妊娠糖尿病与甲状腺自身免疫的相关性研究

目的 研究妊娠糖尿病与甲状腺功能异常及甲状腺自身抗体阳性的相关性.方法 选取妊娠糖尿病患者共80例作为妊娠糖尿病组,另外选择糖耐量正常孕妇36名作为正常对照组.同时选择产后18 ～ 120个月曾诊断为妊娠糖尿病者作为曾患妊娠糖尿病组(36例),并以产后18～96个月的正常妊娠者28名作为随访对照组.检测4组受试者空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、游离T4、促甲状腺激素(TSH)、血脂水平,以及谷氨酸脱羧酶65(GAD65)抗体、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)、甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TgAb).曾患妊娠糖尿病组根据甲状腺自身抗体情况分为甲状腺自身抗体阳性组与阴性组,统计两个亚组糖代谢异常的发生情况.结果 妊娠糖尿病组空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖高于其他组(P均’＜0.05),4组间血脂水平差异没有统计学意义(P均＞0.05).与正常对照组相比,妊娠糖尿病组游离T4、TSH水平差异均没有统计学意义(P均＞0.05).妊娠糖尿病组GAD65抗体阳性者有4例,曾患妊娠糖尿病组有3例.分别与正常对照组及随访对照组相比,妊娠糖尿病组及曾患妊娠糖尿病组TPOAb、TgAb阳性发生率均增加(x2=7.459,P＜0.05).曾患妊娠糖尿病组总体TSH水平异常的发生率、同时存在TSH水平异常及甲状腺自身抗体阳性的发生率显著高于其他3组(x2=5.925,8.766,P均＜0.05).曾患妊娠糖尿病组47.2％(17/36)在随访时发生高血糖,甲状腺抗体阳性组60.0％(6/10)出现糖代谢异常,而甲状腺抗体阴性组42.3％(11/26)有糖代谢异常,但两组间差异没有统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 产后甲状腺自身免疫与糖代谢受损无关.妊娠糖尿病可能是发生甲状腺自身免疫异常的危险因素.     

老年人甲状腺激素水平的增龄性变化

目的 探讨老年患者甲状腺激素水平变化规律. 方法 对我院2011年1-8月期间做甲状腺功能检查的2433例患者进行登记、分析.按年龄分为成年组,1030例,平均(46.0±10.8)岁;老年组,848例,平均(69.5±6.3)岁;高龄组,555例,平均(83.9±3.8)岁.采用直接化学发光法测定患者血清游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离四碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT4)、促甲状腺素(TSH).结果 成年组、老年组、高龄组血清FT3分别为(5.08±2.99)pmol/L、(4.33±1.22) pmol/L、(3.96±0.89) pmol/L,FT4分别为(19.87±10.97)pmol/L、(18.32±5.81)pmol/L、(18.58±6.71)pmol/L,TSH分别为(4.53±14.37)mU/L、(5.51±17.39)mU/L、(3.33±5.65)mU/L;成年组与老年组、高龄组比较,血清FT3(t=7.075、8.799,均P=0.000)、FT4(t=3.732、2.709,均P=0.000)、TSH(P=0.002、0.134);老年组与高龄组血清FT3(t=6.178,P=0.114)、FT4(t=0.617,P=0.665)、TSH(P=0.180).老年组、高龄组降低异常检出率FT3 (13.3％、25.8％)、FT4(2.9％、1.8％)、TSH (6.8％、12.3％),升高异常检出率FT3(3.1％、0.1％)、FT4 (8.6％、9.9％)、TSH(18.0％、15.7％),高龄组FT3、TSH降低发生率明显高于老年组(x2=39.96、15.83,均P=0.000);而老年组在FT4降低、FT3升高发生率上明显高于高龄组(x2=27.84、16.32,均P=0.000). 结论 老年人甲状腺激素异常检出率高,对待老年患者要注意做甲状腺功能的测定,及时诊断和治疗老年人甲状腺疾病.     

