIV prevention and treatment efforts for men who have sex with men. The review concludes with a series of recommendations for impactful research, advocacy and service provision to improve the health and human rights context for men who have sex with men in West Africa.     

Stigma matters: HIV and HIV risk perception among men who have sex with men in Serbia; a qualitative study

As a social determinant of health, stigma is a major barrier to health care access, illness management and completing the treatment. It is attributed both to HIV as a health condition and to the populations at risk of being infected with it. In Serbia, HIV is associated with men who have sex with men (MSM), with a noticeable stigma towards them. Drawing upon a qualitative cross-sectional study, conducted in three Serbian cities, we explore the MSM’s perception of HIV in the context of that social stigma. Using a respondent-driven sampling approach, 62 targeted MSM respondents participated in focus groups discussions and in-depth interviews. We found that the participants’ understandings of the HIV infection, risks and prevention are shaped by stigma. Those MSM who resisted stigma relativised the HIV risk, associating it with the general population and HIV-positive MSMs, believing that HIV, perceived as a chronical illness, was unjustly related to MSM. As one of the main preventive measures, serosorting was based on alleged HIV-positive statuses of potential sexual partners. HIV-negative participants described perceiving HIV-positive MSM as the ones responsible for spreading the virus, since they were concealing their positive status. As a response to stigma, MSM tended to challenge the HIV discourse, shifting it away from MSM onto the general (male) population and HIV positive MSM. Our analysis suggests that stigma resistance may make MSM more susceptible to taking risks. HIV prevention programmes should take the social context of MSM into account and target MSM-related stigma.     

采用BED-CEIA法估算男男性行为人群HIV-1新发感染率

目的监测黑龙江省2011年男男性行为人群中艾滋病病毒(HIV)新近感染状况并计算其HIV-1新发感染率。方法收集黑龙江省2011年5个男男性行为人群哨点监测样本共计2 004份,采用酶联免疫和蛋白印迹方法检测出HIV抗体阳性样本,应用BED HIV-1捕获酶联法(BED-CEIA)对这些HIV抗体阳性样本进行检测,得出其新近感染所占比例,进而估算该人群的HIV-1年新发感染率。结果应用BED-CEIA方法共检测样本61份,其中30份为新近感染。计算得到2012年黑龙江省MSM人群HIV-1年新发感染率为3.41%(95%CI:2.19%～4.64%)。结论 2011年黑龙江省男男性行为人群监测哨点发现HIV感染者中约半数为新发感染,男男性行为人群艾滋病疫情态势不容乐观,应对该人群开展HIV-1新发感染连续监测。     

Sexual HIV risk among gay,bisexual and queer transgender men: findings from interviews in Vancouver,Canada

Abstract

Gay, bisexual, queer and other men who have sex with men are disproportionately affected by HIV in Canada. While up to 63% of transgender men identify as gay, bisexual or queer and report a variety of HIV sexual risk behaviours, transgender men are often overlooked within epidemiological HIV surveillance and research. While a growing body of research has begun to examine sexual risk for transgender gay, bisexual and queer men, most studies have been conducted in the USA. This study explored sexual HIV risk for this population in the Canadian context, specifically in British Columbia, in an environment of publically funded universal access to healthcare, including HIV testing and treatment. We conducted interviews with 11 gay, bisexual and queer transgender men. Participants’ narratives suggest that HIV risk for these transgender men is shaped by a diversity of sexual behaviours, including inconsistent condom use, seeking partners online for greater safety and accessing HIV/STI testing and other healthcare services despite facing transition-related barriers. Public health prevention and health education must recognise the presence of transgender men and ensure health services and broader population health promotion meet the unique sexual health needs of this sub-population of gay, bisexual and queer men.     

