急性感染后肾小球肾炎

11岁男性患者,临床表现为急性肾炎综合征伴大量蛋白尿、抗链球菌溶血素"O"(ASO)升高和补体下降等;肾脏病理组织学见肾小球毛细血管内增生及渗出性病变;免疫荧光染色见C3强阳性沉积于肾小球系膜区和血管袢,同时伴IgA、IgM、C1q沉积;电镜见"驼峰"及系膜区、内皮下电子致密物沉积。行免疫抑制剂治疗,1年后重复肾活检示肾脏病变较前明显减轻,仅见肾小球轻度系膜增生性病变。该患者最终诊断为急性感染后肾小球肾炎。     

纤维连接蛋白肾小球病—临床及病理分析

分析纤维连接蛋白肾小球病(fibronectin glomerulopathy,GFND)患者的临床表现、实验室检查和肾活检病理特征,旨在提高对此病的诊断及鉴别诊断.方法:收集10例经肾活检明确GFND患者的临床病理资料.结果:(1)一般情况:10例患者中男性6例,女性4例,年龄19 -46岁,其中＜30岁者6例;仅1例追溯到明确肾脏疾病家族史;(2)临床特点:肾病范围的蛋白尿最常见(80%),无肉眼血尿发作者,镜下血尿的发生率仅40%,4例病初即存在高血压,全部患者均有脂代谢异常,肾功能受损者5例(50%);本组患者常见肾小管间质受损的实验室检查证据;(3)病理特征:全部患者肾小球体积增大,6例组织学改变类似膜增生性肾炎Ⅰ型(分叶状),5例见肾小球系膜溶解,全部患者Masson三色染色均见肾小球毛细血管外周袢内皮下嗜复红物沉积,7例系膜区嗜复红物沉积;10例患者免疫荧光染色免疫球蛋白和补体均阳性,Fibrin阳性者6例,纤维连接蛋白染色肾小球阳性者100%;电镜观察均见肾小球毛细血管袢内皮下及系膜区见不均质、含脂质的电子致密物,经免疫电镜证实这些电子致密物为纤维连接蛋白.结论:GFND的诊断需依靠肾活检病理.     

单克隆IgG沉积的增生性肾小球肾炎

目的:了解单克隆IgG沉积的增生性肾小球肾炎临床病理特点。方法:回顾性分析单克隆IgG沉积的增生性肾小球肾炎患者的临床病理资料。结果:9例患者中男性5例,女性4例,肾活检时平均年龄49.8±10.9岁,肾脏病病程15.9±13.1月;血清白蛋白29.0±5.5g/L,8例患者血清白蛋白降低,尿蛋白定量5.6±2.8g/d,7例伴镜下血尿,尿N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶72.3±38.6U/(g·cr),尿视黄醇结合蛋白11.3±17.1mg/L,血清肌酐(SCr)209.5±176.8μmol/L,7例患者SCr升高。补体C3下降5例,补体C4均正常。高血压8例,贫血8例,浆细胞均未见异常,7例行血清免疫固定电泳仅1例存在血清异常IgGκ型条带。肾活检病理光镜为膜增生样病变,3例亦见肾小球结节,1例伴新月体。电镜下见肾小球基膜内皮下、系膜区及少量上皮侧颗粒状电子致密物,其中2例电子致密物呈晶格状结构。患者均有IgG和C3在肾小球内的沉积,5例伴C1q沉积。IgG3κ型3例,IgG3λ型3例,IgG1κ型2例,IgG1λ型1例。结论:单克隆IgG沉积的增生性肾小球肾炎以中老年多见,临床表现大量蛋白尿、血尿,多数患者肾功能不全和贫血,部分出现血清异常单克隆条带。组织学为肾小球膜增生样病变,肾小球见颗粒状电子致密物,少数呈晶格状结构,沉积物以IgG3亚型多见。     