低T3综合征与血清白蛋白的相关性

目的探讨低T3综合征(ESS)与血清白蛋白的相关性。方法收集65岁以上住院患者152例,其中低T3综合征病例组76例,随机选取非低T3综合征作为对照组76例。患者入院后抽晨空腹肘静脉全血5 ml,采用Unicel BX1800化学发光免疫分析仪和配套试剂盒测定甲功三项血清游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、甲状腺素(FT4)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)和反T3(r T3)。采用Vitro350分析仪和白蛋白测定干片试剂测定白蛋白的含量。结果病例组FT3低于对照组、r T3高于对照组(P0.01)、FT4、TSH两组比较无差异(P0.05)。病例组和对照组年龄和性别构成比较无统计学意义(P0.05)。ESS例组白蛋白含量与对照组差异显著(P0.01),并且FT3与白蛋白含量呈正相关(r=0.451)。结论低T3综合征的发生与白蛋白降低有关,且FT3与白蛋白含量呈正相关。故血清白蛋白降低可作为发生ESS的预测因子,同时也可能是发生ESS的一个重要机制。     

住院2型糖尿病患者甲状腺功能状态的分析

目的分析2型糖尿病患者甲状腺功能状态。方法检测120例住院2型糖尿病患者血清游离T3（FT3）、游离T4（FT4）、促甲状腺激素（TSH），设正常对照组48例。结果2型糖尿病患者TSH水平显著高于正常对照组（P=0．000），FT3水平显著低于正常对照组（P=0．038）。2型糖尿病患者甲状腺功能异常者占40％，其中16．67％呈功能亢进，23．33％呈功能减退，其中女性2型糖尿病患者亚临床甲状腺功能减退达14．80％，显著高于男性（OR=5．565，95％CI：1．129～27．431）。男性2型糖尿病患者甲状腺功能减退的年龄显著高于功能亢进者（P=0．030），糖尿病病程有延长趋势（P=0．079）。而不同甲状腺功能状态的女性2型糖尿病患者的年龄、糖尿病病程无统计学差异。结论2型糖尿病患者甲状腺功能异常的发生率高，其中女性2型糖尿病患者亚临床甲状腺功能减退的患病率更高。     

老年2型糖尿病合并低T3综合征与血8-异前列腺素F2α水平的相关性

目的通过8-异前列腺素F2α(8-iso-PGF)2α探讨老年2型糖尿病合并低T3综合征与氧化应激的关系。方法新诊断老年2型糖尿病患者167例,分为单纯糖尿病组85例和糖尿病合并低T3综合征组82例,同时选取健康体检者80例作为对照组。检测游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)、8-iso-PGF2α、糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)。结果各组间年龄、体重指数(BMI)、TC、FT4、TSH差异无统计学意义(P0.05);单纯糖尿病组、糖尿病合并低T3综合征组8-iso-PGF2α、HBA1c、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C均高于健康对照组,FT3低于健康对照组(P0.05)。进一步进行多元逐步回归分析显示,年龄、8-iso-PGF2α是影响2型糖尿病发生低T3综合征的重要因素(B=-0.023、-0.005;P=0.028、0.000)。结论氧化应激可能与2型糖尿病患者发生低T3综合征有关。     

糖尿病酮症酸中毒对甲状腺功能的影响研究

目的探讨DKA对甲状腺功能的影响。方法选取2005年11月至2013年12月于我院内分泌科住院的DKA患者75例(DKA组)及糖尿病酮症(DK)患者39例(DK组),检测血清游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT_3)、血清游离甲状腺素(FT_4)、促甲状腺素(TSH)水平。结果 DKA组FT_3、FT_4低于DK组(P0.05),而两组TSH比较,差异无统计学意义。将DKA组分为轻、中、重度亚组,各亚组FT_3、FT_4、TSH比较,差异无统计学意义。多元线性逐步回归分析显示,血Na~+、HCO_3~-为FT_4水平下降的危险因素。甲状腺功能正常的病态综合征(ESS)患者中,随着DKA加重,低T_3/T_4综合征比例增加。结论 DKA患者FT_3、FT_4低于DK患者;随着DKA加重,ESS中低T_3/T_4综合征比例逐渐升高。DKA患者FT_4水平下降受HCO_3~-、Na~+影响。     

