保留棘突椎板的经关节突入路治疗胸椎椎间盘突出症

目的探讨保留棘突椎板的经关节突入路治疗胸椎椎间盘突出症的手术方法及疗效。方法 2009年10月～2011年8月,采用保留棘突椎板的经关节突入路治疗8例单节段胸椎椎间盘突出症患者,其中男6例,女2例;年龄24～49岁,平均35.4岁;病程1～9个月,5例有外伤史,其余发病无明显诱因。单纯椎间盘突出5例,合并后纵韧带骨化1例,合并椎体后缘骨赘形成2例。病变节段为T8/T91例,T9/T102例,T10/T112例,T11/T121例,T12/L12例。手术保留棘突椎板,采用经双侧关节突入路切除突出椎间盘、骨化的后纵韧带及后缘骨赘。8例均采用双侧相邻节段钉棒固定。结果 8例患者均获得随访,随访时间3～15个月,平均9个月。疗效评价参照Epstein标准,优6例,良1例,差1例,优良率87.5%（7/8）。结论保留棘突椎板的经关节突入路切除突出的胸椎椎间盘可获得满意疗效。     

胸椎间盘突出伴黄韧带肥厚、骨化的手术治疗

目的评价经一侧小关节突切除全椎板减压手术治疗胸椎间盘突出合并黄韧带肥厚的临床疗效。方法通过对我院从1998年11月至2003年11月间收治的胸椎间盘突出合并黄韧带肥厚的患者共计22例,获得随访18例,术前均有不同程度的感觉及/或运动异常,病变的部位主要在下胸段。手术时均采用经一侧关节突切除,全椎板减压,肥厚黄韧带切除和突出的椎间盘组织切除,手术中共计摘除椎间盘22个,6例患者行后路内固定。随访1.2-3.5年,平均1.8年。术后2周,采用Otanni评分系统评价其临床疗效。使用SPSS11.5对临床收集的资料进行统计学处理。结果经一侧小关节突切除全椎板减压手术治疗合并黄韧带肥厚和/或骨化的胸椎间盘突出症的疗效满意,根据Otanni评分标准,优7例,良9例,可1例,差1例,临床满意率为88.89%,临床总体效果良好。1例患者术后出现症状加重,感觉功能较术前无明显改变,但其运动障碍较术前稍有好转;效果可的患者为出现了术后大小便功能改善不明显,经过中医针灸治疗后痊愈。结论经一侧小关节突入路全椎板减压切除肥厚黄韧带和突出的椎间盘组织的技术在治疗胸椎间盘突出伴黄韧带肥厚和/或骨化方面效果良好,有一定的应用和推广价值。     

胸椎间盘突出症的手术治疗

目的 探讨胸腰椎间盘突出症(TDH)的临床表现、诊断及手术治疗方法及效果.方法 经后路手术治疗TDH患者24例,采用后路全椎板切除,经一侧或两侧关节突和下位横突进入切除突出椎间盘,其中15例采用后路椎间植骨融合双侧钉棒系统内固定,9例采用后路椎间植骨融合单侧钉棒系统内固定.结果 随访1～8年,23例脊髓神经功能均有不同程度改善,1例T10～11巨大椎间盘突出者神经功能无改善.1例T8～9椎间盘突出合并后纵韧带骨化者术后症状加重,经对症治疗后1例神经症状加重者术后26个月神经功能恢复至D级.按Otani et al方法评价疗效:优16例,良8例,优良率达91.6%.结论 CT或MRI检查对TDH确诊与定位有重要价值.后路经关节突和下位横突(单或双侧)入路切除胸椎间盘可获得满意疗效.     

胸椎间盘突出症的手术治疗

目的：探讨胸椎间盘突出症的手术治疗办法及疗效．．方法：29例胸椎间盘突出症患者，术前均有不同程度的感觉及／或运动障碍．合并后纵切带骨化者16例，合并黄韧带骨化和肥厚者13例。病变部位主要在下胸段(68.3％)．上胸段次之(19．5％)，中胸段最少(12．2％)。采用后路全椎板截骨、经一侧或两侧关节突和下位横突进入切除突出椎间盘、椎板再植椎管成形术，共切除突出椎侧盘41个，9例加用后路椎间植骨融合钉棒系统内同定结果：5例出现片发症，其中运动障碍加重2例，脑脊液漏3例。所有患者术后即有感觉恢复，运动功能6个月以内恢复较快，24个月后无明显恢复。24例患者术后获得随访，随访时间7～62个月，平均19个月。疗效评价参照Epstein标准，优11例．良9例，改善2例，差2例，优良率83.33％，总有效率91．67％。术后CT及MRI显示椎板融合成形良好，手术减压满意。结论：胸椎间盘突出症发病部位以下胸段为多．如出现症状多需手术治疗，切除突出的椎间盘可获得满意疗效。     