1例单克隆IgG沉积的增生性肾小球肾炎临床分析

目的探讨单克隆IgG沉积的增生性肾小球肾炎（proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal IgG deposits,PGNMID）的临床病理特点,加深对PGNMID的认识。方法分析1例PGNMID患者的临床病理特点,并对PGNMID相关文献进行复习。结果 PGNMID是一种少见疾病,以中、老年患者常见,主要临床表现包括蛋白尿、血尿,多数伴肾功能不全。肾活检病理组织学表现为肾小球增生性病变或膜增生样病变,免疫荧光检查肾小球内单克隆IgG沉积,电镜观察见沿肾小球毛细血管袢和（或）肾小管基膜外侧细沙样电子致密物沉积。结论老年肾病综合征或大量蛋白尿患者,尤其肾活检证实肾小球内单一免疫球蛋白IgG沉积者,应行IgG亚型染色及肾组织轻链染色,当电镜发现沿肾小球毛细血管袢特殊的电子致密物沉积时,应结合临床及实验室检查结果,诊断PGNMID,并寻找可能的病因,以提高PGNMID的诊断水平。     

单克隆免疫球蛋白病相关C3肾炎的临床病理分析

目的:了解单克隆免疫球蛋白病相关的C3肾炎的临床病理特征。方法:回顾性分析2004年3月至2015年5月南京军区南京总医院肾脏科经肾活检病理诊断为C3肾炎的患者,筛选出血清免疫固定电泳见单克隆条带者,统计其临床及病理资料。结果:(1)一般资料:C3肾炎患者共有38例,其中行血清免疫固定电泳检查者16例。血清单克隆免疫球蛋白阳性者7例,男性5例、女性2例,肾活检时年龄44~65岁,病程3~67月。肾脏损害临床表现为肾病综合征4例,多形型血尿者6例,血清肌酐升高3例,贫血4例。(2)补体及补体相关检查:C3下降4例,C4、血清H因子均正常,C3肾炎因子及抗H因子抗体均阴性(6/6)。(3)血液学检查:单克隆免疫球蛋白种类λ型IgG 3例,κ型IgG 2例,λ型IgA 1例,κ轻链1例。血游离轻链比值异常2例。浆细胞升高2例(2/6)。(4)肾脏病理:7例免疫荧光均以C3沉积于肾小球毛细血管袢及系膜区,轻链染色阴性,光镜均呈膜增生样病变,2例伴新月体,肾小管间质病变较轻;电镜下电子致密物无特殊结构,主要沉积于内皮下及系膜区,2例内皮细胞病变明显。(5)治疗及随访:2例浆细胞异常的患者接受沙利度胺联合地塞米松治疗,其中1例肾脏病长期缓解,1例快速进展至终末期肾病;余5例患者接受雷公藤多苷和(或)糖皮质激素治疗,1例失随访,3例尿检改善,4例肾功能稳定。结论:单克隆免疫球蛋白相关的C3肾炎好发于中老年患者,组织学以肾小球膜增生样病变为主,免疫抑制治疗有一定的疗效,但治疗的关键应针对单克隆免疫球蛋白病。     

单纯C3沉积的感染后肾小球肾炎与C3肾小球肾炎比较

目的:分析单纯C3沉积的感染后肾小球肾炎(C3-PIGN)的临床、病理和肾脏预后特点,并和C3肾小球肾炎(C3GN)进行比较。方法:回顾性分析2009年至2015行肾活检诊断为感染后肾小球肾炎(PIGN)和C3肾小球肾炎(C3GN)患者的临床、病理及随访资料,分别对C3-PIGN和免疫球蛋白合并补体沉积的感染后肾小球肾炎(Ig+C3-PIGN)、C3-PIGN和C3肾小球肾炎(C3GN)的患者进行比较。结果:(1)共纳入89例PIGN和52例C3GN,PIGN患者中43例(48.3%)为C3-PIGN,46例(51.7%)Ig+C3-PIGN。(2)与Ig+C3-PIGN相比,C3-PIGN肾病范围的蛋白尿和低白蛋白血症比例、新月体比例、肾小管萎缩间质纤维化(IFTA)的比例及系膜区和内皮下的电子致密物沉积的比例较低。(3)与C3GN比较,C3-PIGN患者未成年人比例更高,病程更短,尿红细胞计数更多,肾病范围蛋白尿比例和低白蛋白血症发生率更低;C3-PIGN患者球性硬化、IFTA、动脉透明变性、肾小球系膜区和内皮下电子致密物沉积的比例更低,而驼峰比例更高。C3-PIGN和C3GN患者肾小球均存在C3b、C3c和C3g沉积。(4)C3-PIGN患者的临床转归总体预后良好,39例患者随访1年,其中32例患者1年内尿检转阴,7例患者尿检持续阳性1年,其中5例患者尿检逐渐转阴,而2例患者尿检持续不缓解,提示可能存在补体旁路途径活化失衡,符合C3GN的诊断。结论:与Ig+C3-PIGN和C3GN相比,C3-PIGN的临床和组织形态学病变较轻,但是C3-PIGN和C3GN肾小球内有相同的补体片段沉积,提示两者肾小球局部的补体活化和裂解失活过程有相似之处。对C3-PIGN患者要进行长期追踪随访,以便发现这些以感染为诱因,临床诊断为"C3-PIGN",而实际是C3GN患者。     

