腹腔镜子宫切除术后输尿管阴道瘘的原因及处理

目的探讨腹腔镜子宫切除术后输尿管阴道瘘的原因及外科处理方法的选择。方法 2002年3月~2009年6月对22例妇科腹腔镜子宫切除手术导致输尿管阴道瘘施行即时经膀胱镜放置双J管（2例）;膀胱镜置管失败者采用经输尿管镜置入斑马导丝然后再置入双J管（4例）;上述2种方法均失败者采用经腹膜外或腹腔途径输尿管膀胱再吻合术,输尿管内置双J管（16例）。结果通过手术探查和输尿管镜检发现电刀电凝伤7例,血运障碍6例,直接损伤3例,输尿管缝扎2例,解剖变异2例;2例经膀胱镜双J管置入治愈未能了解原因。22例随访6~48个月,平均25.7月,6例经内镜支架管置入中3例术后出现输尿管下段狭窄行输尿管膀胱再吻合术;16例行输尿管膀胱再吻合术,其中15例治愈,1例术后2个月再次出现输尿管阴道瘘,经皮肾穿刺肾造瘘后3个月再行膀胱肌瓣输尿管吻合术治愈。结论输尿管阴道瘘是腹腔镜妇科手术的严重并发症,一经确诊应积极处理,但应根据患者具体病情制定个体化的治疗方案,治疗措施以恢复正常排尿通路及保护患侧肾脏功能为原则。     

输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术近期并发症的预防及处理

目的总结输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术并发症的处理经验。方法回顾性分析2002年5月～2007年12月660例经尿道输尿管镜取石术中发生25例并发症的临床资料。结果输尿管穿孔22例：13例顺利将结石击碎并将双J管越过穿孔处一端置入肾盂内;4例手术取石并修补输尿管;5例拒绝开放手术,术后出现不同程度的发热、腰痛、血尿等症状,3例经皮肾穿刺造瘘后症状好转,2例经皮穿刺肾造瘘失败待病情稳定后行开放手术治疗。输尿管撕断2例,术中开放行输尿管端端吻合术。输尿管下段穿孔至盆腔卵巢静脉血管出血1例,术中开放手术结扎破裂的血管。25例经积极对症处理后均痊愈出院。术后2个月顺利拔除双J管,术后1年行静脉肾盂造影检查无输尿管狭窄、梗阻。结论输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术后近期输尿管损伤通过输尿管内支架引流管或经皮穿刺肾造瘘改道处理,可降低再次手术发生率;果断及时的开放手术可以避免更为严重并发症的发生。     

应用输尿管镜放置双J管早期治疗输尿管阴道瘘

目的 评价应用输尿管镜放置双J管早期治疗输尿管阴道瘘的临床效果.方法 回顾性分析2002年～2008年我院采用输尿管镜下放置双J管早期治疗28例输尿管阴道瘘的临床资料.结果 28例患者采用早期输尿管镜下放置双J管,22例患者阴道流尿在术后当天即明显减少,术后有21例(75%)获得治愈,其中有4例先后2次行输尿管镜下放置双J管术后获得治愈,7例输尿管镜下放置双J管术失败后改为输尿管膀胱抗反流再植术获得治愈,随访6～33个月(平均10.1±6.4月),所有患者均无阴道流尿.结论 应用输尿管镜放置双J管术早期治疗输尿管阴道瘘可作为输尿管阴道瘘的首选治疗方式,失败后才考虑其他的术式.     

医源性输尿管损伤的手术治疗38例报告

目的:总结38例医源性输尿管损伤的手术方法和治疗经验。方法:回顾性分析2010年1月～2017年12月我院收治的38例医源性输尿管损伤患者的临床资料。38例患者中,妇产科手术损伤15例,泌尿外科16例,普外科7例。术中发现25例,术后发现13例。确诊后均积极进行手术治疗。12例行输尿管镜下留置双J管术,8例行输尿管端端吻合术,6例行输尿管膀胱再植术,4例行输尿管膀胱角吻合术,3例行膀胱壁瓣输尿管吻合术,2例行输尿管松解术,2例先行经皮肾穿刺造瘘术,3个月后改行回肠代输尿管术,1例行患肾切除术。结果:术后平均随访18(6～36)个月,定期行B超、CT、静脉尿路造影等检查,12例输尿管镜下留置双J管术后输尿管狭窄合并中度肾积水5例,行输尿管膀胱再植术后好转;8例输尿管端端吻合术后输尿管狭窄合并中度肾积水2例,行输尿管镜球囊扩张后好转。其余患者患侧输尿管通畅无狭窄,患侧肾无积水。结论:医源性输尿管损伤的处理应根据输尿管损伤情况、患者的具体情况和医生所掌握的技术采用不同的手术治疗方案。复杂性医源性输尿管损伤行输尿管镜留置双J管和输尿管端端吻合术,术后远期输尿管狭窄发生率较高,需要密切随访,必要时进一步处理。     