颈后路椎板成形联合髓核摘除术治疗颈椎后纵韧带骨化症伴颈椎间盘突出症1例报道

临床上颈椎后纵韧带骨化症合并椎间盘突出患者并不少见,当患者后纵韧带骨化严重,需后路减压,但同时伴有巨大的椎间盘突出,甚至髓核突入椎管内,卡压神经根时,单纯后路间接减压预计无法达到满意效果,往往需同时手术摘除致压的髓核.本治疗组于2010年6月采用颈后路单开门椎板成形术联合髓核摘除术治疗颈椎后纵韧带骨化伴颈椎间盘突出症患者1例,报道如下.     

伴颈椎后纵韧带骨化的颈椎间盘突出症手术治疗

目的 探讨伴有颈椎后纵韧带骨化的颈椎间盘突出症的临床特点、手术方式及疗效.方法 对2003年6月至2008年6月间伴有后纵韧带骨化的颈椎间盘突出症患者26例进行回顾性分析,男16例,女10例;平均年龄45岁.均在诱因下起病或出现明显加重,病程较短.术前行颈椎X线、CT和MR检查,证实有1-3个节段的颈椎间盘突出,同时伴有多个(≥2个)节段的后纵韧带骨化.术前疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)4-7分.平均5.3分;日本骨科学会(Japanese Orthopedic Association,JOA)评分5～12分,平均9.3分.13例患者单纯经椎间隙摘除突出的间盘减压;11例接受椎体次全切除减压;2例一期经椎间隙摘除突出的间盘,二期后路椎板切除减压.结果 患者根性疼痛及肢体麻木无力、走路不稳症状明显改善,术后随访12-36个月(平均18个月),术后疼痛VAS评分平均2.5(1～4)分,JOA评分平均14.2(11～16)分,JOA评分改善率平均为63.2%.2例患者出现脑脊液漏,经对症处理后消失,无其他并发症出现.结论 既往无明显临床表现或临床症状较轻微的颈椎后纵韧带骨化患者可因颈椎间盘突出导致临床症状出现或加重.术前明确责任病灶,手术切除突出的椎间盘常可获得良好疗效.     

颈椎间盘突出症合并后纵韧带肥厚的手术治疗

目的：探讨颈椎间盘突出症合并后纵韧带肥厚病例的手术治疗问题。方法：回顾分析了经前路手术治疗的颈椎间盘突出症合并后纵韧带肥厚病例８３例,占同期前路手术治疗颈椎间盘突出症病例（３７６例）的２２．０７％。重点介绍了如何选择手术适应症,特别是术中如何判定是否应该切除后纵韧带,手术技巧及注意事项等。结果：全组术后经３～５９个月,平均２０．６个月随访,优良率达９１．５７％。切除之后纵韧带经病理检查证实有增生、肥厚、纤维化等。结论：对典型的颈椎间盘突出症需经前路手术,合并有后纵韧带肥厚者,应在切除突出间盘的同时切除后纵韧带,以使颈髓完全解除束缚,疗效更加趋于完善。     

经后外侧入路治疗胸椎间盘突出症38例报告

目的评价采用后外侧入路治疗胸椎间盘突出症的疗效.方法自1999年11月至2003年11月间采用经小关节突后外侧入路治疗胸椎间盘突出症患者38例,男24例,女14例;年龄30.5～67.5岁,平均465岁.病程为5～12个月,平均9个月.突出节段以T9-10和T10-11为主,占45%.T8-9、T11-12、T12L1各4例,分别占11%.所有患者均行X线及MR检查,22例行脊髓造影,25例行CT或CTM检查.本组38例中有3例突出部分发生钙化,嵌入脊髓.MRI显示本组38例中合并胸椎黄韧带骨化（OLF）8例,后纵韧带骨化（OPLL）10例.22例行腰椎逆行造影,正位X线片显示蛛网膜下腔受压、完全梗阻者8例,不完全梗阻者6例,其中8例是由于黄韧带肥厚、骨化或后外侧小关节突增生所致;侧位X线片均表现为椎间隙相应水平硬膜囊前后径变窄,硬膜囊或脊髓受压.结果术后随访1.2～3.5年,平均2.8年.采用Otanni评分系统进行疗效评估,优16例,良18例,可2例,差2例.术后无一例出现脊柱不稳、神经症状加重及伤口感染等,优良率为89.47%.1例患者术后出现腰部束带感改善不明显,但双下肢肌力明显恢复（1级恢复为3级）;1例术后大小便功能恢复不明显,无其他不适症状,行针灸对症治疗后12d恢复.无术中神经根损伤.结论采用后外侧入路治疗胸椎间盘突出症临床效果良好,并能减少并发症.     