2型糖尿病患者高甘油三酯血症-腰围表型与甲状腺功能异常的关系

目的 探讨2型糖尿病患者高甘油三酯血症-腰围表型(HTWC)与甲状腺功能的关系.方法 选取2型糖尿病患者808例,以血甘油三酯≥1.7 mmol/L、腰围男性≥85 cm或女性≥80 cm为切点,分为4组:正常组(n=162)、单纯高甘油三酯组(n=112)、单纯腹型肥胖组(n=262)、HTWC组(n=272).测量所有患者身高、体重、腰围、血压;检测血糖、血脂、促甲状腺激素、游离T3、游离T4、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体水平,计算体重指数以及稳态模型评估-胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR).结果 HTWC组体重指数、收缩压、腰围、HOMA-IR、促甲状腺激素、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体均高于其他3组(F=5.537～53.038,P均＜0.05),而高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇、游离T4显著低于其他3组(F=8.561,4.399,P均＜0.05),且HTWC组亚临床甲状腺功能减退症和甲状腺抗体阳性发生率较其余3组明显升高(x2=4.348,4.774,P均＜0.05).Logistic回归分析显示HTWC是2型糖尿病发生亚临床甲状腺功能减退症的危险因素(优势比=1.461,95％CI:1.073 ～ 1.990,P=0.016).结论 在2型糖尿病患者中,HTWC与甲状腺功能异常存在相关性,并可增加亚临床甲状腺功能减退症的患病风险.     

2型糖尿病患者甲状腺功能状态的分析

检测280例T2DM患者FT3、FT4、TSH。结果T2DM患者TSH水平高于正常对照组(P=0.000),FT3水平低于正常对照组(P=0.000)。甲状腺功能异常者占40%,其中16.43%呈功能亢进,23.57%呈功能减退,女性T2DM患者亚临床减14.29%,高于男性。结论T2DM患者甲状腺功能异常的发生率高,其中女性亚临床甲减的患病率更高。     

文摘

001　产后甲状腺炎和长期的甲状腺状态：甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体和超声回波性对估计预后的作用［英］/Premawardhana LDKE //J Clin Endocrinol Metab.-2000，85.-71～75 　　　　通过对产后妇女的甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)及甲状腺超声形态(U/S)进行长期随访,观察了产后妇女甲状腺功能异常的发生率、TPOAb的水平和变化及甲状腺超声形态异常的发生率和病情进展。 　　　　对象与方法　1 248名妊娠妇女中共98名TPOAb阳性〔其中48名患产后甲状腺功能异常(PPTD)妇女为1组，50名未患PPTD妇女为2组〕和70名TPOAb阴性(对照组)完成随访。每位受试者每月测试一次血游离T3(FT3)、游离T4(FT4)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)和TPOAb水平。采用酶联免疫吸附法测定TPOAb(正常＜19.4 kIU/L)，放射免疫法测定FT3、FT4、TSH水平。由放射科医师行甲状腺超声检查，根据超声结果将甲状腺分为正常及轻度、中度和重度甲状腺炎。 　　　　结果　1组甲状腺功能(甲功)异常者为46%(22/48)，2组为4%(2/50)，对照组为1.4%(1/70)(P＜0.001)。随访期间，1组较2组TSH水平明显升高，FT4水平降低(P＜0.004)，提示1组甲功紊乱的发生率高于2组。随访期间甲功紊乱者的产后TSH峰值高于甲功正常者，但TSH峰值水平与甲功紊乱出现的早晚并不相关。1组产后1a内TPOAb的峰值及随访期间水平均显著高于2组。1，2组异常甲状腺超声图像发生率(64%)明显高于TPOAb阴性对照组(13.6%)(P＜0.02)，同时1组(76%)亦显著高于2组(52%)(P＜0.006)。1组中62.5%的受试者在随访期间超声检查甲状腺炎分级改善，表明PPTD急性期后甲状腺组织病变有所恢复，随访期间大部分2组和对照组的超声检查分级无改变或改善(88.2%和85.2%)，三组中超声检查分级加重的人数均较少。     

