单用重组人Ⅱ型肿瘤坏死因子受体-抗体融合蛋白及联合甲氨蝶呤对胶原诱导性关节炎大鼠关节骨破坏影响的实验研究

目的 通过建立胶原诱导性关节炎(CIA)大鼠模型,评价单用重组人Ⅱ型肿瘤坏死因子受体-抗体融合蛋白(rhTNFR:Fc)及其联合甲氨蝶呤在抑制CIA大鼠关节骨破坏方面的作用及机制.方法 利用皮下注射牛Ⅱ型胶原诱导Wistar大鼠发病,建立CIA大鼠模型.将造模成功,炎症评分≥2分的CIA大鼠随机分为生理盐水组(0.4 ml/周,腹腔注射)、甲氨蝶呤治疗组(1 mg周,腹腔注射)、rhTN FR:Fc治疗组(0.8 mg,每周2次,腹腔注射)、甲氨蝶呤+rhTN FR:Fc治疗组(甲氨蝶呤1 mg/周+rhTNFR:Fc 0.8mg,每周2次,腹腔注射).治疗8周后,处死大鼠,取踝关节拍摄X线片,胫骨上段行微计算机断层扫描技术扫描和制作硬组织切片,观察各组踝关节骨破坏情况,评价胫骨上段骨小梁变化及骨量变化.统计学处理采用SNK-q检验.结果 治疗8周后,rhTN FR:Fc组,甲氨蝶呤+rhTNFR:Fc组骨小梁面积百分数[(29.1±0.3)％,(26.7±0.6)％]及骨小梁数量(4.4±0.5)/mm,( 4.0±0.6 )/mm]明显高于0.9％氯化钠注射液组和甲氨蝶呤组[(12.9±0.5)％,( 13.2±0.4)％与(2.0±0.3 )/mm,(2.2±0.2)/mm](P＜0.01);rhTNFR:Fc组、甲氨蝶呤+rhTNFR:Fc组骨小梁分离度明显小于0.9％氯化钠注射液组和甲氨蝶呤组(P＜0.01).结论 单用rhTNFR:Fc及联合甲氨蝶呤均具有明显抑制关节骨破坏的作用,且其抑制炎症关节周围骨量减少的作用与抑制局部骨小梁数量减少及骨小梁分离度的增大相关.     

肿瘤坏死因子受体-Fc融合蛋白治疗类风湿关节炎与强直性脊柱炎短期疗效及不良反应的差异

目的 观察重组人Ⅱ型肿瘤坏死因子受体-抗体Fc融合蛋白[rhTNFR:Fc,益赛普(etanercept)]治疗类风湿关节炎(RA)及强直性脊柱炎(AS)的疗效及不良反应,评估其在不同关节病中的作用.方法 对18例难治性RA和22例难治性AS患者,使用ATNFR:Fc 25 mg/次,每周2次皮下注射,持续3个月.在治疗前和治疗后2、4、12周进行疗效及不良反应评估.RA组和AS组疗效评价分别采用美国风湿病学会(ACR20)H和ASAS20疗效评价标准.结果 ①rhTNFR:Fc治疗后As组达到ASAS20的总体有效率为95.5%,而RA组达到ACR20为50%,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);②AS组在rhTNFR:Fc治疗第2、4、12周时达到ASAS20疗效的患者分别为12例、21例和21例,而RA组达到ACR20疗效的为3例、5例和9例,各时段组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);③RA组发生不良反应的患者占50%,显著高于AS组的9%(P＜0.01).RA组因无效及不良反应停药的患者5例,而AS组仅1例,脱漏率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),AS组的依从性好于RA组;④两组治疗前与治疗后12周X线比较均无明显改变.结论 相对RA患者总体反应而言,AS组患者对rhTNFR:Fc治疗起效快,有效率高,不良反应少,依从性好:但两组治疗前后关节X线均无明显改变.     