输尿管镜下双 J管置入术治疗输尿管损伤的疗效分析（附36例报告）

目的：探讨输尿管镜手术治疗输尿管损伤的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2006年1月～2013年12月采用输尿管镜下置入双J管内引流治疗36例输尿管损伤患者的临床资料。结果33例顺利经输尿管镜置入双J管引流，术后1～3周停止漏尿，其中13例术后1～3个月拔除双J管，20例盆腔肿瘤放疗者术后5～11个月拔除或更换进口巴德（ BADE）内支架管，术后随访3个月～6年，泌尿系CT成像（ CTU）检查证实患侧输尿管通畅，6例肾积水及输尿管扩张较前明显减轻，其余正常。1例腹腔镜下全子宫切除术中发现右侧输尿管损伤，术后40天拔出双J管后输尿管阴道瘘，因局部瘢痕及漏口较大，再次置管失败，改行输尿管膀胱再植术。2例因前列腺癌或宫颈癌放疗后严重输尿管狭窄，行永久性双肾造瘘术。结论输尿管镜下置入双J管内引流术治疗输尿管损伤的疗效可靠，微创，患者易于接受。     

经皮肾镜联合输尿管镜治疗双J管长期滞留并发结石

目的探讨经皮肾镜联合输尿管镜治疗长期留置双J管所致结石的临床疗效。 方法2010年7月至2020年5月我院收治双J管两端及体部结石患者7例,6例于截石位先行经尿道输尿管镜碎石,清除膀胱内、输尿管壁间段及下段管壁的结石,1例Bricker术后患者采用软性膀胱镜清除输出道内管壁的结石。改变患者体位为俯卧位,X线或超声引导下建立经皮肾镜手术通道,充分清除结石后,顺行取出导管。 结果7例患者中,2例重度肾积水的患者术前行肾穿刺造瘘,5例一期完成治疗,顺利完整取出导管,无严重并发症发生,随访3~12个月,输尿管无狭窄发生。 结论经皮肾镜联合输尿管镜处理长期留管所致的严重双J管结石,是一种安全、有效的手术方法,可完全清除结石,安全取出导管,降低术后输尿管狭窄的发生率。     

第4、5腰椎水平难治性输尿管结石的处理

目的：探讨第4、5腰椎水平难治性输尿管结石的处理方法。方法：采用经皮肾穿刺造瘘联合经尿道输尿管镜气压弹道／钬激光碎石术治疗第4、5腰椎水平难治性输尿管结石患者20例。结果：20例均在B超引导下成功穿刺建立经皮肾通道。留置肾造瘘管（气囊型）于肾盂输尿管连接部下方．一期行经尿道输尿管镜碎石术。手术时间平均48min（30~70min）．清石率为100％．未出现严重并发症。结论：经皮肾穿刺造瘘联合经尿道输尿管镜碎石术治疗第4、5腰椎水平难治性输尿管结石安全、有效。     

两镜联合治疗肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄应用总结

目的评价两镜联合治疗肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄的安全性和有效性。方法通过肾造瘘通道和经尿道通道顺行和逆行两个方向分别置镜,以斑马导丝为引导,通过球囊扩张、冷刀切开、钬激光切开等手段处理狭窄,术后经导丝放置双J管,留置肾造瘘管。结果42例患者手术中无中转开放手术及大出血,术后无尿外渗并发症发生,术后8周拔双J管,顺行肾盂输尿管造影显示原狭窄段得到解除,拔肾造瘘管后随访24～36个月,平均30个月,40例患者行IVP检查,结果见患侧肾及输尿管显影良好、原狭窄段通畅无梗阻,均达到临床治愈,2例患者再次出现狭窄,行二期两镜联合手术后狭窄解除。结论两镜联合治疗肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄术式安全,疗效可靠。     