二甲双胍对促甲状腺素影响的初步研究

目的 观察二甲双胍对血清促甲状腺素(TSH)的影响.方法从2型糖尿病患者中,入选原发性甲状腺功能减退症(甲减)患者48例,组1单用二甲双胍而未予左旋甲状腺素(L-T4)替代治疗(n=17),组2给予L-T4稳定替代量的同时加用二甲双胍(n=19),组3用L-T4稳定替代量和非二甲双胍的其他降糖药(n=12).另外20例甲状腺功能正常的其他甲状腺疾病患者(组4)和30例无甲状腺疾病的患者(组5)作为对照.各组患者均定期检测血清TSH、FT3、FT4、TT3、TT4及血糖等主要指标的变化.结果 治疗12个月与基线时比较,组1为(5.05±1.07)对(2.61±0.91)mU/L(P＜0.01),组2为(2.67±1.03)对(1.35±0.74)mU/L(P＜0.01),两组的FT3及FT4均无明显变化.15例TSH显著降低的患者中有13例(87%)在停用二甲双胍后8～12周内TSH由(1.30±0.71)回升至(2.58±1.02)mU/L(P＜0.01).组3、组4及组5的血清TSH和甲状腺激素的水平均无明显改变.结论 服用二甲双胍可使TSH下降.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the effects of metformin on thyrotropin(TSH)levels. Methods From the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus or metabolic syndrome, 48 patients with primary hypothyroidism were enrolled and grouped. 17 patients were treated only with metformin(group A), 19 patients with metformin and stable L-T4substitution(group B), and the remaining 12 patients with antidiabetic drugs(other than metformin)and L-T4(group C). Meanwhile, 20 euthyroid patients with other thyroid abnormalities(group D)and 30 patients without thyroid diseases(group E)served as control. TSH, FT3, FT4, TT3, TT4, and blood glucose were determined regularly in all these subjects. Results After administration of metformin for 12 months, serum TSH were decreased in group A [(5.05±1.07 vs 2.61±0.91)mU/L, P＜0.01] and group B [(2.67±1.03 vs 1.35±0.74)mU/L, P＜0.01]. No difference was found in FT3and FT4in both groups. TSH levels were raised from(1.30±0.71)to(2.58±1.02)mU/L(P＜0.01)within 8～12 weeks in 13 out of 15 patients after metformin withdrawal. Serum TSH and thyroid hormones in the other 3 groups were not significantly changed. Conclusion Administration of metformin may lead to reduction of serum TSH level.     

2型糖尿病患者甲状腺激素水平的变化情况及影响因素分析

目的 探讨T2DM患者甲状腺激素水平的变化情况及影响因素. 方法 随机选取T2DM患者（T2DM组）60例及正常体检者（NC组）60名进行比较,另将T2DM组按性别、年龄及病程进行划分,观察血清游离三碘甲腺原氨酸（FT3）、血清游离甲状腺素（FT4）、促甲状腺激素（TSH）水平,并进行统计学分析. 结果 T2DM组体内FT3水平低于NC组（t=2.033,P＜0.05）;T2DM组男女间各甲状腺激素指标比较,差异均无统计学意义;T2DM组＞60岁者FT3水平低于40～60岁者（t=2.619,P＜0.05）;T2DM组病程＞10年者FT3水平低于＜10年者（t=3.196,P＜0.05）. 结论 T2DM患者甲状腺功能指标的变化表现为FT3降低;高龄、病程长的T2DM患者比非高龄且病程短者FT3水平降低.     