重组人Ⅱ型肿瘤坏死因子受体-抗体融合蛋白治疗类风湿关节炎双盲随机多中心对照临床研究

目的研究注射用重组人Ⅱ型肿瘤坏死因子受体-抗体融合蛋白[rhTNFR：Fc,益赛普,（etanercept）]对活动性类风湿关节炎（RA）患者的疗效及安全性.方法238例患者随机分为试验组和对照组.试验组每周1次口服空白模拟甲氨蝶呤（MTX）,同时接受rhTNFR：Fc皮下注射治疗,每周2次,每次25 mg;对照组每周1次口服定量MTX（每周7.5 mg起,8周内增至15 mg）,同时每周2次皮下注射空白模拟rhTNFR：Fc.疗程24周.疗效评价采用美国风湿病学会（ACR）疗效评定标准.结果治疗2周后,rhTNFR：Fc组ACR20有效率为35.59%,MTX组为22.50%,组间比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.治疗8周后,rhTNFR：Fc组和MTX组的ACR20、ACR50和ACR70组间比较差异均有统计学意义（（P＜0.05）.治疗12周后,rhTNFR：Fc组ACR20有效率为66.10%,MTX组是51.67%,两组间比较差异有统计学意义（（P＜0.05）.治疗24周后,rhTNFR：Fc组ACR20有效率为75.42%,且ACR70有效率优于MTX组（（P＜0.05）,显示rhTNFR：Fc疗效强于MTX.两组药物之间总的不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义.结论rhTNFR：Fc用于治疗中、重度RA具有良好的安全性和显著的疗效;在前12周治疗期间,rhTNFR：Fc较MTX起效快、效果更明显.     

重组人Ⅱ型肿瘤坏死因子受体-抗体融合蛋白对炎性关节炎患者关节置换术后恢复的影响

目的 探讨重组人Ⅱ型肿瘤坏死因子受体-抗体融合蛋白(rhTNFR:Fc)对炎性关节炎患者关节置换术后恢复的影响.方法 回顾分析67例应用rhTNFR:Fc或传统改变病情抗风湿药(DMARDs)治疗的炎性关节炎患者行关节置换术后伤口感染发生例数、伤口愈合时间、炎症期时间(体温≥37.5 ℃)及抗生素应用时间.根据所应用药物分为rhTNFR:Fc组和传统DMARDs组.其中,rhTNFR:Fc组单用rhTNFR:Fc或rhTNFR:Fc联合传统DMARDs;传统DMARDs组单用或联合应用2种或2种以上传统DMARDs.统计学处理根据数据类型选择t检验或非参数检验.结果 67例患者中,rhTNFR:Fc组18例,传统DMARDs组49例.rhTNFR:Fc组1例出现伤口感染,传统DMARDs组0例,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).rhTNFR:Fc组炎症期时间为(4±3) d,传统DMARDs组为(3±3)d,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).rhTNFR:Fc组伤口愈合时间为(14.0±3.1)d,传统DMARDs组为(14.7±2.9)d,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).rhTNFR:Fc组术后抗生素应用时间为(14.8±9.3)d,传统DMARDs组为(10.3±2.7)d,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 炎性关节炎患者围手术期应用rhTNFR:Fc不增加关节置换术后伤口感染发生率,不延长伤口愈合时间及炎症期时间.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the affect of rhTNFR:Fc on the postoperative recovery of patients with inflammatory arthritis after arthroplasty. Methods Patients with inflammatory arthritis undergoing arthroplasty were included and divided into rhTNFR:Fc group (rhTNFR:Fc only or combined with conven-tional DMARDs) and conventional DMARDs group (monotherapy with or combination of conventional DMARDs). We retrospectively analyzed the incidence of postoperative infection, wound healing time, the febrile period (body temperature ≥37.5 ℃) and the duration of antibiotics treatment after arthroplasty. x2 test and t test were used for statistical analysis. Results Sixty-seven patients were included, 18 in the rhTNFR: Fc group and 49 in the conventional DMARDs group. One postoperative infection occurred in rhTNFR :Fc group but none in the DMARDs group. There was no significant difference by Fisher's exact test (P＞0.05). The febrile duration was (4±3) days in the rhTNFR :Fc group and (3±3) days in the conventional DMARDs group, the difference was not statistically significant (P＞0.05). The wound healing time was (14.0±3.1) days in the rhTNFR :Fc group and (14.7±2.9) days in the conventional DMARDs group, which was not statistically different(P＞0.05). The duration of antibiotics treatment after operation was (14.8±9.3) days in the rhTNFR: Fc group and (10.3±2.7) days in the conventional DMARDs group, the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05). Conclusion Using rhTNFR:Fc during perioperative period in patients with inflammatory arthritis does not increase the risk of infectious complications or extending wound healing time and the febrile duration.     

