广州市大学生自杀意念现况及其影响因素

目的了解广州市大学生自杀意念现状及其影响因素，为高校进行有针对性的健康教育提供理论依据。方法采用整群随机抽样方法，从广州市8所高校中抽取大学生2564名，用白编调查表对大学生进行问卷调查。结果大学生近1a自杀意念报告率为11．6％。不同性别、专业、生源的学生自杀意念报告率差别无统计学意义（P〉0．05），不同学校学生自杀意念报告率差别有统计学意义（X^2=11．208，P=0．004）；对自杀行为的态度、消极应对、负性生活事件等是自杀意念的危险因素，社会支持是保护因素。结论从可改变的社会因素人手，消除危险因素，提高保护因素，可以最大限度预防大学生自杀。     

局部地区大学生自杀意念及其影响因素的研究

目的了解江西省大学生自杀意念现状及其影响因素，为高校进行危机干预提供依据。方法采用随机发放问卷的方式用自编大学生自杀意念问卷对江西省1010名大学生进行调查。结果大学生自杀意念报告率为11．19％。不同性别学生自杀意念报告率差别无统计学意义（P〉0．05），不同性质学校、不同学历、不同专业大学生自杀意念报告率差别有统计学意义（Х^2=-24．24，P〈0．01；Х^2=-4．58，P〈0．05；Х^2=29．46，P〈0．01），积极应对、家庭和谐、性格外向是自杀意念的保护因素，学习压力、经济压力、儿童期被忽视、人际关系紧张、记忆中有深刻的自杀印象（媒体报道或亲眼目睹）、就业压力是自杀意念的危险因素。结论江西省大学生自杀意念发生率值得关注，消除自杀意念的危险因素，提高自杀意念的保护因素，可以有效降低大学生自杀意念的发生率。     

张家港市中学生自杀行为及其影响因素分析

目的了解张家港市中学生自杀行为现状及其影响因素，为学校健康教育和社会干预提供理论依据。方法采用分层抽样方法，选取张家港市普通和重点初、高中以及职业高中16所共5012名初一～高三年级学生进行调查。结果张家港市中学生自杀意念、自杀计划和自杀未遂的总体报告率分别为15．3％，6．1％和2．1％，其中自杀意念报告率呈现出随年级升高而逐渐上升的趋势，高中生报告率（18．6％）明显高于初中生（11．2％）；普通高中和重点初中学生的各种自杀行为报告率与同阶段学校差异均有统计学意义；女性、经常感到孤独、因长相或身体缺陷而被嘲笑、因学习压力感到不愉快、连续2周以上感到伤心绝望、过去1a曾和别人打架、网络成瘾及赌博等均是自杀意念的危险因素。结论预防中学生自杀需强调心理健康教育，并建立起有效的干预机制和社会支持系统。     

广州市中学生自杀行为现状及其相关因素分析

目的了解广州市中学生自杀行为状况，为开展中学生心理健康教育及预防青少年自杀提供依据。方法抽取广州市9所全日制中学、4所职业中学和中专学校学生共2921名，采用《中国青少年健康相关行为调查问卷》进行调查。结果中学生有自杀意念的报告率为16．9％，曾计划自杀的报告率为5.9％，曾试图自杀的报告率为3．0％。有自杀行为的学生在非传统型结构的家庭中发生率较高，有自杀行为的学生受欺侮的经历以及各种心理行为问题的报告率明显高于无自杀行为报告的学生。结论中学生的自杀行为与家庭结构、受欺侮经历以及各种心理行为问题有关。开展学校心理健康教育是预防青少年自杀的重要措施。     

临安市中学生自杀行为及态度相关性研究

目的：了解临安市中学生自杀行为发生情况,探讨自杀行为与自杀态度之间的关系,为预防干预提供依据。方法：采用分层整群随机抽样方法,对临安市6所中学6个年级36个班共1693名学生进行了问卷调查;并对数据进行描述性分析和统计推断。结果：1693名学生中有440人（26．0％）曾经有过自杀意念,有自杀意念的440人中46人（10．5％）有过自杀未遂行为。1693名学生中对自杀行为、自杀者、自杀者家属和安乐死持肯定或理解态度的学生分别占7．3％、26．4％、56．5％和25．30／00。多因素logistic回归分析显示,对自杀行为的态度、对自杀者的态度以及对安乐死的态度是产生自杀意念的重要影响因素。结论：自杀意念在临安市中学生中较为常见,对自杀行为持肯定支持者不在少数,预防中学生自杀行为应以健康教育及心理疏导为主。     

上海市嘉定区青少年自杀及相关心理行为分析

目的了解上海市青少年自杀及自杀相关心理行为状况,为制定干预措施提供依据。方法采用《上海市青少年健康相关行为调查问卷》对分层整群随机抽取的6所学校共1089名学生进行问卷调查。结果1087名被调查的青少年中,过去12个月有117人（10．8％）有自杀行为,其中自杀意念、自杀计划、自杀未遂的报告人数分别为94人（8．6％）、50人（4．6％）、23人（2．1％）。采取措施自杀的比例,初中生高于高中生、职校生（P〈0．05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,女生是自杀行为发生的危险因素（OR=1．628,95％CI：1．059～2．504）。有526名（48．4％）青少年发生不良心理情绪障碍,高中生高于初中生和职校生（P〈0．05）,男生经常感到孤独、经常因学习或成绩感到心情不愉快、经常因担心某事而失眠、曾连续2周以上伤心绝望、曾离家出走的比例均高于女生（P均〈0．05）。结论学校、家庭和社会应对重点学生进行心理健康教育,采取相应的干预措施,预防自杀的发生。     