C3肾病的临床病理特征及预后分析

目的:分析C3肾病(C3G)及其亚型致密物沉积病(DDD)和C3肾小球肾炎(C3GN)的临床、病理及预后特征,以提高对此病的认识. 方法:回顾性分析54例确诊为C3G患者的临床表型、病理资料及预后,并比较DDD和C3GN的区别. 结果:C3G患者平均发病年龄(31.7±16.1)岁,44.4％以肾病综合征起病,22.2％肾功能异常,81.5％出现低补体血症,61％抗链球菌溶血素“0”阳性.C3G病理上以膜增生样病变(61.1％)和系膜增生性病变(27.8％)为主,补体C3主要沉积于肾小球毛细血管袢(98.1％)和系膜区(63％),另59.3％伴免疫球蛋白沉积.与C3GN相比,DDD患者发病年龄轻(P＜0.05),低蛋白血症更显著(P＜0.05),伴发高血压的比例低(P＜0.05),循环补体水平无差异.病理上,DDD患者的膜增生及新月体病变较G3GN更为常见;除血管袢和系膜区的C3沉积外,DDD常伴肾小管基膜及间质血管区的沉积(P＜0.001).电镜观察DDD患者电子致密物主要沉积于基膜内、肾小管基膜和包囊壁,C3GN组主要位于系膜区、内皮下和上皮侧(P＜0.001).两组随访5年的累积肾生存率无差异. 结论:这是目前亚洲人群最大样本C3G的报道,C3G以血清补体C3减低,免疫荧光C3沉积为主,超微结构电子致密物沉积与C3沉积为特征.DDD和C3GN主要在C3和电子致密物沉积部位上有差异.     

遗传性C3肾炎

青年男性,5岁起病,临床表现为中至大量蛋白尿,大量镜下血尿,肾功能缓慢减退,同时补体C3水平轻度下降。有肾脏疾病家族史。肾活检光镜初始改变为肾小球系膜增生性病变,重复肾活检见肾小球不典型膜增生性病变伴内皮下、系膜区大量嗜复红物沉积,免疫荧光以C3沉积为主,Ⅳ型胶原染色正常。电镜下肾小球系膜区、内皮下大量、基膜内节段电子致密物分布。基因测序未见补体相关基因突变。最终诊断为遗传性C3肾炎。     

肾移植后轻链沉积病

中年男性患者,肾移植术后血清肌酐升高,中等量蛋白尿和少量镜下血尿,肾活检组织学为肾小球结节样病变,免疫病理κ轻链弥漫分布于肾小球系膜区、毛细血管袢,肾小管基膜和间质血管壁,超微结构观察肾小球系膜区、毛细血管袢基膜内侧、肾小管基膜外侧、间质及小动脉壁见细颗粒状电子致密物沉积,诊断为移植肾轻链沉积病。     

抗肾小球基膜肾炎合并膜性肾病

青年男性患者,临床表现急进性肾炎综合征伴大量蛋白尿、低蛋白血症,血清抗肾小球基膜(GBM)抗体阳性,肾活检组织学呈新月体肾炎合并膜性肾病,免疫病理IgG呈线状及颗粒状沉积于血管袢,电镜下见GBM上皮侧电子致密物沉积,最终诊断为抗GBM肾炎合并膜性肾病.     