对比关节腔内注射重组人Ⅱ型肿瘤坏死因子受体-抗体融合蛋白对脊柱关节炎和类风湿关节炎膝关节炎的疗效

目的 比较单次膝关节腔内注射重组人Ⅱ型肿瘤坏死因子受体-抗体融合蛋白(rhTNFR:Fc)对脊柱关节炎(SpA)和类风湿关节炎(RA)膝关节炎的疗效差异.方法 入选确诊SpA或RA并伴有至少一侧膝关节肿胀及积液的受试者,X线显示该膝关节无变形、中重度骨破坏及关节间隙明显狭窄,入组前经过常规剂量改善病情抗风湿药(DMARDs)治疗至少6周,于目标膝关节腔穿刺,吸净滑液后注射1次25 mg rhTNFR:Fc.在注射4周后评价疗效和不良事件,主要疗效指标为改良(纽约)特种外科医院(HSS)膝关节评分.采用配对t检验,两样本t检验和秩和检验进行统计学分析.结果 27例SpA和15例RA受试者入选并完成研究.SpA组改良HSS膝关节评分基线值为(66±14)分,注射4周后为(86±11)分,治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)；RA组基线值为(64±13)分,注射4周后为(80±9)分,治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).SpA组的改良HSS膝关节评分改善率为24.2％(16.5％～41.9％),RA组为22.2％(15.3％～37.7％),2组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).SpA组膝关节滑膜厚度改善率为31.8％(9.3％～57.3％),RA组为1.5％(-19.3％～25.5％),2组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).SpA组6例、RA组2例发生了不良事件,无严重不良事件发生.结论 单次膝关节腔内注射rhTN FR:Fc对SpA和RA膝关节炎安全有效,且SpA膝关节滑膜厚度的减轻程度要大于RA膝关节.     

重组人肿瘤坏死因子受体Ⅱ一Fc融合蛋白联合甲氨蝶呤治疗中重度活动性类风湿关节炎的临床和放射学疗效评估

目的 评价重组人肿瘤坏死因子受体Ⅱ-Fc融合蛋白(TNFRⅡ-Fc,商品名:安佰诺)治疗中重度活动性类风湿关节炎(RA)的临床和影像学疗效.方法 396例RA患者随机分为联合用药组、TNFRⅡ-Fc组和甲氨蝶呤组,疗程均为24周,单因素方差分析美国风湿病学会(ACR)-N、ACR20、ACR50、ACR70、疾病活动指数(DAS )28和治疗前后双手的X线Sharp评分(SHS)等疗效和安全性指标.结果 治疗24周后,ACR-N的年改善率联合组为(12.79±9.24)％,TNFRⅡ-Fc组为(9.56±11.16)％,甲氨蝶呤组为(5.08±11.10)％,联合用药组优于TNFRⅡ-Fc组和甲氨蝶呤组(P＜0.05),TNFRⅡ-Fc组优于甲氨蝶呤组(P＜0.05).ACR20的达标率联合组(80.4％)优于TNFR Ⅱ -Fc组(71.1％)和甲氨蝶呤组(56.7％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).治疗24周后,联合组ACR50和ACR70的达标率分别为53.6％和27.7％,TNFRⅡ-Fc组为41.2％和15.8％,甲氨蝶呤组为30.8％和7.7％,联合组ACR50达标率优于甲氨蝶呤组(P＜0.01),联合组ACR70达标率优于TNFRⅡ-Fc组和甲氨蝶呤组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).联合组的DAS28-红细胞沉降率(ESR)改善优于TNFRⅡ-Fc组和甲氨蝶呤组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).双手SHS评分治疗前后差值联合组(-1.7±11.2)较甲氨蝶呤组(2.1±11.5)显著下降(P=0.03).联合组不良反应发生率(40.9％)高于甲氨蝶呤组(28.8％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 本研究显示TNFRⅡ-Fc联合甲氨蝶呤较单独使用TNFRⅡ-Fc或甲氨蝶呤能更有效控制RA的活动性和影像学进展.     