北京市职业高中生自杀行为特征及其影响因素分析

了解北京市职业高中生自杀行为特征的现状及其影响因素,为学校、社区以及家庭采取干预和防治措施提供理论依据.方法 2012年4-5月采用分层整群随机抽样方法,抽取北京市职业高中31所,共5 385名学生参与调查.研究因素包括学生人口统计学特征、故意伤害行为、情绪反应和自杀意念、自杀计划及自杀行动,并采用Logistic回归分析各因素与自杀的关系.结果 女生自杀意念(12.8%)、自杀计划(8.8%)及自杀行为报告率(4.8%)均高于男生,差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05);而多次自杀行为报告率男生(2.9%)高于女生(2.0%)(x2=4.02,P<0.05);年级越高的学生自杀意念、自杀计划及自杀行动报告率越低(x2值分别为21.18,9.25,11.75,P值均<0.05).单亲家庭、隔代家庭、重组家庭学生自杀意念、自杀计划及自杀行为报告率明显高于核心家庭学生(P值均<0.01).家庭人均月收入0~199元和≥5000元的学生自杀4项指标均较高,而人均月收入2000~2 999元的学生自杀4项指标的报告率均最低(分别为8.0%,5.7%,1.6%和0).Logistic分析结果显示,高一、母亲文化程度高、学习成绩差、家庭人均月收入过高或过低、单亲、重组及隔代家庭、被经常故意伤害、参与打架、常感到孤独及失眠是自杀行为及意念的危险因素.结论 青少年自杀与家庭类型、家庭人均月收入、学习成绩、故意伤害行为等因素密切相关,学校和家庭应该联合对学生自杀的影响因素进行干预,及时识别危险状况的发生,建立预防机制.     

大学生就业压力对自杀态度及意念影响

目的 了解大学生就业压力对自杀态度、自杀意念的影响情况.方法 采用自杀态度问卷(QSA)和自编就业压力问卷对703名大学生进行问卷调查.结果 有470名(72.1％)大学生感受到了轻度以上就业压力,平均分为(2.26±1.42)分;大学生中有自杀意念者81人(12.4％);大学生对自杀行为性质的认识、自杀者的态度、自杀者家属的态度、安乐死的态度平均分分别为(3.34±0.55)、(2.54±0.51)、(2.37±0.49)、(2.76±0.74)分;年级、专业、户籍、父亲职业、家庭收入、对大学生就业压力有影响(P＜0.05);就业压力影响对安乐死的态度(β=-0.10,P＜0.05);对自杀行为的认识、对安乐死的态度是自杀意念的保护因素(β=-0.904、-0.412,P＜0.01或P＜0.05);而就业压力是自杀意念的危险因素(β=0.265,P＜0.01).结论 就业压力对自杀态度有影响作用,但不是主要影响因素;就业压力与自杀态度可以预测自杀意念.     

合肥市中学生健康危险行为现状分析

目的了解合肥市中学生健康危险行为现状,为学校及卫生部门开展健康教育提供依据。方法采用分层随机整群抽样的方法,对合肥市2680名中学生进行健康危险行为问卷调查。结果60．53％的学生有过骑车违规的行为,36．11％的学生报告在过去1年内至少打架1次,10．87％的学生考虑过自杀,6．04％的学生曾制定过自杀计划,2．49％的学生曾实施过自杀,4．30％的学生曾离家出走,24．15％的学生报告有吸烟史,50．91％的学生报告曾喝过酒,0．64％的学生报告使用毒品,3．92％的学生报告有网络成瘾。结论合肥市青少年健康危险行为普遍存在,迫切需要开展相关健康教育,改善学生生活技能,提高学生身心健康。     

深圳4所中学学生自杀行为影响因素分析

了解深圳青少年学生自杀行为的现状及影响因素,为制定有针对性的干预措施提供依据.方法 随机抽取深圳初、高中各2所,采用自杀意念问卷、自杀态度量表、青少年生活事件量表、社会支持量表及中学生应对方式量表对抽取学校的在校一、二年级2 380名学生进行横断面调查,应用结构方程模型初步探讨自杀行为与自杀态度、社会支持、应对方式及性别特征之间的关系.结果 深圳青少年学生的自杀意念、自杀计划及自杀尝试报告率分别为35.9%,2.1%和1.1%.模型的主要指标(x2/df=10.470,GH=0.908,RMSEA =0.063)显示方程模拟较好.自杀计划对自杀尝试起直接作用(作用大小为0.35),自杀意念、自杀态度、生活事件、社会支持、指向情绪的应对方式、指向问题的应对方式和性别特征对自杀尝试起间接作用(间接作用为0.036).自杀尝试的危险因素排序为自杀计划(61.21%)>自杀意念(17.41%)>生活事件(6.21%)>指向情绪的应对方式(3.62%)>指向问题的应对方式(2.59%)>性别特征(2.41%);保护因素的排序为社会支持(6.03%)>自杀态度(0.52%).结论 深圳青少年学生自杀计划和自杀意念对自杀尝试的影响作用占近80%,尽早识别青少年学生的自杀风险对于预防自杀的意义重大.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.