全层修复三角韧带与下胫腓联合内固定治疗Lauge-Hansen旋后外旋型Ⅳ度踝关节骨折

目的探讨全层修复三角韧带联合下胫腓联合螺钉固定治疗Lauge-Hansen旋后外旋型Ⅳ度踝关节骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2013-03—2018-03手术治疗的31例Lauge-Hansen旋后外旋型Ⅳ度踝关节骨折,先取仰卧位内侧入路探查三角韧带并评估损伤程度,在三角韧带深层止点预置锚钉,再取侧卧位后外侧入路复位腓骨、后踝固定或不固定,再取仰卧位前外侧小切口探查清理下胫腓联合并行下胫腓联合螺钉固定,最后依次修复三角韧带深层、浅层。结果 31例均获得随访,随访时间平均31(18~48)个月。骨折完全愈合时间为12~48周,无骨折延迟愈合、下胫腓螺钉断裂发生。末次随访时踝-后足AOFAS评分平均91(72~97)分,优27例,良3例,可1例。结论全层修复三角韧带联合下胫腓联合螺钉内固定治疗合并下胫腓联合及三角韧带损伤的Lauge-Hansen旋后外旋型Ⅳ度踝关节骨折可降低踝关节复位不良发生率,恢复踝关节稳定性,有利于患者进行早期功能锻练,达到快速康复的目的。     

腓骨远端骨折合并下胫腓韧带Ⅲ度损伤的手术治疗

目的探讨腓骨解剖型钢板联合双拉力螺钉内固定治疗腓骨远端骨折合并下胫腓韧带Ⅲ度损伤的疗效。方法对21例腓骨远端骨折合并下胫腓韧带Ⅲ度损伤采用腓骨解剖型钢板联合应用双拉力螺钉内固定治疗。结果患者术后获5～40个月随访,伤口均一期愈合,无一例感染,无局部不良反应。参照改良Baird及Jackson的主、客观和X线片评价:优19例,良2例,优良率为100%。结论该方法是治疗腓骨远端骨折合并下胫腓韧带Ⅲ度损伤的有效方法。     

三踝骨折内固定失败原因分析及对策

目的探讨三踝骨折内固定失败原因及对策。方法回顾性分析42例手术内固定治疗的三踝骨折。失败10例,男6例,女14例;年龄32～72岁,平均40岁。测量评估影像学资料,了解诊疗及手术过程,分析失败原因。结果 10例内固定失败。腓骨复位不良1例,胫腓联合Ⅱ度以上分离未固定2例,固定螺钉退出1例,断裂1例。后踝骨折、复位不良、内固定失败、距骨后脱位1例。移位大于2mm的后踝骨折未行内固定2例。内侧间隙增宽大于5mm2例。结论不了解踝关节骨折复位标准、未重视踝关节周围韧带复合体损伤修复和无术中影像监控是手术失败的主要原因。准确诊断分型、解剖复位坚强内固定、准确判断处理下胫腓联合分离和内侧三角韧带损伤可减少手术失败。     

下胫腓联合损伤的诊断及治疗进展

下胫腓联合损伤是一种常见的踝部损伤,通常发生在旋前-外旋和旋前-外展型踝关节骨折脱位,少部分发生在旋后-外旋型踝关节骨折脱位,也可能单独发生不伴有骨折脱位。按其损伤程度分为3型:Ⅰ型为单纯扭伤无下胫腓分离,Ⅱ型为潜在性分离,Ⅲ型为明显的分离。对于不伴有骨折和内侧结构损伤,没有造成下胫腓分离的韧带扭伤,即下胫腓联合稳定可采用保守治疗。对于伴有骨折和内侧结构损伤,下胫腓联合不稳定的病例应积极手术治疗。下胫腓联合可采用螺钉、下胫腓钩、钩板或缝扣固定,以防踝关节不稳定造成疼痛和创伤性关节炎。     

手术治疗踝关节旋后-外旋Ⅳ度损伤的临床分析

目的 回顾分析手术复位螺钉内固定治疗踝关节旋后一外旋Ⅳ度损伤的治疗疗效。方法 自1998年5月～2003年3月，共手术治疗37例踝关节旋后-外旋Ⅳ度损伤，获随访33例，随访时间12～40个月，平均18个月，男21例，女12例；年龄17～68岁，平均38岁。左侧18例，右侧15例，均为单侧。其中内踝骨折31例，行拉力螺钉内固定，2例无内踝骨折为单纯三角韧带撕裂，作韧带修补。后踝骨折27例，其中17例作拉力螺钉内固定，10例因骨折块移位〈1mm未作复位固定，6例无后踝骨折。33例外踝骨折，用2枚皮质骨螺钉过骨折线固定。共有4例行下胫腓联合固定，用1枚拉力螺钉过3层皮质固定。所有病例术后石膏托辅助固定4～6周。结果 用Mazur踝关节症状与功能评分系统评判，优23例，良7例，可3例，无差。优良率91％。结论 手术复位螺钉内固定治疗踝关节旋后一外旋Ⅳ度损伤具有优良疗效。     