重组人Ⅱ型肿瘤坏死因子受体-抗体融合蛋白在胶原诱导性关节炎大鼠中的疗效观察及其对骨桥蛋白的影响

目的 观察重组人Ⅱ型肿瘤坏死因子受体-抗体融合蛋白(rhTNFR:Fc)在胶原诱导性关节炎(CIA)大鼠中对滑膜、关节软骨等的保护作用,并分析其对骨桥蛋白表达的影响.方法 建立CIA模型,第13天开始对治疗组采用rhTNFR:Fc腹腔注射治疗(10 mg/kg,隔日1次),每周测量体质量及踝关节的前后径,第36天处死大鼠,苏木素-伊红(HE)及甲苯胺蓝染色观察踝关节组织病理变化并进行病理评分;酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测血浆肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α和骨桥蛋白水平,免疫组织化学法检测踝关节骨桥蛋白的组织学表达.多组间均数比较采用单因素方差分析.结果 病理评分定量分析结果 显示造模组与治疗组比较,治疗组关节病理评分显著降低(分别为8.2±1.0与4.8±1.4,P<0.05);ELISA 结果 显示造模组平均血浆TNF-α和骨桥蛋白值分别为(713±146)pg/ml,(4.3±0.6)ng/ml,治疗组分别为(68±20)pg/ml,(4.2±0.6)ng/ml,2组间比较,血浆TNF-α值差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而骨桥蛋白值差异无统计学意义(P=0.688);免疫组织化学显示骨桥蛋白主要表达在滑膜衬里层、软骨表面,造模组与治疗组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 rhTNFR:Fc能显著减轻CIA大鼠关节及软骨的破坏,并能显著减少骨桥蛋白在关节滑膜的表达,延缓病情的进展.但不能减少骨桥蛋白在外周血浆中的表达,推测其原因可能为骨桥蛋白不直接参与炎症的发展过程,而主要参与骨质的破坏及吸收过程.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the protection effects of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-α receptor Ⅱ :IgG Fc fusion protein for injection (rhTNFR:Fc) on rats with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and analyze osteopontin (OPN) changes following therapy in order to understand its primary mechanism of action. Methods CIA was induced by bovine Ⅱ collagen (B Ⅱ C) injection. Rats were treated with rhTNFR:Fc from the 13th day after the first injection of B Ⅱ C till the 36th day. The anterior-posterior diameters of ankle joints and weight were measured weekly. The pathological score was evaluated by HE staining and toluidine blue staining. The blood plasma TNF-α and OPN levels were measured by ELISA and the histology expression was evaluated by immuno-histochemistry. Comparisons between groups were performed with one-way ANOVA. Results Quantitative analysis showed pathological score in the model group and treatment group was significantly reduced in joint pathology (8.2±1.0 vs 4.8±1.4, P<0.05). The mean plasma levels of TNF-α and OPN values were (713±146) pg/ml, (4.3±0.6) ng/ml respectively in the model group,but those of the treatment group were (68±20) pg/ml, (4.2±0.6) ng/ml. Serum TNF-α values were significantly different (P<0.05) between the two groups, while no significant difference was found in the value of plasma OPN (P=0.688) between the two groups. rhTNFR:Fc could reduce the cells OPN expression in the interface layer of the synovium and cartilage (P<0.05). Conclusion Pathology scores and ELISA results haveshown that rhTNFR:Fc has good therapeutic efficacy. It can significantly reduce the bone and cartilage damage of CIA mouse model, and can significantly reduce the expression of OPN in the sliding joints, thereby delay disease progression. However, it can not reduce the expression of OPN in the peripheral blood plasma.OPN may be involved in bone destruction and resorption rather than in inflammatory process.     