顺行球囊扩张治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻：附4例报告

目的探讨经皮肾穿刺造瘘顺行球囊扩张治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻的安全性和疗效。方法回顾分析2002年以来本院4例接受顺行球囊扩张治疗的移植肾输尿管梗阻的患者资料,3例先行经皮肾穿刺造瘘,待肌酐降至正常,经造瘘口行输尿管镜术,1例直接行经皮肾穿刺造痿输尿管镜术,证实梗阻系输尿管或输尿管膀胱吻合口狭窄所致,顺行球囊扩张,成功后留置双J管。结果4例患者均1次扩张成功,术后输尿管梗阻症状缓解,尿量恢复至梗阻前水平,随访6～24个月,肾功能稳定,无梗阻复发。结论顺行球囊扩张治疗移植。肾输尿管梗阻是可行的。     

输尿管镜、尿道镜下腔内尿道会师术治疗尿道损伤28例

目的探讨输尿管镜、尿道镜下腔内尿道会师术治疗尿道损伤的疗效。方法 2006年1月～2011年1月采用输尿管镜、尿道镜下尿道会师术治疗尿道损伤28例,经尿道输尿管镜探查明确损伤部位,对损伤较轻者,输尿管镜探查后直接进入膀胱,在输尿管支架管引导下置入F18～F20完成尿道会师;对输尿管完全断裂者,输尿管镜明确后行膀胱造瘘,在尿道镜引导下行输尿管支架管引导从尿道外口置入F18～F20尿管完成尿道会师,术后对尿道狭窄者定期尿道扩张。结果 28例均一次性成功,手术时间5～36 min,平均16 min。术中见尿道黏膜挫伤4例、球部尿道后壁穿孔4例、后尿道黏膜撕裂伤4例、尿道部分撕裂伤10例、尿道完全断裂伤6例,4例合并前列腺增生。23例随访3～36个月,平均27个月,其中20例随访〉24个月：术后均恢复正常排尿,最大尿液率17～22 ml/s,平均20 ml/s;9例尿道狭窄分别行冷刀内切开（3例）和直视下尿道扩张（6例）。结论经尿道腔镜下会师术操作简单,患者痛苦小,尿道排尿功能恢复良好。     

Use of endoscopy in the management of postoperative ureterovaginal fistula

The aim of the study was to evaluate endourological techniques in the management of iatrogenic ureterovaginal fistula. Seventeen patients referred to us after gynecologic surgery were diagnosed as having iatrogenic ureterovaginal fistula. First, retrograde double-J stenting was tried. If this failed, percutaneous nephrostomy using an antegrade double-J stent was performed. If this also failed, open surgical repair was performed. The retrograde double-J stent bypassed the fistula in 2 patients (11.8%). Percutaneous nephrostomy was performed in the remaining 15. The antegrade double-J stent bypassed the fistula in another 2 of these patients (11.8%). Open surgical repair was performed in the remaining 13 patients (67.5%) (direct ureteroneocystostomy) with nipple valve in 11 patients and Boari flap with psoas hitch in 2 patients). Of all patients, 2 had ureteral stricture, one after antegrade double-J stenting and the other after open repair. It was concluded that early intervention is recommended in the treatment of iatrogenic uretrovaginal fistula, causing minimal morbidity and discomfort, and being less expensive. EDITORIAL COMMENT: This is an interesting paper that is worthy of mention because of an important concept in the management of an iatrogenic ureterovaginal fistula. The traditional management of these fistulas has been ureteroneocystostomy [1]. However, recent urologic literature suggests that modern endoscopic treatment is highly successful if the passage of an internal stent is possible [2,3]. This is a concept that must be shared with our urogynecologic colleagues. In this paper, 4 of 14 patients with an iatrogenic fistula underwent placement of an indwelling stent. Of these, two were placed cystoscopically, whereas the other two were placed percutaneously. All four ureterovaginal fistulas healed successfully. However, 1 patient developed a ureteral stricture. It is noteworthy that in the combined series of Selzman [2] and this Tulane group not only were all ureterovaginal fistulas successfully treated with a stent, but only 1 of 11 patients (9%) developed a stricture. Although the sample size is small, this paper supports the conclusion that successful endoscopic placement of a double-J stent does allow the ureterovaginal fistula to heal spontaneously. Therefore, initial endoscopic management of an iatrogenic ureterovaginal fistula is a reasonable recommendation. However, equally important is the development of a ureteral stricture causing ‘silent hydronephrosis’. After stent removal the patient may develop a distal ureteral stricture with a completely asymptomatic hydronephrosis — ‘silent hydronephrosis’. Although the patient may be clinically asymptomatic, the renal units remain in jeopardy. Therefore, routine periodic follow-up with radiologic studies is warranted after stent removal.     

