C3肾小球肾炎的临床表现及病理特征

目的:分析17例C3肾小球肾炎的临床表现、病理特征和治疗反应,旨在提高对此病的认识。方法:回顾性分析17例确诊为C3肾小球肾炎患者的临床、病理资料及疗效。结果:(1)一般情况:男11例,女6例,平均年龄(31.5±19.4)岁(9～72岁),肾活检时病程1周～8年。14例患者起病前无明确诱因,13例(76.5%)以水肿、尿检异常为首发症状,3例伴肾外症状;(2)临床表现及实验室检查:肾病综合征5例,尿检异常8例,急进性肾炎3例,反复发作肉眼血尿1例;镜下血尿11例、肉眼血尿4例、高血压10例、肾功能减退4例;平均尿蛋白定量(3.1±3.2)g/d,6例蛋白尿>3.5g/24h,血清白蛋白(33.8±6.1)g/L,低补体C3血症11例,贫血7例;5例患者检测C3肾炎因子、补体H因子及抗H因子抗体,其中1例C3肾炎因子阳性;(3)病理特点:17例患者免疫荧光染色均见补体C3呈颗粒状弥漫分布于肾小球毛细血管外周袢;12例组织学符合膜增生样病变,5例以系膜增生病变为特征;超微结构见肾小球毛细血管袢内皮下、系膜区电子致密物沉积,8例伴少量上皮侧电子致密物沉积;(4)随访:除1例失访外,16例患者大多接受免疫抑制剂治疗,随访4月～5年,其中1例完全缓解,6例部分缓解,7例病情无变化,2例进入慢性肾功能衰竭。结论:C3肾小球肾炎是新近被认可的疾病,其临床表现缺乏特征性,免疫荧光染色以C3沉积为主,超微结构见肾小球毛细血管袢内皮下和(或)系膜区电子致密物沉积。该病目前尚无有效的治疗方法,其发病机制尚需深入研究。     

肾移植后轻链沉积病

中年男性患者,肾移植术后血清肌酐升高,中等量蛋白尿和少量镜下血尿,肾活检组织学为肾小球结节样病变,免疫病理κ轻链弥漫分布于肾小球系膜区、毛细血管袢,肾小管基膜和间质血管壁,超微结构观察肾小球系膜区、毛细血管袢基膜内侧、肾小管基膜外侧、间质及小动脉壁见细颗粒状电子致密物沉积,诊断为移植肾轻链沉积病。     

致密物沉积病患者的临床病理分析

目的:分析8例致密物沉积病(DDD)的临床病理特征和治疗反应,旨在提高对DDD的诊断和治疗水平. 方法:对经临床、肾脏病理(光镜、免疫病理和电镜)确诊的8例DDD患者的临床病理资料及疗效进行分析. 结果:(1)一般情况:8例患者男性5例,女性3例,起病时平均年龄(18.4±9.20)岁(8～32岁),至肾活检时平均病程(2.49±2.04)年(0.17～7年).(2)临床特征:患者均有大量蛋白尿(尿蛋白定量＞3.5 g/24h)和镜下血尿,伴肉眼血尿、高血压、血清肌酐升高、低补体血症和贫血者分别为3、5、2、6和5例.均未见部分脂肪营养不良与眼脉络膜疣.(3)病理特点:光镜下7例表现为膜增生性肾小球肾炎,1例表现为肾小球系膜增生性病变.肾小球细胞数并无明显增加,肾小球基膜(GBM)病变明显,GBM嗜伊红性明显增强,PAS强阳性.免疫病理以C3为主,伴(或)不伴免疫球蛋白在肾小球毛细血管袢呈线状或绸带状沉积,部分可沉积于肾小管基膜和包曼囊壁.电镜下均表现为GBM内伴(或)不伴肾小管基膜内、包曼囊壁有高电子致密物沉积.(4)治疗及疗效:有5例患者入院前接受泼尼松、环磷酰胺和(或)环孢素治疗,无明显效果,有2例出现股骨头坏死.1例曾接受雷公藤多甙治疗,尿蛋白减少.诊断明确后有6例患者回访,均先后接受雷公藤多甙治疗者,尿蛋白有不同程度的减少,有1例先接受泼尼松联合霉酚酸酯治疗2年无效,切换为雷公藤多甙治疗3月后尿蛋白有所减少. 结论:(1)对青少年,临床表现为大量蛋白尿、镜下血尿、高血压,尤其合并低补体C3血症与贫血,对一般免疫抑制剂治疗无效的患者要警惕DDD.(2)肾脏病理光镜下突出病理改变在GBM,表现为嗜伊红性明显增强,PAS强阳性.免疫病理以C3为主在肾小球毛细血管袢呈线状或绸带状沉积,电镜检查可以明确诊断.(3)DDD对一般的免疫抑制治疗无效,有7例患者接受雷公藤多甙治疗,尿蛋白均有不同程度的减少,雷公藤多甙对DDD的确切疗效有待积累更多的临床资料.     