伴或不伴黄韧带骨化的胸椎和胸腰段椎间盘突出症的术式选择

目的 探讨伴或不伴黄韧带骨化的胸椎和胸腰段椎间盘突出症的术式选择.方法 2004年6月至2009年12月,手术治疗伴或不伴黄韧带骨化的胸椎和胸腰段椎间盘突出症患者31例,男22例,女9例;年龄24～71岁,平均54岁;病变节段T4～L2.根据Anand和Regan临床分类:2度1例,3a度2例,3b度3例,4度6例,5度19例;Frankel分级:B级2例,C级6例,D级11例,E级12例.18例不伴黄韧带骨化者行前路手术,采用椎体后缘切除、椎体后侧开槽或椎体次全切除减压并植骨内固定.13例伴有明显黄韧带骨化者行后路半关节突和全椎板切除减压术,未切除前侧突出的椎间盘.结果 前路术后发生硬膜囊撕裂1例,神经根袖损伤1例,肋间神经痛3例,肺不张1例,取髂骨区麻木2例.后路术后发生椎管内血肿1例,脑脊液漏2例,切口感染1例,肺部感染1例.随访6～48个月,平均18个月.末次随访时Frankel分级:C级3例,D级7例,E级21例;Anand和Regan分类:1度2例,2度1例,3a度1例,4度2例,5度10例,15例无明显症状.X线片示内固定均无失败,植骨融合良好.结论 胸椎和胸腰段椎间盘突出以脊髓前侧压迫为主者可选择前路椎体后侧开槽或椎体次全切除减压植骨融合术,伴黄韧带骨化导致脊髓前后侧压迫者可行后路半关节突和全椎板切除减压术.     

全椎板截骨再植椎管扩大成形术治疗胸椎黄韧带骨化症

目的总结胸椎黄韧带骨化症导致胸椎椎管狭窄的影像学特点，探讨改良椎管减压术的临床疗效。方法胸椎黄韧带骨化症31例，男18例，女13例；年龄26—73岁，平均45．7岁。术前均行MR、CT检查以明确诊断。合并颈椎管狭窄3例、腰椎管狭窄5例，颈胸腰椎管狭窄同时存在者2例；合并胸椎后纵韧带骨化和椎间盘突出症9例。单节段3例，双节段12例，三节段11例，四节段以上5例。局限型6例，连续型17例，跳跃型8例。共94个病变节段，其中上胸段(T1～T4)23个节段、中胸段(T5～T8)19个节段、下胸段(T9-T12)52个节段。手术采用全椎板截骨原位再植椎管扩大成形术。对9例合并胸椎后纵韧带骨化和椎间盘突出者，在后方减压的同时，行切除椎管前方突出椎间盘的环脊髓减压及后路钉棒系统内固定。术后疗效评价参照Epstein标准。结果24例患者随访6—63个月，平均15个月。术后疗效优14例、良7例、可3例，优良率87．5％。1例因术后停用脱水药物过早引起下肢瘫痪症状加重；2例出现下肢静脉血栓；2例硬脊膜撕裂。结论MR结合CT检查是诊断胸椎黄韧带骨化症最有效的手段，全椎板截骨再植椎管扩大成形术安全可靠，疗效满意。     

Surgical treatment of thoracic disc herniations using a modified transfacet approach

Background:

Ideal surgical treatment for thoracic disc herniation (TDH) is controversial due to variations in patient presentation, pathology, and possible surgical approach. Althougth discectomy may lead to improvements in neurologic function, it can be complicated by approach related morbidity. Various posterior surgical approaches have been developed to treate TDH, but the gold standard remains transthoracic decompression. Certain patients have comorbidities and herniation that are not optimally treated with an anterior approach. A transfacet pedicle approach was first described in 1995, but outcomes and complications have not been well described. The aim of this work was to evaluate the clinical effect and complications in a consecutive series of patients with symptomatic thoracic disc herniations undergoing thoracic discectomy using a modified transfacet approach.

