内镜下oddis括约肌切开取石术联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗胆囊胆总管结石

目的 探讨内镜下oddis括约肌切开取石术(EST)联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)治疗胆囊结石、胆总管结石的临床应用价值.方法 回顾性分析40例采用经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)+内镜下括约肌切开取石术(EST)+内镜下网篮取石(ESR)+球囊取石术联合LC方式治疗胆囊、胆总管结石患者的并发症及获得的经验.结果 手术成功率97.5%(39/40),胆总管结石残留率5.1%(2/39).乳头出血10%.EKCP术后胰腺炎5%(2/40).LC术后无相关并发症.手术总时间(60±4s)min,平均住院日(10±3)d.结论 ERCP+EST+ESK+球囊取石术联合LC是治疗胆囊、胆总管结石有效的微创手术方式.     

内镜下乳头括约肌切开加大球囊扩张与常规乳头括约肌切开治疗胆总管结石的比较研究

目的 比较应用十二指肠乳头括约肌切开(EST)加大球囊扩张(LBD)与常规十二指肠乳头括约肌切开(EST)对较大胆总管结石治疗效果.方法 200个直径大于1 cm的胆总管结石患者纳入研究并随机分配于EST+LBD组和常规EST组.两种方式分别治疗胆总管结石100例.比较两种术式的取石成功率、取碎石时间、采用机械碎石的机率、术后并发症情况.结果 EST+LBD组与常规EST组取净结石成功率分别为98％和97％(P ＞0.05);EST组+LBD组与常规EST组平均取碎石时间分别为21、46 min(P ＜0.05).EST组+LBD组与常规EST组术中采用机械碎石的几率分别为18％和43％(P ＜0.05).EST+LBD组与常规EST组术后并发症分别为3％和5％(P＞0.05),其中,出血发生率分别为1％和2％,胰腺炎的发生率分别为2％和3％.两组均无穿孔并发症.结论 对于较大的胆总管结石,EST+LBD术可以缩短取碎石时间和减少采用机械碎石的几率,其取石成功率和术后并发症的发生率与常规EST相当,是一种安全有效的胆总管结石的内镜治疗方式.     

十二指肠乳头切开术联合内镜下乳头气囊扩张术用于胆总管结石取石的效果

目的：探讨十二指肠乳头切开术（endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST）联合内镜下乳头气囊扩张术（endoscopic papillary balloon dilation,EPBD）用于胆总管结石取石的疗效及安全性.方法：选择2011年2月-2013年2月收治的164例接受内镜取石治疗的胆总管结石患者,其中82例患者采用EST联合EPBD取石（EST＋ EPBD组）,其余82例患者采用EST取石（EST组）,比较2组患者取石时间、碎石率、一次性结石取净率及并发症（出血、消化道穿孔、急性胰腺炎、高淀粉酶血症、胆管炎）发生率.结果：EST＋ EPBD组取石时间为（39.4±11.2）min,低于EST组[（45.2±20.5） min],差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;EST＋ EPBD组一次性结石取净率为95.1％（78/82）,高于EST组[90.2％ （74/82）],差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;EST＋ EPBD组碎石率为9.8％（8/82）,低于EST组[21.9％ （18/82）],差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;EST＋ EPBD组总的并发症发生率为21.9％（18/82）,高于EST组[20.7％ （17/82）],差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论：EST联合EPBD用于胆总管结石取石安全、有效,可较EST缩短取石时间、降低碎石率.     

十二指肠乳头旁憩室合并胆总管结石的内镜治疗

目的 探讨诊疗性内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(EKCP)及内镜下乳头括约肌切开术(EST)对十二指肠乳头旁憩室合并胆总管结石治疗的方法及价值.方法 回顾性分析48例十二指肠乳头旁憩室合并胆总管结石患者的十二指肠乳头旁憩室与十二指肠乳头的关系及其对ERCP成功率、EST及其并发症的影响.结果 该组48例十二指肠乳头旁憩室合并胆总管结石患者,占所发现十二指肠乳头旁憩室的60%(48/80).EKCP造影成功率97.9%(47/48),47例患者中45例(95.7%)成功施行EST取石.2例EST失败,1例因结石太大网篮圈套困难,另1例因十二指肠变形,内镜难以达到理想位置取石失败转外科手术治疗.该组EST术中创口出血者4例均经局部内镜止血成功,术中及术后无十二指肠穿孔、急性胰腺炎等严重并发症发生,无死亡病例.结论 胆道结石发生率与十二指肠乳头旁憩室发生有关.十二指肠乳头旁憩室对ERCP及EST治疗胆管结石的影响是有限的,只要操作者耐心、细心,十二指肠乳头旁憩室合并胆管结石经内镜下取石仍是一种安全、有效的治疗手段.     