乌鲁木齐市男男性行为者HIV新发感染及危险因素研究

目的 获得乌鲁木齐市男男性行为者(MSM)HIV新发感染率,了解MSM人群新发感染的相关危险因素,为估计艾滋病流行趋势,判断疫情形势以及高危行为干预提供科学依据。 方法 对2015年乌鲁木齐市艾滋病哨点监测MSM人群866例样本纳入研究,用ELISA方法对所有研究对象血清样本进行HIV抗体初筛,对于HIV抗体初筛阳性者,使用免疫印迹法进行确证,符合条件的HIV抗体阳性血清再用HIV-1 BED捕获酶联法(BED方法)检测,从而估算该人群2015年的新发感染率;通过问卷调查,了解MSM人群与HIV感染相关的危险因素。 结果 共调查866例MSM人群,平均年龄(31.03±7.44)岁,其中汉族734(84.76%)例,维吾尔族54(6.24%)例,回族54(6.24%)例,其它少数民族24(2.76%)例;文化程度以大专及以上为主(83.60%);艾滋病防治知识知晓率为97.92%;最近6个月,95.84%(830例)发生过肛交行为,每次都使用安全套的占52.04%(432例);HIV抗体检出率为5.31%(46例),其中既往感染7例;进一步采用BED检测,结果表明其中14例为长期感染,25例为新发感染,利用McDougal法计算出新发感染率为5.95%(95%CI:4.37%~7.52%);多因素logistic回归显示年龄≥45岁(OR=3.105)、近6个月同性性行为安全套使用情况为每次都用(OR=0.205)、艾滋病防治知识知晓情况为知晓(OR=0.151)是乌鲁木齐MSM人群HIV新发感染的独立影响因素。 结论 乌鲁木齐市MSM人群HIV新发感染率较高,应继续加强干预力度,给予该人群中年龄较大者重点关注。     

Knowledge and willingness to use pre-exposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with men in Northeastern Brazil

Few studies evaluate knowledge and willingness to use pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among men who have sex with men (MSM) in middle-income countries. Brazil added PrEP to public drug formularies in December 2017, but little is known about local knowledge and attitudes about PrEP among MSM outside metropolitan areas in Southern Brazil. The cross-sectional HIV Surveillance Survey Project in Brazil estimates HIV and STD prevalence among MSM in 12 state capitals. Among 32 participants at the Salvador, Bahia study site, we used qualitative interviews to assess knowledge, willingness, and barriers to PrEP use among MSM; few MSM had previous knowledge of PrEP and were willing to use PrEP. Clinical, behavioural, social, and structural factors influencing participants’ knowledge and willingness to take PrEP included concerns about efficacy and side effects, access to culturally congruent services for MSM, and stigma. Some participants reported that learning about PrEP online positively influenced their willingness to use PrEP. Participants’ opinions about PrEP’s contribution to risk compensation varied. Interventions to provide culturally congruent care and destigmatise PrEP for MSM at high risk for HIV acquisition, particularly those conducted collaboratively with Brazil’s civil society movement, may enhance the public health effort to expand access to PrEP in Brazil.     

Financing the response to HIV among gay men and other men who have sex with men: Case studies from eight diverse countries

Despite reductions in the number of new HIV infections globally, the HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men (MSM) is expanding. This study characterises financing of HIV programmes for MSM and the impact of criminalisation on levels of funding, using data from five countries that criminalise same-sex sexual practices (Ethiopia, Mozambique, Guyana, India and Nigeria) and three that do not (China, Ukraine and Vietnam). For each country, all publicly available documents from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria for approved HIV/AIDS grants in Rounds 5–9 and Country Operational Plans detailing investments made through the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) from US fiscal year (FY) 2007–2009 were examined. Eleven of 20 HIV proposals to the Global Fund contained programmes for MSM totalling approximately $40 million or 6% of proposed budgets. In six countries providing activity-level data on MSM programming, PEPFAR funding that served this population and others ranged from $23.3 million in FY2007 to $35.4 million in FY2009, representing 0.5–25.9% of overall, non-treatment funding over this period. Countries that criminalise same-sex sexual practices spend fewer resources on HIV programmes serving MSM. However, they also show consistent underfunding of programmes serving MSM regardless of context or geography.     