FIBRILLARY GLOMERULONEPHRITIS – A REPORT OF TWO CASES

Two patients with an uncommon form of glomerulonephritis are described. The main clinical features were hematuria and proteinuria associated with normal renal function. The glomerular lesions consisted of mesangial hypercellularity and capillary wall thickening. Immunofluorescence was positive for IgG and C3 in both cases. Widespread deposition of microfibrils (mean diameters 17.0 nm and 18.4 nm) within mesangial areas and capillary basement membranes was seen on electron microscopy. Congo red staining for amyloid was negative. In both patients there was no evidence of underlying disease or extra-glomerular involvement and hence the disorder appeared to represent a primary glomerulonephritis.     

Immunopathology of penicillamine-induced glomerular disease

Four patients with rheumatoid arthritis developed heavy proteinuria after 5 to 12 months of treatment with D-penicillamine. Light microscopy of renal biopsy samples showed minimal glomerular capillary wall thickening and mesangial matrix increase, or no departure from normal. Electron microscopy, however, revealed subepithelial electron-dense deposits, fusion of epithelial cell foot processes, and evidence of mesangial cell hyperactivity. Immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated granular capillary wall deposits of IgG and C3. The findings were similar to those in early membranous glomerulonephritis, differences being observed however in the results of staining for the early-acting complement components Clq and C4. It is tentatively concluded that complement was activated by the classical pathway.     

41例抗肾小球基底膜抗体相关疾病的临床和病理分析

目的了解抗肾小球基底膜（GBM）抗体相关疾病的不同临床类型及其临床病理特点。方法对我科近6年来检测出的41例抗GBM抗体相关疾病的临床病理资料进行回顾性分析。结果22/41例为Goodpasture病（GP）,其中2例肾功能正常。32/41例患者为单纯抗GBM抗体阳性,其中31/32例男性,平均年龄（26.8±9.7）岁。9/41例抗GBM抗体伴抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体（ANCA）阳性,其中7/9例为女性,平均年龄（44.5±19.6）岁。两组在性别和发病年龄上差异有显著性（P＜0.05）。32/41例作了肾活检,平均发病至肾活检时间为（62.7±43.5）d。2/32例肾功能正常的GP患者为轻度系膜增生性肾炎。30/32例为新月体肾炎,其中24/30例（80%）患者的肾小球100%受累,多伴有毛细血管襻和球囊严重破坏。免疫荧光检查仅16/23例呈典型的IgG、C3沿肾小球毛细血管襻（GCW）呈线样沉积;7/23例表现为IgG和（或）C3等沿GCW呈细颗粒状沉积,少数伴有系膜区沉积。典型和不典型的免疫荧光改变与光镜病理的严重程度不相关（P＞0.05）。所有患者均有贫血、血尿和蛋白尿,其中7/41例表现为肾病综合征。经强化免疫抑制治疗,4例患者临床完全缓解或好转,包括2例轻度系膜增生性肾炎的GP患者。其余患者均依赖肾脏替代疗法或死亡。结论中国人抗GBM抗体相关疾病并不少见。单纯抗GBM抗体组多发于青年男性,双抗体阳性组多发于中老年女性。抗GBM抗体相关疾病多预后差,肾脏病理多为新月体性肾炎,但免疫病理并非均表现为典型的IgG、C3沿GCW呈线条样沉积。仅少数无少尿的轻型患者或肾功能损伤轻者可临床完全缓解或好转。     

继发于原发性干燥综合征的IgA肾病临床病理分析

目的 分析继发于原发性干燥综合征(pSS)的IgA肾病患者的临床和肾脏病理特点,以提高对此类疾病的认识.方法 回顾性分析上海长征医院2004年12月至2009年8月8例继发于pSS的IgA肾病的临床和肾脏病理特点.结果 8例患者中男性1例,女性7例,平均年龄(44±8)岁.5例临床表现为水肿和蛋白尿,其中8例为镜下血尿,2例表现为反复血尿合并蛋白尿.尿蛋自定量(24 h)平均为(3±4)g.2例患者的肌酐水平超出正常值.光镜下,3例患者呈轻度系膜细胞增生,IgA肾病Lee氏分级均为Ⅰ级;5例患者肾小球发生全球硬化,Lee氏分级分别为Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级.免疫荧光检查,8例患者的肾小球系膜区可见以IgA为主的多克隆免疫球蛋白及补体的沉积.3例呈现"满堂亮".结论 在肾小球免疫复合物沉积方面,继发于pSS的IgA肾病不但有IgA免疫球蛋白的沉积,还有其他免疫球蛋白及补体的沉积,同原发性IgA肾病有明显差异.     