Admissions for diabetic ketoacidosis in ethnic minority groups in a city hospital

Hospitalization for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is increasing, perhaps due to the rising incidence of DKA in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Ethnic minority groups are at increased risk for T2DM. This study aimed at elucidating the characteristics of patients with ketosis-prone diabetes in a predominantly ethnic minority population. We performed a retrospective analysis of adults admitted with DKA at the Bronx Lebanon Hospital Center, Bronx, NY over 3 years. The patients were divided into cohorts based on type of diabetes and ethnicity. The cohorts were described and compared using statistical methods. We recorded 219 cases of DKA in 168 patients, 97% of whom were African American or Hispanic. Fifty-three (32%) patients had T2DM. New-onset diabetes, which was more common in T2DM (P < .0001), and African Americans (P = .008), occurred in 42 patients (25%). Readmission with DKA was more common in the Hispanic patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) (P = .0001). Type 2 diabetes mellitus was more prevalent in the African Americans (P = .04). Patients with T1DM had more severe acidosis than patients with T2DM (lower pH and bicarbonate and larger anion gap; P = .03, .02, and .005, respectively). Creatinine level was higher in patients with T2DM (P = .04) who were also less likely to have identifiable precipitating causes (P = .02). Hemoglobin A(1c) level was higher in patients with new-onset diabetes (P < .05), but did not differ between those with T1DM and T2DM. Mortality, which was 2%, occurred only in the African Americans with T2DM. We conclude that DKA is an important mode of initial presentation of T2DM, with new-onset T2DM accounting for about 60% of all new cases of DKA. African American patients with T2DM, in comparison with the Hispanic patients, are more susceptible to developing DKA. Diabetic ketoacidosis could occur in T2DM without any identifiable precipitant. The rising incidence of DKA may be attributable to its increasing occurrence in T2DM; therefore, measures aimed at primary prevention of T2DM are worthwhile.     

2型糖尿病合并甲状腺功能异常的临床分析

目的 探讨T2DM合并甲状腺疾病的患病情况及临床特点. 方法 回顾性分析420例住院T2DM患者甲状腺功能相关指标及临床资料. 结果 （1）T2DM患者甲状腺疾病患病率16.67％;甲状腺功能异常患病率15.71％.甲状腺功能异常患病率甲亢组3.57％,甲减组8.10％,低T3综合征组4.05％.甲减组中,亚临床甲减甲状腺功能异常患病率（4.52％）最高,女性甲状腺疾病及甲状腺功能异常的患病率均高于男性（P＜0.05）.（2）与T2DM组相比,T2DM合并甲状腺疾病组病程及胰岛素泵治疗时间增加,C-P120min水平降低;两组UAlb 30～299 mg/24 h差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.（3）甲亢组DPN患病率最高,低T3组年龄最大,且合并冠心病史发生率最高（P＜0.05）. 结论 T2DM合并甲状腺疾病患病率较高,甲状腺功能异常表现形式多样,对T2DM患者进行早期甲状腺功能的筛查具有临床意义.     

Thyroid dysfunction prevalence and relation to glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