轻重链沉积病合并轻链淀粉样变性

中年女性,临床表现为血清肌酐升高,中等量蛋白尿、大量镜下血尿,无高血压,轻度贫血,免疫固定电泳图谱见λ型Ig G单克隆免疫球蛋白条带,骨髓细胞学检查浆细胞比例为8%。肾活检示肾小球系膜区轻~中度增宽,肾血管壁刚果红染色阳性,免疫荧光染色Ig G及λ轻链呈线状沉积于肾小球毛细血管袢及肾小管基膜,间质血管壁λ轻链阳性,超微结构见肾小球基膜内侧缘、系膜区、肾小管基膜外侧缘细沙样高密度的电子致密物沉积,免疫电镜下见电子致密物Ig G、λ轻链染色胶体金颗粒阳性,间质动脉壁淀粉丝分布;皮肤脂肪活检刚果红染色阳性。最终诊断为轻重链沉积病(Ig G-λ型)合并AL型系统性淀粉样变性(累及肾脏、皮肤、心脏)。     

C3肾小球病病理特点及诊断

C3肾小球病(C3 glomerulopathy)与补体旁路途径获得性和(或)先天性缺陷所致调节异常有关。是一类肾小球仅有C3沉积的疾病,无补体经典途径成分C4和C1q,无或极少量免疫球蛋白沉积。根据电子致密物沉积特点分为致密物沉积病(Dense deposit disease,DDD)和C3肾小球肾炎(C3 glomerulonephritis,C3GN)。光镜表现为膜增生性肾小球肾炎(MPGN)、毛细血管内增生性病变、系膜增生性病变和新月体肾炎。C3肾小球病诊断必须依赖肾活检,需对补体成分及基因学突变进行综合分析。     

遗传性C3肾炎

青年男性,5岁起病,临床表现为中至大量蛋白尿,大量镜下血尿,肾功能缓慢减退,同时补体C3水平轻度下降。有肾脏疾病家族史。肾活检光镜初始改变为肾小球系膜增生性病变,重复肾活检见肾小球不典型膜增生性病变伴内皮下、系膜区大量嗜复红物沉积,免疫荧光以C3沉积为主,Ⅳ型胶原染色正常。电镜下肾小球系膜区、内皮下大量、基膜内节段电子致密物分布。基因测序未见补体相关基因突变。最终诊断为遗传性C3肾炎。     