Robotic ureteral reimplantation for the management of ureterovaginal fistula: four cases at a single center

BackgroundTo describe our initial experience with robotic ureteral reimplantation for the management of ureterovaginal fistulas.MethodsBetween January 2018 and January 2020, four patients received robotic ureteral reimplantation for ureterovaginal fistulas. All patients were diagnosed based on anterograde urography and computed tomography urography (CTU). Follow-up was performed with magnetic resonance urography and renal ultrasound as well as the clinical assessment of symptoms.ResultsThe mean age of all patients was 50.3 (range, 37–65) years. The cause of the ureterovaginal fistula in four patients was due to a previous hysterectomy. The mean time from fistula diagnosis to robotic repair surgery was 14.5 (range, 3–36) months. All robotic procedures were successfully performed without intraoperative complications or open conversion. The mean operative time was 137 (range, 116–171) minutes, and the mean estimated blood loss was 25 (range, 10–50) mL. No postoperative complications that were high grade (grade III and IV) occurred within one month of surgery. Patients had the double-J (D-J) stents removed 2 months after surgery and the nephrostomy tubes removed 3 months after the operation. There was a 100% success rate without serious complications, such as the leakage of urine and side progressive hydronephrosis, during the 6 to 24 months of follow-up.ConclusionsOur initial results and experience showed that robotic ureteral reimplantation for the management of ureterovaginal fistula is safe and feasible.     

Two cases of a foreign body in the renal pelvis

We report two cases in which the renal stone originated from a foreign body which was used to treat a urinary tract fistula by a gynecologist. The first patient developed a vesicovaginal fistula following an emergency Caesarean operation. At the time of correcting surgery, a 5 Fr ureteral catheter was used as a splint catheter elsewhere, 108 mm of which somehow migrated up to the renal pelvis and a stone was formed 4.5 years later. The second patient underwent a radical hysterectomy for uterine cervical cancer. Postoperatively, a ureterovaginal fistula developed, for which a double-J ureteral catheter was indwelt. When she visited our clinic 6 months later, we found the double-J catheter and renal stone in her left renal pelvis. In both cases the catheters and renal stones were successfully removed by means of the percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL).     

Endoscopic realignment in the management of complete transected ureter

Purpose

To present experience and feasibility of endoscopic realignment for treatment of delayed recognized iatrogenic complete transected ureteral injuries.

Patients and methods

Patients suffering from iatrogenic complete transected ureteral injuries were treated by two surgeons. Five women and 3 men with a mean age of 50.8 years (range 22–69) received diagnosis during the immediate postoperative period (2–6 days after surgery). Ureteral continuity was re-established using a technique combining antegrade flexible ureteroscopy and retrograde rigid ureteroscopy. Then, three ipsilateral 5F double J stents were inserted to assure ureteral patency.

Results

All eight realignment procedures were successful, and no major complications occurred. Average injury length was 1.9 cm (range 1.5–3.0). Average hospitalization time was 8 days (range 3–14). Nephrostomy tubes and stents were removed after a mean period of 3.9 weeks (range 2–6) and 6.8 months (range 5.9–7.1), respectively. At a mean follow-up of 21.5 months (range 10–56), 6 patients were stent-free without image evidence of obstruction, a patient developed strictures was treated with balloon dilation and another exchanged double J stents periodically. No patient has developed significant renal impairment.

Conclusion

Endoscopic realignment is a safe and efficient method as an initial procedure to manage iatrogenic complete transected ureteral injuries in properly selected cases.     