ObjectiveIt is usually difficult to clinically identify thyroid abnormalities in diabetics as features of thyroid dysfunction may simulate diabetes symptoms or complications. So, assessing thyroid dysfunction prevalence in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) would help better control of DM and its complications. Several studies reported this prevalence, however, some included small sample size or lacked a control group. We aimed to determine thyroid dysfunction prevalence in diabetic patients as well as its relation to glycemic control.MethodsA cross-sectional study included 200 patients having type 2 DM and 200 apparently healthy controls. Each participant was tested for fasting and 2-h post-prandial blood glucose, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C), thyroid function tests: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free tri-iodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), serum total cholesterol and triglycerides and thyroid antibodies; anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) and anti-thyroglobulin (anti-Tg) for hypothyroidism only.ResultsThere was a significant increase in serum TSH and T3 levels in diabetics when compared with the controls, (P < 0.001, P = 0.001), respectively. Thyroid dysfunction was significantly more prevalent in patients with HbA1c ≥ 8%, (P = 0.0001), and in those having longer diabetes duration, (P < 0.001).ConclusionThere was a higher prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among patients with type 2 DM. This dysfunction increased with the rise of HbA1c. This could suggest that poor glycemic control may have a role in the development of thyroid dysfunction in type 2 DM patients. Subclinical hypothyroidism was the most prevalent type of thyroid dysfunction in diabetic patients.     

Are thyroid function tests too frequently and inappropriately requested?

In spite of data supporting the use of the serum thyrotropin (TSH) concentration as the best test to detect abnormal thyroid function, measurement of circulating thyroid hormones with or without a serum TSH continues to be frequently requested to evaluate thyroid function. We have analyzed how combinations of thyroid function tests were ordered by referring physicians and the results of the tests in order to offer some suggestions as to how to use thyroid function tests in a cost effective manner. During 1995, 19,181 inpatient and outpatient requests (45,865 different tests) for thyroid function tests were received by the laboratory of a 1600 bed University Hospital in Parma, Italy. The following tests were carried out: T4, free T4, T3, free T3 and TSH. Serum TSH values below and above the normal range were considered to reflect abnormal thyroid function i.e. hyperthyroidism, or hypothyroidism including subclinical disease independent of the results of the other tests. Combinations of ordered tests and the percent of the total for each combination were: TSH+T4+T3 (56%), TSH+FT4+FT3 (14%), TSH (12%), TSH+FT4 (9%), TSH+T4 (1%), TSH+T4+T3+FT4+FT3 (5%), others (3%). The T4+T3+TSH panel (10,780 requests) had normal serum TSH values in 80.6% and the FT4+ FT3+TSH panel (2,590 requests) had normal TSH values in 73.2%. Elevated serum TSH concentrations were observed more frequently in hospitalized than in ambulatory patients (9.7% vs 7.4% p<0.001). T3 (elevated serum T3, normal T4 and low TSH concentrations) and T4 (elevated serum T4, normal T3 and low TSH concentrations) toxicosis were observed in 8.1% and 9.4%, respectively, of the requested test (NS). FT3 and FT4 toxicosis, defined as for T3 and T4 toxicosis, were observed in 7.5% and 4.9%, respectively (NS). The low T3 and low FT3 syndrome in hospitalized patients was present in 1.6% and 2.3% of the requests, respectively (NS). The low T4+low T3 and low FT4+low FT3 syndrome was present in only 0.3% and 0.2%, respectively, of the requests. Our study shows that a) in hospitalized patients thyroid function tests were requested in 20% of the patients and only one in 14 of these patients at the highest could have abnormal thyroid function, as indicated by abnormal TSH value b) FT4 (or T4) is as useful as FT3 (or T3) in the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism, c) in hospitalized patients the low T3 syndrome was far less common than that reported in the literature, probably due to the lower severity of illness, d) panels which include T3 and FT3 are not justified, and e) serum TSH alone is the most appropriate initial thyroid function test.     