单纯C3沉积的感染后肾小球肾炎与C3肾小球肾炎比较

目的:分析单纯C3沉积的感染后肾小球肾炎(C3-PIGN)的临床、病理和肾脏预后特点,并和C3肾小球肾炎(C3GN)进行比较。方法:回顾性分析2009年至2015行肾活检诊断为感染后肾小球肾炎(PIGN)和C3肾小球肾炎(C3GN)患者的临床、病理及随访资料,分别对C3-PIGN和免疫球蛋白合并补体沉积的感染后肾小球肾炎(Ig+C3-PIGN)、C3-PIGN和C3肾小球肾炎(C3GN)的患者进行比较。结果:(1)共纳入89例PIGN和52例C3GN,PIGN患者中43例(48.3%)为C3-PIGN,46例(51.7%)Ig+C3-PIGN。(2)与Ig+C3-PIGN相比,C3-PIGN肾病范围的蛋白尿和低白蛋白血症比例、新月体比例、肾小管萎缩间质纤维化(IFTA)的比例及系膜区和内皮下的电子致密物沉积的比例较低。(3)与C3GN比较,C3-PIGN患者未成年人比例更高,病程更短,尿红细胞计数更多,肾病范围蛋白尿比例和低白蛋白血症发生率更低;C3-PIGN患者球性硬化、IFTA、动脉透明变性、肾小球系膜区和内皮下电子致密物沉积的比例更低,而驼峰比例更高。C3-PIGN和C3GN患者肾小球均存在C3b、C3c和C3g沉积。(4)C3-PIGN患者的临床转归总体预后良好,39例患者随访1年,其中32例患者1年内尿检转阴,7例患者尿检持续阳性1年,其中5例患者尿检逐渐转阴,而2例患者尿检持续不缓解,提示可能存在补体旁路途径活化失衡,符合C3GN的诊断。结论:与Ig+C3-PIGN和C3GN相比,C3-PIGN的临床和组织形态学病变较轻,但是C3-PIGN和C3GN肾小球内有相同的补体片段沉积,提示两者肾小球局部的补体活化和裂解失活过程有相似之处。对C3-PIGN患者要进行长期追踪随访,以便发现这些以感染为诱因,临床诊断为"C3-PIGN",而实际是C3GN患者。     

急性感染后肾小球肾炎

11岁男性患者,临床表现为急性肾炎综合征伴大量蛋白尿、抗链球菌溶血素"O"(ASO)升高和补体下降等;肾脏病理组织学见肾小球毛细血管内增生及渗出性病变;免疫荧光染色见C3强阳性沉积于肾小球系膜区和血管袢,同时伴IgA、IgM、C1q沉积;电镜见"驼峰"及系膜区、内皮下电子致密物沉积。行免疫抑制剂治疗,1年后重复肾活检示肾脏病变较前明显减轻,仅见肾小球轻度系膜增生性病变。该患者最终诊断为急性感染后肾小球肾炎。     

纤维连接蛋白肾小球病—临床及病理分析

分析纤维连接蛋白肾小球病(fibronectin glomerulopathy,GFND)患者的临床表现、实验室检查和肾活检病理特征,旨在提高对此病的诊断及鉴别诊断.方法:收集10例经肾活检明确GFND患者的临床病理资料.结果:(1)一般情况:10例患者中男性6例,女性4例,年龄19 -46岁,其中＜30岁者6例;仅1例追溯到明确肾脏疾病家族史;(2)临床特点:肾病范围的蛋白尿最常见(80%),无肉眼血尿发作者,镜下血尿的发生率仅40%,4例病初即存在高血压,全部患者均有脂代谢异常,肾功能受损者5例(50%);本组患者常见肾小管间质受损的实验室检查证据;(3)病理特征:全部患者肾小球体积增大,6例组织学改变类似膜增生性肾炎Ⅰ型(分叶状),5例见肾小球系膜溶解,全部患者Masson三色染色均见肾小球毛细血管外周袢内皮下嗜复红物沉积,7例系膜区嗜复红物沉积;10例患者免疫荧光染色免疫球蛋白和补体均阳性,Fibrin阳性者6例,纤维连接蛋白染色肾小球阳性者100%;电镜观察均见肾小球毛细血管袢内皮下及系膜区见不均质、含脂质的电子致密物,经免疫电镜证实这些电子致密物为纤维连接蛋白.结论:GFND的诊断需依靠肾活检病理.     

华氏巨球蛋白血症相关的轻链沉积病

中年男性,贫血、高黏血症、肾功能不全、尿检阴性,免疫球蛋白lgM升高、k型lgM单克隆免疫球蛋白条带,骨髓活检提示华氏巨球蛋白血症.肾脏病理组织学见弥漫肾小管萎缩,小管基膜增厚明显;间质嗜酸性细胞浸润;肾小球病变较轻.免疫荧光染色免疫球蛋白和补体染色阴性.轻链染色显示肾小球毛细血管袢、肾小管基膜、血管壁κ轻链染色阳性.电镜下见肾小球毛细血管袢基膜内侧缘、包曼囊壁、肾小管基膜外侧缘、血管壁见泥沙样电子致密物沉积.结台临床及病理,最终诊断华氏巨球蛋白血症相关的K型轻链沉积病伴急性间质性肾炎.     