输尿管阴道瘘的腔镜治疗(附1例报告并文献复习)

目的:报告腔镜治疗输尿管阴道瘘的经验并探讨输尿管阴道瘘的病因、诊断和治疗方法。方法:回顾性分析我科收治的1例因腹腔镜下子宫切除术后出现输尿管阴道瘘患者的诊断和腔镜治疗过程。结果:患者输尿管镜检发现左输尿管下段距膀胱开口5cm处有狭窄,邻近可见一径约0.4cm瘘口,行钬激光狭窄内切开及留置双J管后阴道漏尿症状迅速缓解,3个月后复查尿瘘无复发。结论:腔镜治疗输尿管阴道瘘创伤小且效果良好,同时临床医生也要重视输尿管阴道瘘的预防和诊断。     

腹腔镜治疗宫颈癌术后输尿管阴道瘘的临床体会

目的探讨腹腔镜乳头式输尿管膀胱再植及腹腔镜膀胱肌瓣管输尿管成形术治疗对于保守治疗无效的宫颈癌手术及放疗所致输尿管阴道瘘患者的手术效果及临床价值。方法回顾性分析2014年1月至2018年11月徐州医科大学附属医院泌尿外科诊治的15例在外院或我院试行输尿管支架管置入失败的输尿管阴道瘘患者,15例患者均行CT尿路成像、膀胱镜等检查确诊,其中13例行腹腔镜下乳头式输尿管膀胱再植术,另2例因输尿管下段粘连较重无法分离而改行腹腔镜膀胱肌瓣管输尿管成形术,观察指标包括手术时间、出血量及术后并发症。结果 15例患者均行腹腔镜手术成功,无一例改开放或失败,平均手术时间146(95~208)min,出血量110(60~180)ml,术后3个月拔出双J管,随访3~12个月,均未出现漏尿、进展性肾积水等严重并发症。结论腹腔镜手术治疗对于保守治疗无效的输尿管阴道瘘患者疗效确切、安全可靠,创伤小、出血少、恢复快、成功率高,可明显提高患者生活质量,值得临床推广,但需要娴熟的腹腔镜操作技巧及丰富的解剖学经验。     

腔镜下处理闭合性尿道损伤（附16例报告）

[摘要] 目的： 探讨腔镜在处理闭合性尿道损伤中的应用。方法: 回顾分析我院自2001年6月至2009年6月16例闭合性尿道损伤患者通过腔镜下处理的临床资料。结果：16例患者均通过腔内治疗获得成功,术后随访6个月～2年, 12例患者排尿顺畅,尿线较前无明显变细,4例患者,其中3例骨盆骨折伤,1例尿道球部完全断裂,拔除尿管1周-2月后不同程度出现尿线变细,经尿道造影检查发现不同程度的尿道狭窄,予行尿道扩张2-4个月后排尿顺畅。本组全部患者无勃起功能障碍发生。结论：腔镜下处理闭合性尿道损伤具有疗效好、创伤小、手术时间短、并发症少等特点。     

微创经皮肾镜钬激光碎石治疗肾结石150例报告

目的探讨微创经皮肾镜钬激光碎石治疗肾结石的临床疗效。方法连续硬膜外麻醉,经皮肾穿刺,建立手术通道,插入肾镜(WolfF8.5/11.5),见结石后,用200μm钬激光传导光纤(设置功率0.6～1.2J/6～10Hz)将结石粉碎并取出碎石屑。术后保留肾造瘘管3～5d,尿管5～7d,双J管4～8周。结果130例一期手术取石,手术时间40～150min,平均60min,术后住院时间7～10d,平均8.5d;15例二期手术取石,术后住院时间12～16d,平均14d;5例三期手术取石,术后住院时间15～20d,平均17d。150例均为单通道取石,一次手术结石取净率86.0%(129/150),总结石取净率92.0%(138/150)。150例无严重并发症发生。结论微创经皮肾镜钬激光碎石治疗肾结石微创、安全、有效。     

双J管在输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术中的临床应用

目的探讨双J管在输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗泌尿系结石中的临床疗效。方法自1999年11月至2003年11月,采用输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石546例,术后16例未留置任何支架管引流,其他患者留置双J管或输尿管导管。结果留置双J管的451例患者术后无一例出现并发症,留置输尿管导管并发症发生率为22．7％（18／79）,未留置任何导管并发症发生率为56．2％（9／16）,主要是肾绞痛及急性肾盂肾炎、血尿。结论输尿管镜术后常规留置双J管可明显减少术后并发症的发生。