两种胆囊切除术式对胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的比较研究

目的 探讨两种胆囊切除术治疗方法 对胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析2006年6月～2008年3月该院86例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者,其中44例行LC、胆总管探查、一期缝合术(A组);42例行EST取石联合LC(B组).结果 A组住院时间、术后用药时间明显少于B组(P＜0.05),两组患者术后并发症的发生率比较差异无显著性.结论 腹腔镜下胆管探查、取石,取净结石后一期缝合胆总管,可作为治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的一种安全、有效的方法 .     

内镜治疗90岁及以上老年人胆总管结石患者的临床护理研究

目的 探讨经内镜十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术(EST)及胆道塑料支架置入(ERBD)治疗90岁及以上患者胆总管结石的疗效、安全性及护理.方法 对32例90岁及以上老年人患者完善术前准备,在密切监护下行EST及ERBD治疗胆总管结石的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 EST 1次取石成功27例;1次取出部分结石3例,经行内镜下鼻胆管引流,5d后再次取石成功;成功率为93.8％.1例因结石大,碎石失败后行ERBD,6个月后结石变小,取出胆管结石;1例因乳头旁巨大憩室插管未成功而致取石失败.32例患者中并发出血1例(3.1％),未发生肠穿孔、胰腺炎等并发症和死亡.结论 内镜行EST及ERBD治疗90岁及以上老年人胆总管结石安全、有效,具有创伤小、并发症少,操作灵活、简便等优点,护士完善的术前准备、准确迅速的术中配合和监护,精心的术后护理是治疗成功的重要条件.     

腹腔镜联合内镜、胆道造影微创治疗肝外胆管结石

目的 总结腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜和十二指肠镜、胆道造影治疗肝外胆管结石的效果.方法 回顾性分析123例肝外胆管结石合并(或不合并)胆囊结石患者经内镜联合腹腔镜治疗的临床资料.结果 123例ERCP全部成功,EST操作成功率97.6%(120/123),9例(7.5%)EST后并发急性胰腺炎,42例(35.0%)术后一过性血淀粉酶升高.23例(19.1%)EST后胆红素较术前轻度升高.均经保守治疗痊愈.EST术后LC成功48例.术中胆道镜取石16例,术中胆道造影11例,1例中转开腹无严重并发症.1例患者EST术中出现十二指肠穿孔.LC术中胆道造影发现EST术后胆总管残余结石1例,胆管变异3例,EST联合LC、胆道镜治疗结石成功率96.7%(119/123).结论 LC联合EST、胆道镜、胆道造影能成功治疗肝外胆管结石,具有微创、效果好、恢复快等优点.     

十二指肠镜括约肌切开术、腹腔镜胆囊切除术序贯治疗老年人胆石症136例

目的:探讨十二指肠镜、腹腔镜序贯性诊治胆石症在老年病人中的应用价值.方法:回顾性分析2000年1月至2005年6月在广东省人民医院采用十二指肠镜、腹腔镜序贯性诊治方案治疗老年胆石症病人136例的临床资料,所有病人先经内镜逆行胰胆管造影、B超证实胆囊结石合并胆总管结石,先行经内镜括约肌切开术(endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST)及取石术,手术后1 d、7 d、3周行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(1aparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC).结果:EST成功率80.15%(109/136);EST联合LC成功率为94.50%(103/109).术后平均住院时间为8.3 d(6～23 d).结论:EST及LC序贯法治疗老年人胆囊结石合并胆总管结石是安全有效的方法.     

腹腔镜联合内镜治疗胆囊并胆总管结石

目的探讨腹腔镜联合内镜治疗胆囊并胆总管结石的疗效。方法同期112例胆囊并胆总管结石病人，49例行内镜下十二指肠乳头切开取石(EST) 腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)，63例行剖腹胆囊切除及胆总管切开取石手术。结果拟行EST LC52例中2例改开腹手术，49例成功施行EST LC。剖腹组63例中术后7例残余结石，伤口感染2例，肺部感染1例，残余结石经T管窦道胆道镜取石。结论该研究证实EST LC联合治疗胆囊并胆总管结石具有手术创伤小、无需T管引流、术后恢复快、并发症少等优点，可使大部分胆囊并胆总管结石病人免除开腹手术之苦。     

内镜在治疗胆总管结石中的应用价值(附480例报道)

目的 :探讨经内镜括约肌切开术 (EST)和内镜乳头气囊扩张术 (EPBD)在治疗胆总管结石中的应用价值。方法 :经EST和EPBD共治疗各类型胆总管结石 480例 ,对 <8mm胆总管结石采用EPBD治疗 ,>9mm胆总管结石采用EST治疗。结果 :474/ 480例 (98.8% )ERC检查成功 ,46 8/ 474例 (98.7% )内镜取石治疗成功 ,总的并发症 2 .7%。结论 :EST和EPBD治疗胆总管结石安全、有效 ,并发症少 ,是目前治疗胆总管结石的重要手段     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."