重症肌无力患者抑郁障碍与皮质醇昼夜节律的关联性分析

目的 观察重症肌无力(Myasthenia gravis,MG)伴抑郁障碍患者皮质醇(COR)昼夜节律变化,探讨MG患者抑郁障碍与COR昼夜节律之间的关联性.方法 根据HAMD-24抑郁量表评分将43例MG患者分为伴抑郁组、不伴抑郁组,采用电化学发光法检测各组8:00、16:00、24:00外周血COR水平,并将所得结果与正常对照组(n=38)进行比较.同时比较不同Osserman分型与正常对照组的日平均COR水平及HAMD-24评分结果.结果 (1)MG伴抑郁组、不伴抑郁组及正常对照组COR水平均随时间点的不同而不同(F =2.824,P=0.036);其中,MG伴抑郁组各个时间点COR水平均高于正常对照组(P =0.009 ＜0.005);(2) MG不同Osserman分型组HAMD-24项评分不同(x2=62.268,P=0.000),日平均COR水平比较无统计学意义(x2=3.332,P=0.343).结论 MG伴抑郁障碍患者COR水平高于正常对照组;与正常对照组相比,MG伴抑郁障碍组还表现出COR昼夜节律的紊乱.     

~(11)C-PIB阳性的认知功能障碍患者临床、基因型及嗅觉特点

研究背景总结~(11)C-匹兹堡复合物B(~(11)C-PIB)阳性的认知功能障碍患者临床、基因型和嗅觉功能特点。方法纳入2015年1月至2016年2月27例~(11)C-PIB阳性的认知功能障碍患者[包括19例阿尔茨海默病(AD)和8例轻度认知损害(MCI)],采用简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)、蒙特利尔认知评价量表(Mo CA)和画钟测验(CDT)评价认知功能,神经精神科问卷(NPI)评价精神行为,日常生活活动能力量表(ADL)评价日常生活活动能力,汉密尔顿抑郁量表21项(HAMD-21)评价抑郁症状;聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性测定ApoE基因型;TT嗅觉计定量检测嗅觉功能,测定察觉阈值和识别阈值。结果神经心理学测验比较,AD组MMSE总评分(P=0.000)及其时间定向力(P=0.031)、瞬时记忆(P=0.021)、延迟回忆(P=0.009)、计算力(P=0.000)、复述(P=0.038)、阅读(P=0.021)、书写(P=0.002)、视空间能力(P=0.039),以及Mo CA评分(P=0.000)和CDT评分(P=0.020)均低于MCI组,ADL评分高于MCI组(P=0.000),而MMSE量表之地点定向力、命名、理解力,以及NPI和HAMD-21评分组间差异无统计学意义(均P 0.05)。两组嗅觉障碍发生率、察觉域值和识别阈值差异亦无统计学意义(均P 0.05)。不同ApoE基因型之间嗅觉障碍发生率差异有统计学意义(Fisher确切概率法:P=0.000),携带ApoEε4等位基因的患者嗅觉障碍发生率高于未携带该等位基因的患者(0/11对12/13;Fisher确切概率法:P=0.000)。结论 ~(11)C-PIB阳性的认知功能障碍患者(包括阿尔茨海默病和轻度认知损害)存在明显的嗅觉障碍,且与ApoEε4等位基因相关,结合不同临床、基因型和嗅觉功能特点有助于早期诊断阿尔茨海默病。     

轻症抑郁患者团体认知行为治疗效果的相关因素分析

目的:探讨轻症抑郁(轻性抑郁障碍、恶劣心境以及轻度抑郁症)患者团体认知行为治疗效果的影响因素。方法:采用前瞻性对照设计,将89例轻症抑郁患者在团体认知行为治疗结束后汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-17)评分7分列为临床治愈组(n=58例),≥7分列为非临床治愈组(n=31例),采用HAMD-17、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、情感气质自评量表简版(TEMPS-A)评估两组患者临床特征及情感气质类型并进行比较。结果:临床治愈组与非临床治愈组在基线抑郁症状(t=-2.783,P=0.007)、焦虑症状(t=-3.707,P=0.000)和TEMPS-A的循环气质类型(t=-2.470,P=0.016)评分上差异有统计学意义。Logistics回归分析显示,循环气质(B=0.157,Wals=3.872,P=0.049)、基线焦虑症状(B=0.162,Wals=8.659,P=0.003)进入回归方程。结论:情感气质类型中的循环气质和基线焦虑症状可作为影响团体认知行为治疗疗效的预测因素;而诊断类型不同不影响团体认知行为治疗疗效。     

血浆促食欲素A与路易体痴呆核心临床症状相关性分析

目的 探讨血浆促食欲素A水平与路易体痴呆核心临床症状的相关性。方法 共纳入2019年1月至2021年12月首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院诊断与治疗的51例路易体痴呆患者以及性别、年龄、受教育程度相匹配的46例认知功能正常对照者,采用简易智能状态检查量表（MMSE）和蒙特利尔认知评价量表（MoCA）评估整体认知功能、临床痴呆评价量表（CDR）评估痴呆严重程度、日常生活活动能力量表（ADL）评估日常生活活动能力、汉密尔顿抑郁量表17项（HAMD-17）评估抑郁严重程度、神经精神科问卷（NPI）评估精神行为,测定血浆食欲素A水平;单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析筛查路易体痴呆影响因素,Pearson相关分析和偏相关分析探究血浆促食欲素A与路易体痴呆核心临床症状的相关性,多因素线性逐步回归分析探究血浆促食欲素A与神经心理学测验的线性相关关系。结果 路易体痴呆患者MMSE(Z=-8.387,P=0.000)和MoCA(Z=-8.479,P=0.000)评分均低于对照者,CDR(Z=-9.072,P=0.000)、ADL(Z=-8.692,P=0.000)、HAMD-17(Z=-7.568,P...     