成年起病的1型糖尿病临床分析

目的 分析成年起病的1型糖尿病（T1DM）的临床特点.方法 回顾性分析1986年1月至2012年2月在解放军总医院住院治疗的所有516例成年起病T1DM患者的临床资料.新诊断（病程≤3个月）患者则根据是否伴有酮症酸中毒（DKA）和是否有糖尿病家族史分组,比较组间的临床和生化特点;已诊断患者根据是否伴有糖尿病家族史和不同病程（1～5年、6～10年、11 ～ 15年和≥16年）,分别比较组间的代谢控制以及慢性并发症发生情况.计量资料符合正态分布且方差齐者采用最小有意义差异t检验.结果 516例成年起病者中新诊断133例,已诊断383例,发病年龄（29±8）岁,住院年龄（37±11）岁,体质指数（BMI）为（20.8 ±3.3）kg/m2,99例（19.2％）患者有糖尿病家族史.133例新诊断患者中,以DKA起病者55例（41.4％）.与非DKA起病组相比,DKA起病组空腹血糖、血清尿酸水平更高（t=4.019、2.288,均P＜0.05）.新诊断患者和已诊断患者中分别有29例（21.8％）和70例（18.3％）有糖尿病家族史.在已诊断患者中,与无家族史组相比,有家族史者血清甘油三酯更高（t=1.263,P＜0.05）,慢性肾功能不全、背景期视网膜病变和高血压发生率更高（x2=16.029、5.843、10.164,P＜0.05）,高血压发生更早（t=2.769,P＜0.05）.病程为1～5年、6～10年、11～15年和≥16年患者BMI、尿酸、总胆固醇、糖化血红蛋白差异均有统计学意义（H=29.282、16.590、12.530、50.590,均P＜0.05）.临床肾病、慢性肾功能不全、视网膜病变以及自主神经病变的发生率在发病11 ～ 15年时达发病高峰.结论 成年起病的T1DM患者具有独特临床特点,其慢性并发症及合并症的发生率与糖尿病家族史有关,微血管并发症在发病11～15年时达发病高峰.     

2型糖尿病患者甲状腺功能与纤维蛋白原关系的研究

目的 探讨T2DM患者甲状腺功能与纤维蛋白原（FIB）的相关性. 方法 选取T2DM患者502例,测定FIB、游离三碘甲腺原氨酸（FT3）、游离甲状腺素（FT4）、促甲状腺激素（TSH）和临床生化指标,采用方差分析、Spearman相关分析及多元逐步回归分析甲状腺功能与FIB的相关性. 结果 （1）FT3与FIB呈负相关（r=-0.331,P＜0.01）.（2）甲减组FIB高于甲亢组[（3.765±1.089）vs（3.346±0.879）pmol/L,P＜0.01],与正常组[（3.232±0.985） pmol/L]比较差异无统计学意义;按FIB由低到高四分位间距分组,FT3依次为（4.54±0.96）,（4.47±0.81）,（3.94±1.13）及（3.67±0.95）pmol/L,P0～组与P25～组均高于P75～组（P＜0.01）.（3）年龄、[脂蛋白LP-（a）]、C-RP、HbA1c是FIB的独立影响因素（β=0.382,0.272,0.552,0.221;P＜0.05或P＜0.01）;FT3与FIB呈负相关（β=--0.289,P＜0.01）,且与C-RP呈依赖性. 结论 T2DM患者年龄、LP-（a）、C-RP、HbA1 c及FT3均与FIB相关,甲状腺激素可能通过炎症机制影响FIB.     

探讨儿童及青少年暴发性1型糖尿病分型的临床意义

目的 调查暴发性1型糖尿病（FT1D）的发病情况及临床特点,明确该亚型在儿童及青少年中分型的临床意义.方法 调查2004年1月至2012年12月我院新确诊的18岁以下1型糖尿病（T1D）患者,共853例,根据FT1D的诊断标准共筛出11例FT1D.依照相同性别、相近年龄（±2岁）、相同季节、相同年份在我院糖尿病病例库中按1：4的比例进行匹配,选取经典型T1D44例.总结两组的临床特点、实验室检查,随访至少1年的临床结局.结果 853例中,以酮症（DK）或酮症酸中毒（DKA）急性起病的经典1型者468例,符合FT1D诊断标准的患者11例（男孩6例）,暴发性占所有T1D的1.29％,占DK或DKA急性起病的T1D的2.35％.暴发组与经典组相比,除体质指数（BMI）差异有统计学意义外,在急重症并发症发生率、治疗后蜜月期发生率及持续时间、电解质紊乱程度等方面差异均无统计学意义.结论 18岁以下患者FT1D发生比例极低,与经典T1D相比,未显示出明显差异.但由于病例较少,需要积累数据进一步探究该亚型分型的临床意义.     