中国2006--2010年男男性行为者艾滋病疫情分析

目的 分析2006-2010年中国男男性行为者(MSM)的艾滋病疫情特征.方法 分析2006-2010年中国艾滋病病例报告系统中男男性传播病例的三间分布(时间、人群、地区)及哨点监测系统中MSM的HIV抗体检出率及安全套使用率.结果 艾滋病病例报告系统显示,2006-2010年男男性传播病例构成比从1.5％增长到10.8％,是增长最快的传播途径.与其他传播途径相比,男男性传播HIV/AIDS病例具有以下明显的特征:15～29岁为主(54.6％)、文化程度较高(具有高中及以上学历者占69.8％)、未婚为主(64.8％)、干部/教师/医生离退休人员(14.3％)及学生(7.9％)等职业占相当高的比例、流动性强(流动人口占36.2％)、城市为主(城市人口占72.6％)、专题调查(26.7％)及无偿献血(6.4％)检出比例较高.地区分布差异大,主要分布在北京、四川、广东、重庆、江苏、辽宁、上海和浙江等经济发达地区的大中城市.哨点监测系统显示,2006-2010年中国MSM的HIV抗体阳性检出率(中位数)为3.4％,最近一次安全套使用率(中位数)为73.2％.结论2006-2010年中国男男性传播艾滋病报告病例构成比增长快速,哨点监测发现MSM感染率较高,安全套使用率较低,表明MSM艾滋病流行严重且呈明显上升趋势,其中以15～29岁青年学生及无偿献血人员感染为主.     

北京男男性行为人群HIV-1序列和流行趋势分析

目的 分析北京MSM人群HIV序列特征,预测北京该人群中HIV流行趋势。方法 汇总本实验室获得的北京MSM人群HIV序列,下载Los Alamos HIV Database中我国MSM人群及其他人群中流行的HIV序列,利用PhyML 3.0、BEAST等软件重建北京MSM人群系统发育树、估算突变速率、推断tMRCA、重建群体流行动态参数、计算再生指数R₀值,分析北京MSM人群与其他人群HIV流行的相关关系,推断进化和流行特征。结果 北京MSM人群中流行的HIV-1亚型包括B、CRF01_AE和CRF07_BC。在全国HIV毒株ML进化树中,北京MSM簇(北京MSM人群所占比例≥40%)共有3簇,即B-1簇、CRF01_AE-1簇、CRF01_AE-2簇。B1簇毒株是由至少3次传入事件进入北京MSM人群的,传入时间分别为1991年3月(1984年7月至1997年2月)、1994年1月(1989年1月至1998年1月)、1991年4月(1984年8月至1996年8月)。CRF01_AE毒株由2次传入事件进入北京MSM人群,传入时间分别为2000年12月(1998年3月至2003年1月)和2001年12月(2000年1月至2003年7月)。流行特征重塑分析显示,CRF01_AE-1簇近年来增长速度较快、突变速率较高。结论 北京MSM人群中存在多种HIV亚型毒株流行,其中B亚型毒株传入时间最早,但增长趋势趋于平稳;CRF01_AE毒株传入时间较晚、但增长迅速,对HIV在北京地区的流行具有明显的推动作用,因此对CRF01_AE毒株的防控有助于减少该地区HIV的流行。     

Public health challenges of the emerging HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men in China