单相与双相抑郁障碍患者临床特征的对照研究

目的比较单相与双相抑郁障碍患者的临床特征,为单相和双相抑郁障碍的鉴别诊断提供参考。方法连续入组2012年6月-2013年11月在广州医科大学附属脑科医院住院、符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)诊断标准的单相抑郁障碍(单相组,n=72)和双相抑郁障碍(双相组,n=64)患者,收集并分析两组一般人口学资料和临床特征,采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表17项版(HAMD-17)评定抑郁症状。结果单相组女性及已婚患者比例均高于双相组(χ2=18.74、4.68,P0.05或0.01);双相组平均起病年龄小于单相组(t=-2.13,P=0.035);双相组性格外向者比例高于单相组(χ2=9.74,P=0.002);单相组有病前诱因者比例高于双相组(χ2=18.96,P0.01);双相组伴不典型抑郁症状者比例高于单相组(χ2=24.60,P0.01);双相组既往抑郁发作次数多于单相组(Z=-5.37,P0.01);单相组HAMD-17总评分及躯体化焦虑和食欲减退因子评分均高于双相组,差异均有统计学意义(t=-2.78~-2.06,P0.05或0.01)。结论单相与双相抑郁障碍患者在性别、婚姻状况、发病年龄、是否有病前诱因、是否伴不典型抑郁症状、既往发作次数及HAMD-17评分方面存在差异。     

度洛西汀对伴躯体疼痛症状的抑郁症患者血浆P物质水平的影响及其与疗效的关系

目的探讨伴躯体疼痛症状的抑郁症患者在度洛西汀治疗过程中,血浆P物质水平的变化与药物疗效间的关系。方法 30例伴躯体疼痛症状的抑郁症患者(患者组)接受度洛西汀治疗(60 mg/d),疗程4周。于治疗前、治疗后4周末测定血浆P物质水平,并与30例健康志愿者(对照组)进行对照;同时评定疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、17项汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-17)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)评分。结果 (1)患者组治疗前血浆P物质水平较对照组显著增高(P=0.000);治疗4周末较治疗前显著降低(P=0.001),但仍高于对照组(P=0.028)。(2)患者组治疗4周末VAS、HAMD-17、HAMA评分较治疗前均有显著下降(P=0.000)。(3)治疗后血浆P物质的下降率与VAS减分率、HAMD-17减分率呈正相关(r=0.457、0.401,P=0.011,0.029)。结论度洛西汀可降低伴躯体疼痛症状的抑郁症患者血浆P物质水平,可能是度洛西汀治疗抑郁症患者躯体疼痛症状的药理作用机制之一。     

运动对抑郁障碍治疗的协同作用

目的探讨运动对抑郁障碍治疗的协同作用,探索抗抑郁治疗新方向。方法连续纳入60例符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)抑郁障碍诊断标准并接受规范用药的患者,采用微信监督运动并随访6周,按运动是否达标分为运动组(n=35)和对照组(n=25)。于基线期和干预6周后采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表17项版(HAMD-17)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、自尊量表(SES)和一般自我效能感量表(GSES)进行评定。结果干预6周后,运动组和对照组HAMA评分差异有统计学意义(t=-6.40,P=0.040),HAMD-17评分差异无统计学意义(t=-0.34,P=0.720);运动组HAMD-17和HAMA评分减分率≥25%的人数比例均高于对照组(χ~2=5.93、6.25,P均0.05);两组GSES评分比较差异有统计学意义(F=0.52,P=0.001);两组腰围比较差异有统计学意义(F=8.22,P=0.006)。结论运动干预联合药物治疗较单用药物治疗可能更有助于改善抑郁障碍患者的抑郁、焦虑症状及自我效能感。     