补体C3及C3 c和C3 d在IgA肾病肾组织中的表达

目的 阐明补体C3,C3c和C3 d分子在IgA肾病肾组织中的表达,探讨C3、C3c和C3d在IgA肾病发病中的作用.方法 对36例IgA肾病和43例无IgA沉积的系膜增生性肾炎患者进行回顾性分析,对其肾组织进行抗人C3,C3c和C3 d抗体检查,在免疫荧光显微镜下观察C3、C3c和C3 d在肾组织上各自的表达.结果 补体C3在IgA肾病组肾小球上的表达高于系膜增生性肾炎组患者.C3c和C3 d仅在IgA肾病上发现表达;它们的共同表达与肾脏病理损害有关(r=0.99176,P=0.0009).结论 补体C3、C3c和C3 d在IgA肾病肾组织上高表达,而且C3c和C3 d共同表达与肾脏损害有关,可能是向终末性肾衰竭转化的标志.     

2型糖尿病患者甘露聚糖结合凝集素和补体C3、C4、备解素的表达及其意义

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者甘露聚糖结合凝集素（MBL）、C3、C4和备解素（Pf）水平的变化及意义。方法2型糖尿病患者40例，正常对照组24例。测定循环血清中MBL、C3、C4和Pf水平。同时测定糖脂代谢指标及尿微量白蛋白排泄率。结果2型糖尿病患者血清中MBL和Pf水平无明显变化，C3和C4水平增高。糖化血红蛋白和甘油三酯（TG）是MBL的独立预测因素，TG、体重指数（BMI）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）进入C3回归方程，TG是C4的独立预测因素。结论C3、C4水平与肥胖及脂肪代谢异常有关，MBL与2型糖尿病肾脏并发症无直接关系。     

The Conversion Rate of Human C 3 under Different Storage Conditions

Abstract. The stability of the third component of human complement (C 3) under different storage conditions has been studied. Conversion of the protein was demonstrated by change in electrophoretic mobility on agarose.
C 3 patterns were observed for 4–7 days, 15–24 days and 8–12 months in sera stored at 20, 4 and −23°C, respectively. After storage for 12 months at −75°C there was no sign of C 3 conversion. Addition of merthiolate did not increase C 3 stability. Exposure to air and haemolysate increased C 3 conversion rate.     

雷公藤内酯醇对大鼠大脑皮质内注射β-淀粉样蛋白后补体C1q和C3表达的影响

目的 探讨雷公藤内酯醇对大鼠大脑皮质内注射β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)后补体C1q和C3表达的影响.方法 30只SD雄性大鼠随机等分成对照组、Aβ组、用药组.Aβ组大鼠给予双侧大脑皮质各一次性注射凝聚态Aβ1-40,对照组大鼠大脑皮质注射等量生理盐水,用药组大鼠在大脑皮质注射凝聚态Aβ1-40后腹腔注射雷公藤内酯醇,免疫组织化学染色和RT-PCR方法检测各组大鼠大脑皮质C1q和C3蛋白和mRNA的表达.结果 免疫组织化学染色显示,Aβ组大鼠大脑皮质C1q和C3免疫反应阳性细胞数和平均光密度明显高于对照组(P＜0.01);用药组大鼠大脑皮质C3免疫反应阳性细胞数较Aβ组明显减少(P<0.05),用药组大鼠大脑皮质C1q和C3免疫反应阳性细胞平均光密度较Aβ组明显减弱(P<0.01).RT-PCR结果显示,Aβ组大鼠大脑皮质C1q和C3 mRNA表达量明显高于对照组(P＜0.01);用药组大鼠大脑皮质C1q和C3 mRNA表达量明显低于Aβ组(P<0.05,P＜0.01).结论 雷公藤内酯醇对大鼠大脑皮质内注射Aβ后补体C1q和C3的表达有抑制作用.     