重组人Ⅱ型肿瘤坏死因子受体-抗体融合蛋白联合改善病情抗风湿药治疗中国人群风湿性疾病的安全性研究

目的 评价注射用重组人Ⅱ型肿瘤坏死因子α受体-抗体融合蛋白(rhTNFR:Fc)治疗大样本量风湿性疾病患者的安全性.方法 观察从2006年5月至2009年3月间使用rhTNFR:Fc治疗的类风湿关节炎(RA)、强直性脊柱炎(AS)、幼年特发性关节炎(JIA)和银屑病关节炎(PsA)患者治疗期间内所发生的不良事件.结果 共对2041病例患者进行观察,其中RA 1388例,AS 421例,其他232例.其中RA中不良事件发生率为13.47％,最常见的为注射部位反应(2.67％)、皮疹(1.87％)和转氨酶升高(1.80％).AS总的不良事件发生率为10.45％,常见的是注射部位反应(5.23％)、转氨酶升高(2.38％)和皮疹(0.71％).全部感染的发生率为2.40％,最常见的感染为上呼吸道感染.本次研究中未观察到严重不良事件、死亡、结核病和恶性肿瘤的发生.结论 rhTNFR:Fc治疗RA、AS等风湿性疾病具有良好的安全性.     

重组人Ⅱ型肿瘤坏死因子受体—抗体融合蛋白联合甲氨蝶呤治疗活动性类风湿关节炎的疗效和安全性的开放多中心临床研究

目的 评估重组人Ⅱ型肿瘤坏死因子受体—抗体融合蛋白(rhTNRF:Fc)联合甲氨蝶呤治疗活动性类风湿关节炎(RA) 52周的临床疗效、放射学改变和安全性。方法 30例中重度活动性RA患者应用rhTNRF：Fc(25 mg皮下注射,每周2次)联合甲氨蝶呤（每周15 mg口服）治疗。应用美国风湿病学会(ACR)20、50、70疗效标准和28个关节的疾病活动度评分(DAS28)评估临床疗效,应用改良的Sharp评分标准评价放射学疗效。计数资料应用x2检验或Fisher精确检验,计量资料采用配对t检验。结果 治疗52周时达到ACR20、50、70标准的有效率分别为90％、87％和67％。DAS28由6.4±0.6降至3.4±1.1(P＜0.01),23％患者达到疾病缓解,17％达到低度活动状态。健康状况问卷由1.18±0.56降至0.25±0.34（P＜0.01）。基线期和52周时,双手和双腕X线片关节间隙狭窄（8±10与8±11）和关节侵蚀(10±15与10±15)的改良Sharp评分差异无统计学意义;73％患者无放射学进展。未见严重不良反应,无新发结核菌感染和恶性肿瘤。结论 rhTNRF:Fc联合甲氨蝶呤治疗RA 52周能够显著减低疾病活动度、改善关节功能以及延缓放射学进展,达到临床缓解和阻止放射学进展的治疗目标：且耐受性良好。     