Materials and Methods:

33 patients with thoracic disc herniation were included in this study. Duration of the disease was from 12 days to 36 months, with less than 1 month in 13 patients. Of these, 15 patients were diagnosed with simple thoracic disc herniation, 6 were associated with ossified posterior longitudinal ligament, and 12 with ossified or hypertrophied yellow ligament. A total of 45 discs were involved. All the herniated discs and the ossified posterior longitudinal ligaments were excised using a modified transfacet approach. Laminectomy and replantation were performed for patients with ossified or hypertrophied yellow ligament. The screw–rod system was used on both sides in 14 patients and on one side in l9 patients.

Results:

29 patients were followed up for an average of 37 months (range 12-63 months) and 4 patients were lost to followup. Evaluation was based on Epstein and Schwall criteria.5 15 were classified as excellent and 10 as good, accounting for 86.21% (25/29); 2 patients were classified as improved and 2 as poor. All the patients recovered neurologically after surgery. A total of 25 patients had significantly improved motor function from 3 to 6 months after surgery and 10 patients had slow recovery 6 months after surgery.. Of the three patients with postoperative complications, two had exacerbated preexisting defects and one had implant failure. Postoperative computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging showed that all patients had well fused replanted lamina and completely decompressed canal.

Conclusion:

Thoracic discectomy using a modified transfacet approach can significantly improve the clinical outcomes.     

Thoracic disc herniation. Surgical treatment in 23 patients

The authors' surgical procedure for the treatment of symptomatic thoracic disc herniation has consisted of total discectomy of the involved intervertebral disc, followed by intervertebral body fusion using autogenous iliac bone through an anterior approach. The authors prefer the extrapleural approach to the thoracic vertebrae because of simplified postoperative care with minimum surgical interference with respiratory function. During the past 16 years, 23 patients with symptomatic thoracic disc herniation have been treated by this procedure. Preoperatively all 23 patients presented with some measure of paraplegia, with difficulty in walking. Their clinical presentation was analyzed and diagnostic aids to the thoracic disc herniation by radiographic examinations were assessed. The radiographic abnormality of ossification of the yellow ligament (OYL) coinciding with the involved thoracic disc level was noted. The results in all 23 patients with this procedure were favorable. Based on the results of this series, this procedure is recommended for the treatment of symptomatic thoracic disc herniation.     

Anterior cervical discectomy and interbody fusion by endoscopic approach: a preliminary report

OBJECT: The authors report the short-term results of anterior cervical discectomy and interbody fusion performed via an endoscopic approach. METHODS: Thirty-six patients who underwent anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) performed using endoscopic surgery were selected for this study. The indications for surgery were cervical disc herniation caused by neck injury, spondylotic myelopathy, cervical radiculopathy, and solitary ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). The involved levels included C3-4, C4-5, C5-6, and C6-7. The working channel was inserted through a 20-mm transverse incision, the protruding discs or area of OPLL were excised for complete decompression, and then an appropriate intervertebral polyetheretherketone fusion cage was implanted. RESULTS: The time spent in surgery was 120 minutes on average (range 50-150 minutes), and the mean blood loss was 55 ml (range 20-140 ml). There were no intraoperative complications and no symptoms of irritation in the laryngopharynx after surgery. However, postoperative hemorrhage of the incision occurred in 1 case. The follow-up period ranged from 26-50 months (mean 38.5 months). Postoperative Japanese Orthopaedic Association and visual analog scale scores improved significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic surgery for ACDF can produce satisfactory results in patients with cervical disc herniation, cervical myelopathy, or radiculopathy. The optimal levels for this procedure are C4-5 and C5-6. Compared with a traditional approach, this technique has great advantages in terms of cosmetic results, intraoperative visualization, and postoperative recovery course. Nevertheless, every precaution should be taken to avoid possible complications, such as postoperative hemorrhage.     

Results of hemivertebrectomy and fusion for symptomatic thoracic disc herniation

We retrospectively analysed ten consecutive patients (age range 32-77 years) treated surgically from 1994 to 1999 for symptomatic thoracic disc herniation between the 6th and 12th thoracic discs. Clinically, eight patients had varying grades of back pain and eight patients had paraparesis. Radiography showed calcification in 50% of the herniated discs. Two patients had two-level thoracic disc herniation. Hemivertebrectomy followed by discectomy and fusion was carried out in all patients. Instrumentation with cages was performed in eight patients and bone grafting alone in two patients. The average follow-up was 24 months (range 13-36 months). Six patients had an excellent or good outcome, three had a fair outcome and one had a poor outcome. One patient had atelectasis, which recovered within 2 days of surgery. Another patient had developed complete paraplegia, detected at surgery by SSEPs, and underwent resurgery following magnetic resonance (MR) scan with complete corpectomy and instrumented fusion. At 2 years, she had a functional recovery. The patient with poor outcome had undergone a previous discectomy at T9/10. He developed severe back pain and generalised hyper-reflexia following corpectomy and fusion for disc herniation at T10/11. We advocate anterior transthoracic discectomy following partial corpectomy for symptomatic thoracic disc herniation between the 6th and 12th thoracic discs. This procedure offers improved access to the thoracic disc for an instrumented fusion, which is likely to decrease the risk of iatrogenic injury to the spinal cord.     

