德国小蠊对5种常用杀虫剂的抗药性分析

目的了解德国小蠊对高效氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、氯菊酯、敌敌畏和残杀威5种常用杀虫剂的抗药性水平。方法收集温州市德国小蠊现场品系成虫、幼虫和卵块若干,以饲养一代羽化后2～3周龄的雄性成虫作为试虫,将相同日龄的试虫随机分为3个实验组和1个对照组,每组选取10只健康的雄性试虫进行试验,采用广口瓶药膜法测试德国小蠊现场品系对高效氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、氯菊酯、敌敌畏和残杀威5种杀虫剂的半数击倒时间(KT_(50))和抗性倍数,分析其抗药性水平及变化情况。结果德国小蠊现场品系对高效氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、氯菊酯、敌敌畏和残杀威的KT_(50)值分别为133.90、44.39、45.99、21.11和35.94 min;抗性倍数分别为32.27、8.77、10.17、5.25和4.23。结论德国小蠊对5种常用杀虫剂均产生不同程度的抗药性,建议采取综合性防治措施,控制和延缓其抗药性的产生和发展。     

北京市丰台区德国小蠊抗药性及其抗性消退研究

目的了解北京市丰台区德国小蠊对高效氯氰菊酯、乙酰甲胺磷、溴氰菊酯、残杀威、毒死蜱的抗药性及其抗性衰退情况。方法采用WHO推荐的药膜法,测定经实验室饲养1代和正常饲养1年后的试虫对常用杀虫剂的半数击倒时间（KT50）及其95%置信区间（95%CI）、击倒率、死亡率,评价其抗药性程度及抗性衰退情况。结果德国小蠊现场种群对高效氯氰菊酯、乙酰甲胺磷、溴氰菊酯、残杀威和毒死蜱的抗性倍数分别为7.91、1.90、30.52、4.56和2.06倍;饲养1年后,其抗性消退率分别为42.82%、49.70%、74.77%、56.51%和-24.19%。结论丰台区德国小蠊现场种群对5种常用杀虫剂均产生不同程度的抗性;饲养1年后,除毒死蜱外,对其他杀虫剂的抗性均有所消退,抗性消退率均达40%以上。     

诸暨市蚊、蝇、蟑螂对7种杀虫剂的抗性调查

目的了解诸暨市蚊、蝇、蟑螂对二氯苯醚菊酯等7种常用杀虫剂的抗性动态,为杀虫剂使用的选择和优化组合,指导灭蚊、蝇、蟑螂工作的深入开展提供依据。方法药液浸渍法,测定IV龄期蚊幼虫半数致死浓度;点滴法,测定家蝇半数致死量;三角烧瓶药膜法,测定德国小蠊半数击倒时间。结果现场品系对二氯苯醚菊酯等7种常用杀虫剂的抗性倍数分别为:淡色库蚊对敌敌畏7.21、仲丁威1.81、三氯杀虫酯1.39、高效氯氰菊酯3.53、二氯苯醚菊酯5.98;家蝇对敌敌畏11.20、氯氰菊酯25.77、二氯苯醚菊酯14.72;德国小蠊对溴氰菊酯1.68、高效氯氰菊酯2.40、二氯苯醚菊酯2.18。结论现场品系对7种常用杀虫剂存在不同程度的抗药性。     

乌鲁木齐市德国小蠊对4种杀虫剂的抗药性调查

目的 :了解乌鲁木齐市德国小蠊对常用杀虫剂的抗药性基数和现状 ,指导科学、合理使用杀虫剂。方法 :微量点滴法。结果 :野外 3个品系德国小蠊对氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、二氯苯醚菊酯和敌敌畏的抗性系数分别为 3 .65～19.69、1.92～ 7.90、0 .78～ 9.3 3、0 .64～ 1.66;对氯氰菊酯产生了较高的抗性。结论 :乌鲁木齐市德国小蠊对 4种常用杀虫剂已产生了不同程度的抗药性     

临海市蚊、蝇、蜚蠊对7种杀虫剂的抗性调查

目的了解临海市淡色库蚊、家蝇、德国小蠊现场品系（自然品系）对7种杀虫剂的抗性动态，为杀虫剂使用的选择和优化组合，指导灭蚊、蝇、蜚蠊工作的深入开展提供依据。方法药液浸渍法，测定4龄期蚊幼虫半数致死浓度；点滴法，测定家蝇半数致死量；三角烧瓶药膜法，测定德国小蠊半数击倒时间。结果淡色库蚊自然品系对仲丁威、三氯杀虫酯、溴氰菊酯、二氯苯醚菊酯的抗性倍数在1．89～8．93倍之间，属低抗水平（RR〈10），而敌敌畏的抗性倍数为10．16倍，属中抗水平（RR〉10）；家蝇自然品系对三氯杀虫酯和二氯苯醚菊酯的抗性倍数分别为1．26和5．32倍，属低抗水平（RR〈10），敌敌畏和高效氯氰菊酯的抗性倍数分别为17．44和12．64倍，属中抗水平（RR〉10），溴氰菊酯抗性倍数为37．86倍，属高抗水平（RR〉30）；德国小蠊自然品系对4种杀虫剂抗性测定结果，经统计学处理差异无统计学意义，抗性水平在2．53～4．12倍之间。结论淡色库蚊、家蝇和德国小蠊的自然品系对7种杀虫剂存在不同程度的抗药性。     