伴躯体疼痛抑郁障碍患者血清IL-6水平的对照研究

目的:探讨伴躯体疼痛抑郁障碍患者血清白细胞介素-6(IL-6)水平及与躯体疼痛的相关性。方法:采用HAMD-17评估及视觉模拟评分(VAS)评估抑郁障碍患者,依据躯体疼痛症状的定义将抑郁障碍患者分为伴躯体疼痛组(疼痛组,32例)、不伴躯体疼痛组(单纯组,31例),同期入组30名健康对照组;采用ELISA法检测血清IL-6浓度。结果:1疼痛组HAMD-17总分、焦虑因子分高于单纯组[(23.4±4.0)vs(20.6±2.8),(9.4±1.7)vs(8.1±1.2))],差异均有统计学意义(t=3.297,3.627;P=0.002,0.001);2疼痛组血清IL-6浓度为(14.5±2.3)pg/ml,单纯组为(12.5±2.2)pg/ml,对照组为(11.3±2.3)pg/ml,疼痛组高于单纯组(d=2.0,P=0.001),单纯组高于对照组(d=1.2,P=0.041),差异均有统计学意义;3疼痛组血清IL-6浓度与VAS评分呈显著正相关(r=0.382,P=0.031)。结论:伴有躯体疼痛的抑郁障碍患者血清IL-6浓度较不伴躯体疼痛的抑郁障碍患者高,IL-6可能参与了抑郁障碍患者躯体疼痛症状的产生。     

抑郁症首次发病患者睡眠障碍与认知功能的关系

目的:探讨首发抑郁症患者睡眠障碍和认知功能损害的关系。方法:采用17项汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-17)评估378例首发抑郁症患者的抑郁症状,根据是否伴有睡眠障碍分为睡眠障碍组(HAMD总分≥14分且睡眠因子分≥4分)253例和非睡眠障碍组(HAMD总分≥14分且睡眠因子分≤3分)125例;采用重复性成套神经心理状态测验(RBANS)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)、Stroop色-词关联测验评估两组认知功能并进行比较。结果:睡眠障碍组RBANS即刻记忆(t=-4.309)、视觉广度(t=-2.321)、注意因子(t=-4.555)、延时记忆(t=-2.282)得分及总分(t=-2.549)、WCST完成分类数(t=-3.459)、学习到学会(t=-2.406)得分显著低于非睡眠障碍组(P0.05或P0.001);错误应答数(t=3.621)、持续性错误百分比(t=3.753)、Stroop色-词关联测验单色时间(t=2.010)、字义干扰反应时(t=2.168)、颜色干扰反应时(t=3.089)显著高于非睡眠障碍组(P0.05或P0.001)。结论:首发抑郁症患者的睡眠障碍与认知功能损害有一定关联;伴睡眠障碍者较不伴睡眠障碍者认知功能损害更严重。     

伴发睡眠障碍首发抑郁症认知功能损害及影响因素分析

目的探讨伴发睡眠障碍首发抑郁症患者的认知功能损害特点及其影响因素。方法纳入318例首发抑郁症患者,根据睡眠情况分为伴发睡眠障碍组(202例)和不伴发睡眠障碍组(116例),并纳入243名正常对照。采用重复性成套神经心理状态测验(repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status,RBANS)评估所有被试的认知功能(即刻记忆、视觉广度、言语功能、注意、延迟记忆),并采用17项汉密尔顿抑郁量表(Hamilton depression rating scale,HAMD-17)评估患者的抑郁症状。结果伴发睡眠障碍组即刻记忆、视觉广度、言语功能、延时记忆得分及量表总分均比不伴发睡眠障碍组及对照组差(均P<0.05);而不伴发睡眠障碍组的即刻记忆、言语功能、延时记忆得分及量表总分比对照组差(均P<0.05)。多因素线性回归分析示,伴发睡眠障碍组中,RBANS量表总分与HAMD认知障碍因子相关联(β=6.29,P=0.04),即刻记忆得分与年龄相关联(β=-0.24,P=0.04),视觉广度得分与HAMD睡眠变化因子相关联(β=2.33,P=0.01),言语功能得分与婚姻(β=-5.74,P=0.01)及HAMD阻滞因子(β=-1.20,P=0.03)相关联;不伴发睡眠障碍组中,RBANS的言语功能得分与年龄相关联(β=-0.32,P=0.04),注意得分与HAMD阻滞因子相关联(β=2.52,P=0.01)。结论伴发睡眠障碍组患者存在多方面的认知功能损害,抑郁相关症状(睡眠变化、认知障碍、阻滞等)、年龄及婚姻状况可能是伴发睡眠障碍抑郁患者认知功能损害的影响因素。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的：比较利培酮与氟哌啶醇对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法：对门诊72例服用氟哌啶醇及74例服用利培酮的精神分裂症患者用生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、副反应量表（TESS）进行评定。结果：利培酮组患者治疗后生活质量有所提高,而氟哌啶醇组患者生活质量有所下降。结论：利培酮治疗有利于患者提高生活质量。     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Effect of high simple dose of cisplatinum and of radiation on the brain of rabbit

Abstract

In former studies of intracarotid and intravenous administration of cisplatinum, separate and combined with brain irradiation, we found no cerebral damage. In this study! gradually increasing high doses (above the therapeutic ones) of cisplatinum were administered intravenously to one series of rabbits arid increasing high amounts of irradiation (above the therapeutic amounts) were given to another series. Although the rabbits that received highest doses of irradiation developed areas of alopecia and skin ulcers on the head! the general clinical and histopathologic examination of the rabbits brains in both series was normal. The purpose of this study was to establish the effects of high doses of intravenous cisplatinum and irradiation on the rabbits brains. [Neural Res 1997; 19: 216–218]