皮层体感诱发电位监护在胸椎管狭窄症手术中的应用

目的：探讨皮层体感诱发电位（CSEP）监护在胸椎管狭窄症手术中的应用价值。方法：自2000年4月～2003年11月共有32例胸椎管狭窄症患者接受术中体感诱发电位监护，男21例，女11例，年龄38～75岁；其中单纯胸椎黄韧带骨化症13例，胸椎间盘突出症合并胸椎黄韧带骨化症10例，胸椎间盘突出症合并胸椎孤立后纵韧带骨化9例。单纯胸椎后路全椎板切除术4例，单纯后路全椎板截骨原位再植、椎管扩大减压术9例，全椎板截骨原位再植、环脊髓减压、椎管扩大减压成形术19例。术中均应用丹迪Key—Poim脊髓监护系统进行皮层体感诱发电位监护。结果：23例术中监护无异常，术后未出现神经系统并发症。其中12例患者术中即可见波形改善。4例术中出现波形异常，其中2例术后发生神经功能障碍。4例术中监护未见异常。术后症状加重，假阴性率12．5％。1例术中波形异常，但术后无脊髓损伤表现，假阳性率3.1％。结论：皮层体感诱发电位（CSEP）监护可及时发现术中危及脊髓的因素，但存在一定的假阳性或假阴性率。与其它监测方法合用可提高手术安全性。     

不同术式治疗腰椎间盘突出症的中长期疗效分析

目的 探讨4种不同方法治疗腰椎间盘突出症的中长期疗效.方法 对440例腰椎间盘突出症患者行后路开窗减压髓核摘除(A组,178例)、半椎板切除(B组,122例)、全椎板切除(C组,66例)及上述3种术式加后路椎弓根螺钉系统内固定(D组,74例)治疗.术后随访30～66个月,平均49个月.获得随访病例,男245例,年龄19～72岁,平均(43.36±11.64)岁,病程3 d～18年;女195例,年龄20～76岁,平均(43.78±12.09)岁,病程7 d～20年.对临床资料进行回顾性分析,按照Oswestry 功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index,ODI)设计问卷随访,对不同术式腰椎间盘突出症临床效果进行评分并行统计学分析.结果 4种术式总体优良率分别为88.76%、83.61%、77.27%、90.54%,D组与A、B组比较疗效差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),D组与C组比较疗效差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);A、B、C、D组单节段优良率分别为89.93%、85.58%、78.57%与90.77%,双节段优良率分别为81.48%、76.47%、70.00%与87.50%,内固定组与非内固定组疗效差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 传统经典手术加后路内固定为腰椎间盘突出症手术彻底减压融合创造良好条件,但无论是单节段或双节段病变,加后路内固定都不能显著提高临床疗效.传统经典手术仍是治疗腰椎间盘突出症的安全、有效方法.     

颈椎人工椎间盘置换术治疗颈椎间盘疾患的早期临床观察

目的：探讨应用颈椎人工椎间盘置换术治疗颈椎间盘疾患的效果.方法：对45例颈椎间盘疾病患者（脊髓型颈椎病35例、神经根型颈椎病5例、急性颈椎间盘突出症5例）实施前路减压、Bryan人工椎间盘置换术.其中单节段置换35例,双节段9例,3节段1例.结果：所有患者随访1～12个月,平均8个月.脊髓型颈椎病患者术前JOA评分平均8.5分,术后平均15.5分,平均改善率为88%.神经根型颈椎病和急性颈椎间盘突出症患者的临床症状均消失.平均术后住院时间为4.8d（2～6d）,38例术后4周内恢复正常生活和工作,7例在术后2个月内恢复工作.所有病例未见假体移位及神经系统症状加重.有2例分别在术后3个月和11个月时出现假体周围骨桥形成无活动,其余43例在最终随访时各置换节段均保留了活动度.结论：应用Bryan人工椎间盘系统置换治疗颈椎间盘疾患早期效果良好.