IgA肾病患者肾组织肥大细胞的分布及意义

目的:了解不同亚型IgA肾病(IgA nephropathy,IgAN)患者肾组织中肥大细胞的分布及其与各种疾病指标的相关性,全面探讨肥大细胞在IgAN中的可能病理意义。方法:选取包括大量蛋白尿型、反复发作肉眼血尿型、高血压型、无症状尿检异常型、血管炎型在内的IgAN患者共110例,根据肾组织肥大细胞特异性高表达C3aR的特点,利用免疫组化的方法对所有患者的肾穿刺活检标本切片进行C3aR免疫组化染色,计数各切片C3aR强阳性细胞数,同时测量切片面积,计算各患者肾组织肥大细胞分布密度(同时选取正常供肾15例作为对照);在此基础上,利用统计学方法,进行肾组织肥大细胞密度与包括血、尿生化指标,肾小管间质相对面积和肾组织炎症细胞密度在内的各种病理指标进行相关性分析,探讨肥大细胞在IgAN中的病理意义。结果:(1)肥大细胞广泛存在于各亚型IgAN患者肾组织中;与正常对照相比,各亚型IgAN患者肾组织中的肥大细胞数均有明显的增加。(2)总的来看,肾组织中肥大细胞数与血肌酐和血CystatinC水平、尿视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)和尿溶菌酶水平及间质炎症细胞数量,肾小管间质相对面积具显著相关性,而与尿C3、尿α2巨球蛋白(α2-MG)和24h尿蛋白水平及尿N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)水平则无明显相关性。(3)不同亚型IgAN肾组织肥大细胞与各种病理指标的相关性有明显差异,其中,反复发作肉眼血尿型与其他亚型的差异性最明显。结论:肥大细胞很可能参与了包括大量蛋白尿型、反复发作肉眼血尿型、无症状尿检异常型、高血压型和血管炎型在内的各种亚型IgAN的病理过程。肥大细胞在不同亚型IgAN中的地位和作用机制也可能存在差异。     

The first confirmed case with C3 deficiency caused by compound heterozygous mutations in the C3 gene; a new aspect of pathogenesis for C3 deficiency

The complement system is an ancient cascade system that has a major role in innate and adaptive immunity. Component C3 is central to the three complement pathways. Hereditary compliment 3 (C3) deficiency characterized by severe recurrent infections and immune complex disorders is extremely rare disease. Since 1972, inherited C3 deficiency has been described in many families representing a variety of national origins; however, only 8 families of these cases have been identified their genetic defects. Interestingly, all except one (incomplete analysis) were shown to harbor homozygous C3 gene mutations. Previously we proposed a hypothesis, based on the unique process of C3 synthesis; C3 deficiency is not inherited as a simple autosomal recessive trait. Here, we report the first confirmed case with C3 deficiency caused by compound heterozygous mutations. They were a novel one base insertion (3176insT) in exon 24 which is predicted to result in a frameshift and a premature downstream stop codon (K1105X) in exon 26, and a nonsense mutation of C3303G (Y1081X) in exon 26 which was previously reported as homozygous mutations. This confirmed case suggests that our proposed hypothesis has prospects of a new aspect of pathogenesis for C3 deficiency.     

Lipodistrofia parcial adquirida y glomerulopatía C3: la desregulación del sistema del complemento como mecanismo común

The activation of the alternative pathway of the complement is involved in the development of several renal diseases, such as atypical haemolytic uremic syndrome and C3 glomerulopathy. In C3 glomerulopathy, a high percentage of patients have circulating levels of the autoantibody called C3NeF, which causes systemic dysregulation of the complement system. In some cases, the presence of this antibody has been related with abnormalities of adipose tissue, causing acquired partial lipodystrophy (Barraquer-Simons syndrome). Acquired partial lipodystrophy is an extremely rare disorder affecting the distribution of subcutaneous adipose tissue and that mainly onsets during childhood. These patients, in addition to possibly presenting with all the metabolic disorders associated with the adipose tissue defect, present with C3 hypocomplementemia and C3NeF and 25% have developed C3 glomerulopathy. Although it has been known for some time how the dysregulation of the complement system affects the kidneys, it remains unknown how it exactly affects adipose tissue; nevertheless, the relationship is quite clear. In this paper, we describe the connection between the complement system with the biology of the adipose tissue and its pathogenesis reflected from acquired partial lipodystrophy.     