Berger's disease in children. Natural history and outcome

The clinical course and outcome of 91 children less than 15 years of age at onset and followed for at least 1 year have been retrospectively analyzed. The course has been characterized by recurrent macroscopic hematuria in 74 patients, by proteinuria-microscopic hematuria and a single episode of macroscopic hematuria occurring either at onset or a few months later in 8, by proteinuria-microscopic hematuria in 7, and by proteinuria only in 1. Lastly, one patient showed rapidly progressive renal failure. Four groups were identified by light microscopy: minimal glomerular changes (26), focal and segmental glomerulonephritis (41), pure mesangial proliferation (3) and proliferative glomerulonephritis with crescents (21). A good correlation was found between the glomerular lesions observed by light microscopy and the outcome. In this series we have not observed a dramatic clinical deterioration suggesting a transformation from one histologic type to another, as reported by others. None of the 70 patients belonging to the first three groups has impaired renal function but two with focal and segmental glomerulonephritis have developed hypertension. Although the clinical course is benign, many patients have, at the last observation, an abnormal urinalysis characterized by microscopic hematuria and/or mild proteinuria; the proteinuria is over 1 g/24 h in six patients with focal and segmental glomerulonephritis. Ten patients remained in clinical remission for several years, but mesangial IgA deposits were still present in the only patient who had a repeat biopsy while in remission. In contrast, none of the patients with proliferative glomerulonephritis with crescents has had a prolonged remission. Six patients developed terminal renal failure 0.7, 0.11, 2, 4, 8 and 10 years after onset. Two additional patients are in moderate chronic renal failure with hypertension 10 and 12 years after onset. Most children show a persistent nephropathy, (in five proteinuria is over 1 g/24 h), and two of them have developed hypertension. Therapeutic trials using drugs with side-effects should, therefore, be used only in this group of patients.     

Mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis with irregular intramembranous deposits. Another variant of hypocoplementemic nephritis.

Two patients with a persistent mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis and reduced serum C3 levels have been followed for six and 10 years. Both have had a mild course with normal renal function and spontaneous morphologic improvement. Levels of the fourth component (C4) and second component (C2) of complement, and properdin factor B have been normal; the third component (C3) of complement nephritic factor has not been detected. Ultrastructurally, irregular intramembranous electron-dense deposits are present, primarily within the lamina densa. These deposits are separated by varying lengths of normal-appearing glomerular basement membrane. Intramembranous and subendothelial electron-lucent areas, containing vesicles, are also seen. Subendothelial deposits, mesangial interposition, splitting of the glomerular basement membrane and ribbon-like intramembranous deposits are not found. The disease in these patients was clinically indistinguishable at onset from mrmbranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN). The possibility of a variant with mild clinical course, no progression and spontaneous morphologic improvement is important in planning and assessing treatment programs in this disease group.     

Glomerular lesions after renal transplantation

Significant changes in glomeruli on light microscopy has been observed in 27 of 109 cadaveric renal allografts which functioned beyond 6 months. Tissue was available for study from all but two allografts. The histologic lesions were classified as follows: recurrent glomerulonephritis, 9 cases (3 focal sclerosis, 2 mesangial immunoglobulin A [IgA] disease, 2 mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis, 1 dense deposit disease, 1 familial nephritis); de novo glomerulonephritis, 1 case (diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis with crescents); and glomerular change of uncertain etiology, 17 cases (10 mesangiocapillary, 5 focal sclerosis, 1 focal proliferative and 1 mesangial proliferative). These lesions were not distinguishable on light, fluorescent and electron microscopy from those in patients with spontaneous renal disease. All patients with glomerular lesions had proteinuria, and all but 3 had microscopic hematuria. Glomerular lesions were not significantly associated with early clinical rejection episodes or HLA compatibility. Presensitization of HLA antigens was significantly related to the occurrence of a nonrecurrent glomerular lesion. Vesicoureteral reflux was significantly more frequent in those with glomerular change (14 of 24) than in those without (13 of 48). Glomerular lesions were associated with a higher rate of graft loss due to renal transplant failure; renal function in survivors was significantly worse than in those without glomerular lesions.     