旋前型踝关节骨折、脱位的手术治疗

目的：探讨旋前型踝关节骨折，脱位的手术方法及疗效。方法：本组63例采用切开复位和坚固内固定，修复三角韧带，恢复踝关节内外侧结构的稳定性。下胫腓联合分离仍不稳定者，给予皮质骨螺钉横向固定，后踝骨折块超过关节面25％者给予整复螺钉内固定，结果：随访4个月－5年。按齐氏疗效评定标准：优良53例，可7例，差3例，优良率84％，结论；强调骨折切开解剖复位，坚强内固定的同时，应充分重视修复三角韧带，下胫腓前韧带，以及恢复下胫腓联合的稳定。     

旋后外旋型踝关节骨折下胫腓联合固定的前瞻性随机研究

<正>踝关节骨折是需要骨科医生手术处理的常见损伤之一,其中Lauge-Hansen分型旋后外旋(supination external rotation,SER)型骨折在外踝间接暴力引起的腓骨骨折中最为常见。超过30%的Lauge-Hansen SER型踝骨折病例合并下胫腓联合损伤,但骨折修复与胫腓韧带断裂的临床相关性目前尚不得而知。本研究针对合并下胫腓联合损伤的SER型踝关节骨折病例,通过中期随访比较固定和不     

经皮复合固定治疗踝关节骨折临床研究

目的:探讨经皮复合固定治疗踝关节骨折的疗效。方法:183例踝关节骨折患者,男105例,女78例;年龄13～65岁,平均32岁。按LangeHansen分型,旋后外旋型65例,旋前外旋型48例,旋前外展型33例,旋后内收型23例,垂直压缩型Ⅰ度14例。采用经皮复合固定方法进行治疗。具体方法如下:腓骨下段及外踝骨折采用克氏针经皮从外踝穿入腓骨髓腔固定,后踝骨折块超过关节面1/4者,复位后用2根克氏针经皮固定;内踝骨折用1～2根克氏针经皮固定;下胫腓联合分离用钳夹经皮侧方加压固定或钢针贯穿胫腓联合斜行固定。结果:164例获11～35个月随访,采用Leeds评定标准,优良157例,占95.73%;可7例,占4.27%。结论:经皮复合固定不用切开复位,可使踝关节骨折达到良好的复位和可靠的固定,具有创伤小、手术时间短、骨折愈合快、踝关节功能恢复好等优点,是治疗踝关节骨折的一种理想方法。     

胫腓钩在伴下胫腓韧带损伤的踝关节骨折脱位中的应用

目的评价胫腓钩治疗伴下胫腓韧带损伤的踝关节骨折的疗效。方法2002年3月～2005年11月,应用胫腓钩治疗伴下胫腓韧带损伤的旋前型踝关节骨折脱位患者18例。根据术前X线片判断下胫腓联合损伤的程度,经术中探查证实；于下胫腓联合平面置钩,钩住腓骨,固定于胫骨上。取内固定的同时取胫腓钩。结果16例患者获得3个月～4年(平均17个月)随访,根据踝关节活动度、疼痛及X线情况评定疗效：优14例,良2例,未发现内固定物松动、断裂现象。结论胫腓钩在治疗合并下胫腓韧带损伤的踝关节骨折脱位中能有效地复位和固定,并能提供下胫腓微动关节的生理功能。     

不同术式治疗三踝骨折伴下胫腓联合分离的疗效

目的探讨不同术式治疗三踝骨折伴下胫腓联合分离的疗效。方法通过对下胫腓韧带解剖的研究,对30例三踝骨折伴下胫腓联合分离采取不同术式治疗,即腓骨短肌腱移位与腓骨骨膜转位修复下胫腓韧带损伤,对治疗效果进行比较分析。结果全部患者获得随访,随访时间8~22个月,平均13.5个月,30例骨折均愈合。对手术时间、骨折愈合时间、踝关节的功能进行观察,其中踝关节功能按Leeds等的临床评定标准,腓骨短肌腱移位组14例:优4例,良8例,差2例,优良率85.7%;腓骨骨膜转位组16例:优8例,良7例,差1例,优良率93.8%。结论三踝骨折伴下胫腓联合分离应用腓骨骨膜转位修复下胫腓韧带损伤优于腓骨短肌腱移位,是一种新的有效的微创治疗方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.