Association of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and C3 glomerulopathy

Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is usually an asymptomatic pre-malignant condition caused by the proliferation of clonal plasma cells. Often considered a benign condition, it has the potential to progress to malignant plasma cell or lymphoproliferative disorders. Moreover, MGUS can rarely cause glomerular disease by activating the alternative complement pathway resulting in immunoglobulin-negative C3-positive glomerulonephritis called C3 glomerulopathy. Because of its rarity, the diagnosis might not be considered by the treating physicians, leading to delayed diagnosis or misdiagnosis. Untreated C3 glomerulopathy can lead to irreversible glomerular damage and end-stage renal failure, and a high index of suspicion is essential for timely diagnosis and management. Here, we present the case of a patient with a prior diagnosis of MGUS who presented with proteinuria and microscopic haematuria and was diagnosed with C3 glomerulopathy. The patient had complete resolution of the disease after receiving treatment with a combination of dexamethasone, lenalidomide and bortezomib for the underlying MGUS.     

Acylation stimulating protein reduction precedes insulin sensitization after BPD-DS bariatric surgery in severely obese women

Objective:

The mechanisms involved in early resolution of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus after biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD-DS) surgery are still unknown. We evaluated early effects of BPD-DS on plasma acylation stimulating protein (ASP), an adipokine involved in lipid and glucose metabolism.

Subjects:

32 non-diabetic and 22 diabetic severely obese women (BMI⩾40 kg m⁻²) were evaluated for body composition and plasma parameters before, 24 h, 5 days, 6 and 12 months after surgery.

Results:

Within the early postoperative period (24 h), ASP decreased 25 and 30% in non-diabetic and diabetic women, respectively (P<0.001). Twenty-four hours after surgery, triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL-Chol, LDL-Chol and C3 also decreased, while glucose, insulin and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) increased (all P<0.001). By 5 days, without significant weight loss, the decreases in ASP, cholesterol, HDL-Chol and LDL-Chol levels were all maintained. At this time, glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR also decreased 11 to 52% (all P<0.001). At 6 and 12 months, with pronounced weight loss and decreased per cent fat mass, there were further decreases in ASP (maximal −56% non-diabetic, −61% diabetic, P<0.001), as well as in glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL-Chol, HDL-Chol and hsCRP levels. Improved insulin resistance/diabetes at 5 days was predicted by 24 h changes as follows: per cent change ASP, HDL-Chol, hsCRP and total cholesterol predicted HOMA-IR (5 days) (r²=0.454, P<0.001), and per cent change ASP, HDL-Chol and hsCRP predicted change (5 days vs baseline) in HOMA-IR (r²=0.351, P<0.001).

Conclusion:

Acute postoperative decreases in ASP are associated with early improvement of insulin resistance/diabetes after BPD-DS surgery.     

血清补体C3在IgA肾病中的作用

目的探讨血清补体C3在Ig A肾病(Ig AN)发病中的作用。方法检测并收集59例Ig AN患者的血清补体C3、临床资料及肾脏病理资料并进行统计学分析。结果根据肾小球滤过率(e GFR)和血尿素氮(BUN)将Ig AN患者分组,e GFR降低组血清C3水平较e GFR正常组明显下降(P<0.05);BUN升高组较BUN正常组明显下降(P<0.05);血清补体C3与e GFR、Ig G、Ig A、C4呈显著正相关(P<0.05或P<0.01),与BUN呈负相关(P<0.05),与Katafuchi(K)积分呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。结论 Ig AN患者血清补体C3水平与疾病活动相关,血清补体C3水平能够提示Ig AN患者肾脏病理损害程度以及肾功能水平。