类风湿关节炎患者血清中期因子和白细胞介素-17的表达

目的 探讨中期因子和白细胞介素(IL)-17在类风湿关节炎(RA)患者血清中的表达及其临床意义。方法 应用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附试验( ELISA)法检测79例RA、37例骨关节炎及70名健康体检者血清中中期因子、IL-17,同时应用ELISA法检测血清抗环瓜氨酸肽(CCP)抗体,免疫散射比浊法检测C反应蛋白(CRP)、类风湿因子(RF),间接免疫荧光法检测抗角蛋白抗体(AKA),分析中期因子与IL-17、抗CCP抗体、CRP、RF、红细胞沉降率(ESR)、AKA及RA疾病活动度评分(DAS)之间的相关性。多组间比较采用Kruskal-WallisH检验,2组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验,相关分析采用非参数Spearman相关分析。结果 RA组血清中期因子水平(327±167) pg/ml显著高于骨关节炎组(209±130)pg/ml和健康对照组(225±109) pg/ml,差异有统计学意义（H=22.01,P＜0.01）,骨关节炎和健康对照组比较差异无统计学意义(D0.05)。RA组IL-17水平(44±15) pg/ml也显著高于骨关节炎组(26±8) pg/ml和健康对照组( 27±8) pg/ml,差异有统计学意义(H=66.89,P＜0.01),骨关节炎组和健康对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。血清中期因子水平与IL-17、CRP呈正相关（r=0.398,P＜0.01;r=0.285,P＜0.01）,与DAS、RF、ESR、AKA、抗CCP等无相关性。结论 中期因子和IL-17可能在RA疾病的发生、发展中发挥了一定的作用,通过复杂的细胞因子网络相互协同,促进了RA的发生发展。     

两种细胞因子和表皮生长因子、纤维母细胞生长因子对血管平滑肌细胞清道夫受体活性的影响

为探讨有关的细胞因子和生长因子是否影响平滑肌细胞清道夫受体与氧化型低密度脂蛋白结合活性，以Ｃｕ＾２＋氧化法制备的氧化型低密度脂蛋白免疫豚鼠，制备抗氧化型低密度脂慢白抗体，在培养的小牛主动脉平滑肌细胞中，用细胞酶联免疫吸附检测法测定清道夫受体结合氧化型低密度脂蛋白的活性。结果发现，碱性纤维母细胞生长因子、表皮生长因子、肿瘤坏死因子可提高血管平滑肌细胞表面清道夫受体活性，而粒细胞－巨噬细胞集落刺激因子     

The role of obesity and related metabolic disturbances in cancers of the colon, prostate, and pancreas

Recent evidence indicates that obesity and related metabolic abnormalities are associated with increased incidence or mortality for a number of cancers, including those of the colon, prostate, and pancreas. Obesity, physical inactivity, visceral adiposity, hyperglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia are relatively consistent risk factors for colon cancer and adenoma. Also, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have a higher risk of colon cancer. For prostate cancer, the relationship to obesity appears more complex. Obesity seems to contribute to a greater risk of aggressive or fatal prostate cancer but perhaps to a lower risk of nonaggressive prostate cancer. Furthermore, men with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at lower risk of developing prostate cancer. Long-standing type 2 diabetes increases the risk of pancreatic cancer by approximately 50%. Furthermore, over the past 6 years, a large number of cohort studies have reported positive associations between obesity and pancreatic cancer. Together with data from prediagnostic blood specimens showing positive associations between glucose levels and pancreatic cancer up to 25 years later, sufficient evidence now supports a strong role for diabetes and obesity in pancreatic cancer etiology. The mechanisms for these associations, however, remain speculative and deserve further study. Hyperinsulinemia may be important, but the role of oxidative stress initiated by hyperglycemia also deserves further attention.     

The pharmacokinetics of factor VIII and factor IX: methodology, pitfalls and applications

This article reviews the pharmacokinetics of exogenous factor VIII and factor IX in patients with haemophilia. It focuses on the methodology (and inherent pitfalls) of pharmacokinetic studies, then summarizes available pharmacokinetic data and finally discusses some applications of pharmacokinetics for optimization of prophylactic treatment of haemophilia and for comparison of coagulation factor concentrates.     