薄基底膜肾病27例研究

为了深入了解我国薄基底膜肾病的发生情况和临床、病理特点。对我院肾内科近二年来（１９９５年１月至１９９６年１０月）７２２例肾活检标本进行前瞻性研究。结果：２７例诊断为薄基底膜肾病。男７例，女２０例，平均年龄３４．６岁（１５￣５７岁），均属原发性肾小球疾病。     

对拉米夫定治疗无应答或变异的乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾炎的治疗

目的探讨对拉米夫定治疗无应答或变异的乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾炎(HBV-GN)的治疗方法。方法 2005年1月至2009年1月南京军区福州总医院诊治的HBV-GN且对拉米夫定治疗无应答或变异的患者共9例。采用恩替卡韦(0.5 mg/d)为主方案治疗9例对拉米夫定治疗无应答或变异的HBV-GN且蛋白尿>1.5 g/d、血HBV-DNA≥1.0×108拷贝/L的患者,观察其疗效及血HBV-DNA的变化。结果 9例患者肾病综合征(NS)7例、蛋白尿伴血尿2例,其中系膜增生性肾炎3例,膜性肾病3例,膜增生性肾炎、IgA肾病及局灶节段系膜增生性肾炎各1例。拉米夫定治疗(14.1±10.3)个月(其中6例联合激素治疗),5例部分缓解(PR)、4例无效(均为NS),改用恩替卡韦治疗后,治疗12个月时7例完全缓解(CR)、1例PR、1例NR,7例检测血清HBV-DNA水平患者中5例降至正常,随访观察了19～27个月,平均(23.7±3.0)个月,至随访结束,完全缓解(CR)7例,NR 2例,均停用激素。未见副反应。结论恩替卡韦为主的治疗对对拉米夫定治疗无应答或变异的HBV-GN是安全有效的,疗程以1年半为宜。     

Structural involvement in type 1 and type 2 diabetic nephropathy

Structural changes underlying diabetic nephropathy in Type 1 diabetes are prodominant in the glomerulus [thickening of glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and mesangial expansion], but also include arteriolar, tubular and interstitial lesions. The structural measure that correlates best with all renal functional parameters in Type 1 diabetes is mesangial fractional volume [Vv(mes/glom)], an estimate of mesangial expansion. Structural-functional relationships in Type 2 diabetes are much less known. These studies investigated renal structure in the early stages of nephropathy [microalbuminuria (MA)] in patients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Diabetic glomerulopathy was quite advanced in Type 1 diabetic patients with MA, and both Vv (mes/glom) and GBM width were increased as compared to normoalbuminuric (NA) patients when the albumin excretion rate (AER) was > 30 microgram/min. Serial renal biopsies were performed 5 years apart in 11 Type 1 diabetic patients to evaluate whether glomerular and interstitial lesions progress jointly. AER increased significantly in 5 years, while the glomerular filtration rate remained unchanged. All structural parameters were initially abnormal. Vv(mes/glom) and mean glomerular volume increased significantly, whereas GBM width and the interstitial volume fraction were unchanged. Moreover, the change in Vv (mes/glom) was correlated with the change in AER (r =0.64, p <0.05). Thus, at the disease stage during which some patients progress to MA or proteinuria, continuing mesangial expansion is the main variable, whereas further interstitial expansion does not occur. A large number of Type 2 patients were also studied. Early diabetic glomerulopathy was detected by electron microscopy in NA patients and found to be more advanced in those with MA and proteinuria. However, lesions were milder than in Type 1 diabetic patients, and there was considerable overlap between groups. Morphometric results by electron microscopy were similar to those by light microscopy, demonstrating the heterogeneity of renal structure in Type 2 diabetic patients. In fact, only 30% of MA patients had typical diabetic glomerulopathy, while 40% had more advanced tubulo-interstitial and/or vascular lesions and 30% had normal renal structure.