A large-scale national survey was conducted in 2008 across 61 cities throughout China, covering over 18,000 men who have sex with men (MSM). The prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was 4.9% and incidence ranged from 2.6 to 5.4 per 100 person-years. The prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases ranged from 2.0% to 29.9% among MSM in different parts of China. Syphilis status, recruitment of sexual partners mainly from gay saunas, duration of MSM experience, and unprotected sex with regular male sex partners and multiple male sex partners predicted HIV seroconversion. The prevalence of consistent condom use was low during anal sex, ranging from 29.4% to 37.3%. Within this context, this paper considers the factors surrounding HIV prevention activity, and identifies a number of public health challenges which need to be considered if optimum outcomes are to be achieved. HIV prevention targeting MSM is a delayed response. The high risk associated with gay saunas and the need for steady condom supply at these venues needs urgent consideration. In addition, approximately one-third of MSM in China reported bisexual behavior, which may be attributed to sociocultural reasons and stigma against MSM. Female sex partners of MSM are seldom aware of their exposure to high risk of HIV transmission. Finally, the primitive nature of non-government organizations for HIV prevention and issues around their sustainability pose another serious challenge for the future of HIV prevention campaigns targeting MSM in China.     

乌鲁木齐市男男性行为者艾滋病新发感染分析

摘要:目的 了解新疆乌鲁木齐市男男性行为(MSM)人群HIV新发感染率,确定今后艾滋病防治工作重点。方法 将乌鲁木齐市艾滋病哨点监测MSM人群4 403例样本纳入研究,用ELISA方法对所有研究对象样本进行HIV初筛,初筛阳性者用免疫印迹方法进行确认,符合条件的HIV阳性血清还接受HIV-1 BED捕获酶联法(BED方法)检测,估算该人群连续2012-2015年的新发感染率;对不同人口学特征的新发感染率进行分层分析;掌握安全套的使用情况。结果 2012-2015年乌鲁木齐市HIV新发感染率分别为2.20%、2.54%、4.36%、5.43%,平均3.72%(95%CI:3.11%~4.32%);多因素分析显示已婚的、艾滋病知识知晓率低的HIV新发感染率高。安全套的使用率普遍较低。结论 乌鲁木齐市MSM人群艾滋病流行处于上升阶段,安全套使用率低,应采取有效的干预措施加以控制。     

Within but without: human rights and access to HIV prevention and treatment for internal migrants

Worldwide, far more people migrate within than across borders, and although internal migrants do not risk a loss of citizenship, they frequently confront significant social, financial and health consequences, as well as a loss of rights. The recent global financial crisis has exacerbated the vulnerability internal migrants face in realizing their rights to health care generally and to antiretroviral therapy in particular. For example, in countries such as China and Russia, internal migrants who lack official residence status are often ineligible to receive public health services and may be increasingly unable to afford private care. In India, internal migrants face substantial logistical, cultural and linguistic barriers to HIV prevention and care, and have difficulty accessing treatment when returning to poorly served rural areas. Resulting interruptions in HIV services may lead to a wide range of negative consequences, including: individual vulnerability to infection and risk of death; an undermining of state efforts to curb the HIV epidemic and provide universal access to treatment; and the emergence of drug-resistant disease strains. International human rights law guarantees individuals lawfully within a territory the right to free movement within the borders of that state. This guarantee, combined with the right to the highest attainable standard of health set out in international human rights treaties, and the fundamental principle of non-discrimination, creates a duty on states to provide a core minimum of health care services to internal migrants on a non-discriminatory basis. Targeted HIV prevention programs and the elimination of restrictive residence-based eligibility criteria for access to health services are necessary to ensure that internal migrants are able to realize their equal rights to HIV prevention and treatment.     

重庆市男男性行为者网络交友HIV感染情况

目的了解重庆市男男性行为者(MSM) 网络交友状况及人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染情况,为有效干预MSM HIV感染提供依据。方法对重庆市206名MSM进行结构式访问与问卷调查,对半年内未进行HIV检测者进行实验室筛查,分析MSM人口社会学特征及HIV感染的影响因素。结果206名MSM平均年龄（22.08±1.81）岁,大专及以上文化程度137名（66.50%）,HIV感染率为21.36%（44/206）。MSM无固定性伴侣者HIV感染率高于有固定性伴侣者;MSM性伴数量越多,HIV感染风险越大;与不熟悉或陌生的人发生性行为HIV感染率高于与熟悉的性伴;性行为中安全套使用率越高,HIV感染率越低,各组比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05)。不同文化程度的MSM安全套使用情况比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论该市MSM HIV感染率较高,建议加强健康教育宣传、同伴网络教育与行为干预,减少联结MSM网体之间的桥梁人群,建立同性恋社会支持体系,降低MSM HIV感染风险。     