表皮生长因子受体抑制剂埃罗替尼对胰腺癌血管生成的影响

目的 观察表皮生长因子受体抑制剂埃罗替尼对胰腺癌新生血管生成的影响，探讨其对胰腺癌生长抑制的作用机制。方法 ①应用小管形成实验观察埃罗替尼（终浓度100μmol／L）对血管生成的影响，并与对照组（加入无血清培养液）进行比较。②建立胰腺癌细胞株BxPC-3裸鼠移植瘤模型，用埃罗替尼灌胃，每天100mg／kg，共4周。每周测量移植瘤体积，4周后处死裸鼠，计算抑瘤率，并与未用埃罗替尼对照组裸鼠比较。RT-PCR法检测不同浓度（5、50、100、200／μmol／L）埃罗替尼处理后BxPC-3细胞血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）表达的变化。采用Ⅷ因子免疫组化染色评估瘤组织中微血管密度（MVD）。结果小管形成实验中，埃罗替尼组细胞数显著少于对照组，中空闭合管状结构缺如。埃罗替尼灌胃4周后，治疗组平均瘤重（0．397±0．550）g，显著低于对照组的（1．5704±1．060）g，抑瘤率为74．5％。浓度≥50μmol／1．的埃罗替尼各组BxPC-3细胞中VEGFmRNA相对表达量较对照组下调，移植瘤组织VEGF表达亦较对照组显著下调，瘤组织MVD（1．86±0．43）显著低于对照组（5．98土1．27，P〈0．01）。结论 埃罗替尼可抑制裸鼠移植瘤生长和胰腺癌体内、体外血管的生成，可作为胰腺癌的辅助治疗方法之一。     

Incidence of hereditary bleeding disorders in Bradford, UK: variation with ethnic group

We have studied the number of patients registered with congenital bleeding disorders at the Haemophilia Centre, Bradford, UK, according to ethnic group. The large Pakistani population in Bradford presents a different spectrum of disorders compared with the indigenous Caucasian population with a significantly higher number of cases of factor VII deficiency and platelet disorders. Other haemophilia centres in the developed world serving large immigrant communities may also manage increased numbers of these rarer disorders with similar implications for resource allocation.     

Bone morphogenetic protein 2 is expressed by, and acts upon, mature epithelial cells in the colon

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The recent findings of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor Ia mutations in juvenile polyposis and frequent Smad4 mutations in colon cancer suggest a role for BMPs in the colonic epithelium and colon cancer. We investigated the role of BMP2 in the colon. METHODS: We assessed BMP receptor expression in cell lines using the reverse-transcribed polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting. We investigated the effect of BMP2 on cell lines using the MTT assay and by immunoblotting for markers of differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. We assessed the expression of BMP2, its receptors, and signal transduction elements in mouse and human colon tissue using immunohistochemistry. We also investigated the effect of the BMP antagonist noggin in vivo in mice by assessing colon tissue with immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. Finally, we investigated the expression of BMP2 in microadenomas from familial adenomatous polyposis patients. RESULTS: BMP receptors (BMPR) Ia, BMPR Ib, and BMPR II are all expressed in colonic epithelial cell lines. BMP2 inhibits colonic epithelial cell growth in vitro, promoting apoptosis and differentiation and inhibiting proliferation. BMP2, BMPRIa, BMPRIb, BMPRII, phosphorylated Smad1, and Smad4 are expressed predominantly in mature colonocytes at the epithelial surface in normal adult human and mouse colon. Noggin inhibits apoptosis and proliferation in mouse colonic epithelium in vivo. BMP2 expression is lost in the microadenomas of familial adenomatous polyposis patients. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that BMP2 acts as a tumor suppressor promoting apoptosis in mature colonic epithelial cells.     