毕节市两地城区德国小蠊的抗药性调查

目的调查毕节市七星关区及金沙县德国小蠊对5种常用杀虫剂的抗药性情况,为科学、合理地选择和使用杀虫剂提供依据。方法在毕节市七星关区及金沙县餐饮场所、宾馆饭店、医院大量采集德国小蠊成虫及若虫,经实验室获得子一代试虫,选择羽化后7～15 d的健康雄性成虫供试。采用药膜接触法获得德国小蠊对常用杀虫剂的半数击倒时间(KT50),并将野外品系与敏感品系进行比较以评价其抗药性程度。结果溴氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、氯菊酯、敌敌畏及残杀威在使用剂量均为0. 05%的浓度下,对七星关区德国小蠊的KT50分别为70. 51、82. 54、80. 67、22. 59和35. 53 min,抗性倍数分别为24. 83、34. 83、7. 39、6. 35和3. 13;对金沙县德国小蠊的KT50分别为13. 36、16. 72、77. 42、59. 07和27. 04 min,抗性倍数分别为4. 7、7. 05、7. 09、16. 59和2. 38。结论毕节市两地德国小蠊对5种杀虫剂的抗性水平存在差异,其中七星关区德国小蠊对溴氰菊酯及高效氯氰菊酯达高抗水平,而金沙县德国小蠊对敌敌畏的抗性水平最高,两地德国小蠊对氯菊酯及残杀威的抗药性均处于中度和低度水平。     

远洋船舶上德国小蠊对溴氰菊酯、二氯苯醚菊酯的抗性测定

作者采用果酱瓶法、微量点滴法对远洋船舶上德国小蠊进行溴氰菊酯、二氯苯醚菊酯的抗性测定。结果表明,德国小蠊对两种杀虫剂的KT_(50)分别为15.85分、22.29分,LD_(50)分别为0.05754μg/虫、0.182μg/虫;KT_(50)抗性系数分别为3.55、4.27,LD_(50)抗性系数分别为4.57、4.80,已产生了一定程度的抗性。并探讨了产生抗性的原因。     

贵阳市德国小蠊对七种杀虫剂的抗性测定

目的了解贵阳市区3个野外种群德国小蠊（C1、C2、C3）对7种常用杀虫剂的敏感性，以便通过抗性水平来指导科学、合理使用杀虫剂。方法药膜接触法。结果贵阳市区3个野外种群德国小蠊对溴氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、顺式氯氰菊酯、高效氟氯氰菊酯、二氯苯醚菊酯、残杀威和DDVP等7种杀虫剂的平均抗性倍数分别为4．20、6．31、3．22、2．31、18．42、1．03和5．11倍。3个野外种群德国小蠊对二氯苯醚菊酯已产生高抗，抗性倍数在13．63～22．11之间；对溴氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、顺式氯氰菊酯、高效氟氯氰菊酯、敌敌畏已不同程度地产生抗性，抗性倍数在1．52～8．28之间；对残杀威敏感，抗性倍数在0．92～1．13Z间。结论3个野外种群德国小蠊对6种杀虫剂已产生不同程度的抗性，对1种杀虫剂敏感。     

旅客列车德国小蠊抗药性的调查研究

目的：了解旅客列车德国小蠊对二氯苯醚菊酯、氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、敌敌畏和残杀威的抗药性。方法：点滴法。结果：旅客列车上采集的5个品系德国小蠊与敏感品系比较,对二氯苯醚菊酯、氯氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯的抗性系数分别为16.2-37.6、4.0-15.7和4.5-21.3,对敌敌畏和残杀威的抗性系数分别为3.0-32.7、1.3-12.4。所有品系对二氯苯醚菊酯均产生了抗药性,尤其南方品系（SD）对5种杀虫剂已产生程序不同的抗性。结论：旅客列车德国小蠊对5种杀虫剂敏感性和抗药性不一,化学防制须合理选择药物、浓度及用药方法。     

上海市松江区德国小蠊对常用杀虫剂的抗性调查

目的了解2010—2017年间上海市松江区德国小蠊的抗性发展趋势,以便科学、合理地使用杀虫剂。方法分别于2010年、2014年、2017年的6—7月在餐饮店采集德国小蠊试虫,带回实验室饲养后采用果酱瓶药膜法进行抗药性测定。结果松江城区德国小蠊2010年、2014年、2017年对高效氯氰菊酯的抗性倍数分别为1.41、5.54、12.04;2010年、2014年对溴氰菊酯的抗性倍数分别为3.56、8.42;2010年、2014年、2017年对残杀威的抗性倍数分别为1.70、2.27、4.46;2014年、2017年对乙酰甲胺磷的抗性倍数分别为1.14、4.11。结论松江城区德国小蠊对常用杀虫剂有不同程度的抗药性,且有发展升高的趋势。应注重综合治理,轮换杀虫剂使用,延缓抗性发展。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.