山东省部分男男性接触者艾滋病防治相关知识、态度和行为调查

目的了解山东省男男性接触者艾滋病防治相关知识、态度和行为状况,为制定艾滋病防治政策提供科学依据。方法采用滚雪球法或方便样本法,在全省8个城市使用统一设计的调查问卷对男男性接触者进行面对面调查,并采集静脉血标本。结果共调查1617名男男性接触者,平均年龄为26岁,已婚占71.9%,大学以上文化程度占58.6%,青年学生占25.3%。艾滋病防治相关知识全部回答正确率较低,为28.2%;发生高危性行为的比例较高,安全套使用率低于50%;检出HIV抗体阳性18例,感染率1.3%。结论山东省男男性接触者人群中存在着艾滋病流行,并有向一般人群蔓延的潜在危险。因此,应进一步加强该类人群艾滋病防治相关知识的宣传教育和安全套推广使用工作,以提高他们的艾滋病防治知识知晓率和自我防护意识。     

黑龙江省男男性行为者中艾滋病相关知识、行为及HIV感染检出率调查

目的探讨黑龙江省男男性行为者艾滋病相关知识、行为及艾滋病病毒感染检出状况,为在该人群中开展有效的艾滋病干预措施提供科学依据。方法由经过专业培训的调查者对男男性行为者进行一对一的问卷调查,同时收集研究对象的血液样本。结果在1353名被调查的男男性行为者中,艾滋病病毒感染率为2.3%。来自佳木斯、收入2000～元、在互联网寻找性伴和有过检测史的男男性行为者有较高的知识评分。在过去6个月,48.7%男男性行为者与多个男性发生过肛交性行为以及44.5%的男男性行为者每次都使用安全套。结论在男男性行为者中艾滋病病毒感染率已经升高,并且广泛存在着艾滋病相关危险行为,必须及时采取措施加以控制,防止艾滋病在该人群中广泛传播。     

北京市男男性行为者行为因素和心理状态与HIV感染关系的研究

目的 了解北京市男男性行为者(MSM)中HIV感染情况及其影响因素.方法 于2008年3-6月,在北京市招募MSM进行问卷调查,了解其社会人口学和行为学特征,并采集血样进行HIV抗体、梅毒抗体、HBsAg和HCV抗体检测.采用X~2检验和logistic回归模型对HIV感染的影响因素进行分析.结果共有550名符合纳入标准的MSM参加本次调查,HIV感染率为4.5%(25/550).多因素logistic回归分析显示,近1个月与临时男性性伴无保护性肛交(X~2=11.381,P=0.001)、近3个月同性性行为后直肠冲洗(X~2=5.326,P=0.021)、近1个月感到悲伤(X~2=8.809,P=0.003)与MSM感染HIV的关系有统计学意义.结论 在加强安全性行为预防干预的同时需采取适当的心理干预措施,以控制HIV在该人群中的传播.     

我国男男性行为人群HIV自我检测及相关因素研究进展

HIV检测是艾滋病防控工作的第一步, 我国MSM的HIV感染率高, 检测率低。HIV自我检测(HIV自检)为MSM提供了一个新的选择, 对扩大HIV检测在该人群中的覆盖面具有重要作用。本文综述了我国MSM的HIV自检及相关因素, 为HIV自检在该人群中的推广提供依据。     

高校大学生男男性行为人群中HIV传播相关因素分析

大学生男男性行为人群急速增加,男男性行为人群已成为艾滋病传播的纽带人群,学生男男性行为的人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染增加表现出明显的趋势,对大学生男男性行为人群中HIV传播因素进行分析,为更好的开展学生艾滋病预防和控制提供重要依据。