Interleukin-22, a member of the IL-10 subfamily, induces inflammatory responses in colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Interleukin (IL)-22, a member of the IL-10 subfamily, is a recently identified T-cell-derived cytokine. We investigated IL-22 expression in the inflamed mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and analyzed its biologic activities in human colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts (SEMFs). METHODS: Mucosal IL-22 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemical procedures. The effects of IL-22 on colonic SEMFs were investigated by cDNA microarrays, Northern blots, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and electrophoretic gel mobility shift assays (EMSAs). RESULTS: IL-22 was not detectable in normal colonic mucosa. In IBD mucosa, IL-22 expression was detectable in CD4-positive T cells. IL-22-positive cells were increased in ulcerative colitis and even more so in Crohn's disease. IL-22 receptor expression colocalized with a marker of SEMFs. IL-22 did not modulate SEMF proliferation and collagen synthesis. cDNA microarray analyses demonstrated that, in colonic SEMFs, IL-22 increased the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-11, and leukemia inhibitory factor [LIF]), chemokines, and matrix metalloproteinases. IL-22 induced an activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB and activating protein (AP)-1 within 1 hour, and a blockade of NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation markedly reduced IL-22 induction of IL-6, IL-8, IL-11, and LIF mRNA. MAP-kinase inhibitors (PD98059, U0216, and SB202190) significantly reduced IL-22 induction of cytokine secretion. The combination of either IL-17 plus IL-22 or IL-19 plus IL-22 additively up-regulated cytokine secretion. CONCLUSIONS: IL-22 derived from activated T cells acts on SEMFs to elicit expression of proinflammatory cytokines and matrix-degrading molecules indicating proinflammatory/remodeling roles in IBD.     

Placebo and nocebo in cardiovascular health: implications for healthcare, research, and the doctor-patient relationship

Despite treatments proven effective by sound study designs and robust end points, placebos remain integral to elicit effective medical care. The authenticity of the placebo response has been questioned, but placebos likely affect pain, functionality, symptoms, and quality of life. In cardiology, placebos influence disability, syncope, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, angina, and survival. Placebos vary in strength and efficacy. Compliance to placebo affects outcomes. Nocebo responses can explain some adverse clinical outcomes. A doctor may be an unwitting contributor to placebo and nocebo responses. Placebo and nocebo mechanisms, not well understood, are likely multifaceted. Placebo and nocebo use is common in practice. A successful doctor-patient relationship can foster a strong placebo response while mitigating any nocebo response. The beneficial effects of placebo, generally undervalued, hard to identify, often unrecognized, but frequently used, help define our profession. The role of the doctor in healing, above the therapy delivered, is immeasurable but powerful. An effective placebo response will lead to happy and healthy patients. Imagine instead the future of healthcare relegated to a series of guidelines, tests, algorithms, procedures, and drugs without the human touch. Healthcare, rendered by a faceless, uncaring army of protocol aficionados, will miss an opportunity to deliver an effective placebo response. Wise placebo use can benefit patients and strengthen the medical profession.     

Etiology,risk factors,and prognosis of patients with syncope: A single‐center analysis

ObjectiveTo investigate the main causes, risk factors, and prognosis of patients hospitalized with syncope.MethodsThe patients admitted due to syncope were included. We analyzed the etiology, risk factors, and prognosis of patients with an average follow‐up of 15.3 months.ResultsHigh‐risk factors for cardiogenic syncope included age ≥60, male, hypertension, palpitation, troponin T‐positive, abnormal ECG, CHD history, and syncope‐related trauma. Mortality rate was 4.6%, recurrence rate of syncope was 10.5%, and the rehospitalization rate was 8.5%. Univariate analysis showed that prognosis of syncope was related to age ≥60 years old, hypertension, positive troponin T, abnormal electrocardiogram, and coronary heart disease (p < .05). Multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis showed that age ≥60 years old (p = .021) and high‐sensitivity troponin‐positive (p = .024) were strongly related to the prognosis of syncope. Kaplan–Meier curve showed statistical difference in the survival rate between the groups divided by age ≥60 years (p = .028), hs‐TnT‐positive (p < .001), abnormal ECG (p = .027), and history of CHD (p = .020).ConclusionHigh‐risk factors for cardiogenic syncope included age ≥60, male, hypertension, palpitation, troponin T‐positive, abnormal ECG, CHD family history, and syncope‐related trauma. Age, hypertension, troponin T‐positive, abnormal ECG, and CHD history were associated with the prognosis of syncope.