妊娠早期甲状腺功能筛查策略的有效性分析

目的 获得妊娠早期甲状腺功能异常的患病率,进行妊娠早期甲状腺功能筛查策略的有效性分析.方法调查中国沈阳2 899名妊娠早期妇女(4～12周).通过问卷调查方法收集所有孕妇的背景资料,将孕妇分为高风险组与非高风险组.应用妊娠早期特异性甲状腺功能正常参考范围,获得妊娠早期甲状腺功能异常患病率.结果高风险组甲状腺功能减退症患病率明显高于非高风险组(16.3%对5.3%,RR=3.1,95%CI 2.4～4.0,P＜0.01).甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)阳性(RR=4.7,95%CI3.6～6.0,P＜0.01),甲状腺疾病个人史(RR=3.2,95%CI 1.9～5.4,P＜0.01)均可显著增加甲状腺疾病患病的风险.高风险组甲状腺功能亢进症的患病率明显高于非高风险组(3.1%对1.4%,RR=2.2,95%CI 1.2～3.9,P=0.006).TPOAb阳性(RR=2.6,95%CI 1.3～5.0,P=0.007),甲状腺疾病个人史(RR=4.7,95%CI 1.7～12.5,P=0.006)均可显著增加甲状腺功能亢进发生的风险.高风险组与非高风险组间相比低T4血症患病率差异无统计学意义(0.9%对0.9%,x2=0.008,P=0.928).仅在高危孕妇中筛查甲状腺功能会漏掉56.7%甲状腺功能减退症(临床和亚临床)患者及64.7%甲状腺功能亢进症(临床和亚临床)患者.结论推荐对妊娠早期所有孕妇进行甲状腺功能的筛查.筛查指标应当包括TSH、FT4和TPOAb.     

Thyroid hormones are positively associated with insulin resistance early in the development of type 2 diabetes

Thyroid hormones have generally been found normal in diabetic patients. The question of whether variation within the euthyroid range influences insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes remains to be established. To investigate this, a meal was given to four groups: 17 healthy volunteers (controls), 22 first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic subjects (relatives), 15 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and 24 subjects with overt type 2 diabetes (DM). Blood was drawn for 360 min for measurements of glucose and insulin. Plasma-free-T4(FT4) and plasma-free-T3(FT3) levels were measured. Fasting and postprandial insulin resistance was assessed by HOMA-IR and ISI indices, respectively. FT4 levels were found to be lower in controls (13.73 ± 0.48 pmol/l) than relatives, IGT, and DM (15.33 ± 0.52, 16.13 ± 0.65, and 17.7 ± 0.85 pmol/l, respectively, P = 0.007). FT3 levels were lower in controls (3.68 ± 0.09 pmol/l) than in relatives, IGT, and DM (4.35 ± 0.1, 4.8 ± 0.067, and 4.87 ± 0.11 pmol/l, respectively, P = 0.001). HOMA-IR was positively associated with FT4 and FT3 levels (β-co-efficient = 1.876 ± 0.476, P = 0.001; and 0.406 ± 0.090, P = 0.001, respectively). ISI was negatively associated with FT4 and FT3 levels (β-co-efficient = -0.051 ± 0.009, P = 0.001 and -0.009 ± 0.002, P = 0.001, respectively). In conclusion, increases of thyroid hormone levels within the normal range associate positively with insulin resistance. These data suggest that thyroid hormones may be part of the pathogenetic mechanism to explain metabolic derangement early in the development of type 2 diabetes.