绍兴地区铜绿假单胞菌亚胺培南耐药机制研究

目的探讨绍兴地区耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的耐药机制.方法对5株亚胺培南耐药的铜绿假单胞菌和4株亚胺培南敏感的铜绿假单胞菌进行IMP、VIM和oprD2基因等3种基因检测和测序.结果 5株亚胺培南耐药的铜绿假单胞菌均检出VIM基因,经比对分析为VIM-2型;无IMP基因检出,oprD2基因均无缺失.结论绍兴地区耐亚胺培南的铜绿假单胞菌由VIM-2型基因引起.     

耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌耐药特征及其耐药机制的初步研究

目的分析临床分离的耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药特征及对亚胺培南的耐药机制。方法采用BD Phoenix 100 全自动微生物分析仪进行细菌鉴定,纸片扩散法（K B法）进行药敏试验;聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测碳青霉烯酶相关基因(IMP、VIM、OXA、GES)及外膜蛋白基因oprD2。结果耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星耐药率最低,为8.33%;对庆大霉素、妥布霉素的耐药率＜20%;第三四代头孢菌素、氨曲南、美罗培南、复方磺胺甲口恶唑、米诺环素等抗菌药物抗菌活性差, 耐药率＞60%,对氨苄西林/ 舒巴坦全部耐药。检测到1株OXA 17阳性菌,阳性率2.78%;oprD2缺失率为38.89%;未检测到其余耐药基因。结论耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌除对氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药率较低外, 对其他常用抗菌药物耐药严重;膜蛋白OprD2缺失与碳青霉烯酶产生等机制导致铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药。     

耐碳青酶烯类铜绿假单胞菌相关耐药基因及I型整合酶基因研究

目的研究耐碳青酶烯类铜绿假单胞菌的相关耐药基因及Ⅰ型整合酶基因。方法采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）法对铜绿假单胞菌碳青酶烯类耐药相关的金属β-内酰胺酶IMP、VIM、SPM、GIM基因和外膜蛋白oprD2基因及Ⅰ型整合酶基因等6种主要耐药基因进行检测与分析。结果51株耐亚胺培南和美罗培南铜绿假单胞菌SPM、GIM金属酶基因检测均阴性,16株IMP和5株VIM型金属酶基因阳性,14株耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌oprD2基因阳性,其余37株铜绿假单胞菌oprD2基因阴性,7株产金属酶并同时伴有膜孔蛋白oprD2基因缺失,49株Ⅰ型整合酶基因intⅠ1阳性。结论膜孔蛋白oprD2基因缺失是铜绿假单胞菌对碳青酶烯类抗菌药物耐药的主要原因,其次是产生金属酶,Ⅰ型整合酶基因广泛存在于铜绿假单胞菌中,提示要加强对耐药基因在病原菌种属间传播和扩散的监测工作。     

医院耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的耐药机制研究

目的研究医院铜绿假单胞菌(PAE)耐药情况及对亚胺培南的耐药机制分布。方法对医院临床分离的150株非重复铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南(IMP)等14种常用抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)进行检测;进一步对耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌(IRPA)64株作为受试株,进行耐药机制表型初筛试验及基因检测。结果 IRPA共64株,占42.6%,其中9株为产金属β-内酰胺酶(MBL)阳性,占试验菌株的14.06%,4株携带VIM基因和3株携带IMP基因,其他为阴性结果;17株主动外排表型筛选阳性,5株同时检测出oprM、mexB基因、有9株仅扩增出oprM基因而没有mexB基因、有3株未扩增出外排基因;oprD2基因缺失共11株,占17.19%。结论调查结果显示,铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南的耐药机制主要有金属酶的产生;主动外排的过度表达;孔道蛋白OprD2的缺失。     

208株铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性分析及oprD2基因的检测

目的了解重症监护病房铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性和相关耐药基因。方法对重症监护病房分离得到的208株铜绿假单胞菌进行MIC测定,并对耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌进行耐药基因oprD2的检测。结果 208株铜绿假单胞菌中,161株来源于痰液,占77.40%;208株铜绿假单胞菌对13种抗菌药物存在不同程度耐药,药物敏感程度较高的是亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、阿米卡星,其敏感率分别为86.54%、59.62%、58.65%;此外,26株耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌中,有20株PCR扩增结果显示为膜孔蛋白oprD2基因缺失。结论重症监护病房中铜绿假单胞菌的耐药现象严重,呈多药耐药性;临床上应重视耐药菌株的产生;同时需要加强对重症监护病房的管理和检测。     

主动外排在铜绿假单胞菌耐药中的作用研究

目的 观察外排泵抑制剂羰基氰氯苯腙(CCCP)对铜绿假单胞菌耐药水平的影响,并扩增外排泵蛋白编码基因.以探讨细胞膜主动外排作用与铜绿假单胞菌耐药的关系.方法 用琼脂二倍稀释法测定150株铜绿假单胞菌对四环素、氯霉素、环丙沙星、庆大霉素,头孢噻肟、亚胺培南和美罗培南的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),并观察在含5 mg/L CCCP存在条件下MIC值的变化;用PCR法扩增外排泵编码基因oprM、mexB和mexR.结果 150株铜绿假单胞菌中,有56.0%的菌株外排泵表型试验阳性,以四环素、氯霉素、环丙沙星、庆大霉素、头孢噻肟、亚胺培南和美罗培南作为底物,分别有17、6、12、29、35、18、31株菌在5 mg/L CCCP的条件下MIC值降低≥4倍,其中有56.0%的菌株同时对2种的药物有明显的外排作用;主动外排机制不仅存在耐药菌株,而且也存在于敏感菌株,但CCCP对耐药菌株的影响更大;oprM、mexB和mexR外排泵基因普遍存在于铜绿假单胞菌中.结论 主动外排作用是铜绿假单胞菌多药耐药的重要原因之一,主动外排泵抑制剂在体外能降低多种抗菌药物对铜绿假单胞菌的MIC,外排泵抑制剂在克服细菌的耐药性方面有一定的应用前景.     

5年间耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌耐药性监测及耐药机制探讨

目的检测2004-2008年临床分离铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南的耐药性,并探讨其耐药机制。方法采用K-B法检测临床分离铜绿假单胞菌对抗菌药物的敏感性,采用PCR方法检测碳青酶烯酶基因和外膜通道蛋白基因。结果 2004-2008年共分离铜绿假单胞菌1947株,耐亚胺培南的菌株573株,耐药率29.4%;2006-2008年与2004-2005年相比耐亚胺培南的铜绿假单胞菌有上升趋势,从14.4%上升到31.8%;耐亚胺培南的铜绿假单胞菌中以阿米卡星最敏感,其次为头孢他啶和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦,哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的敏感率下降明显;23株耐亚胺培南的铜绿假单胞菌IMP基因阳性4株(17.4%),VIM基因阳性4株(17.4%),OprD2缺失18株(79.3%)。结论耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌携带多种金属酶基因,但主要是由于外膜通道蛋白基因OprD2缺失引起,阿米卡星与头孢他啶或头孢哌酮/舒巴坦联合是有效的治疗手段。     

骨科患者创面感染耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的耐药机制研究

目的分析骨科患者创面感染耐铜绿假单胞菌亚胺培南的因素,并探讨其耐药机制,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法收集2010年7月-2012年7月骨科患者创面感染的42株铜绿假单胞菌,经药敏试验鉴定结果分为敏感组23株和耐药组19株,对两组患者进行临床分析,并从外膜通道蛋白(OprD2)丢失、主动外排机制、金属酶的产生3种不同耐药机制探讨耐药性的产生。结果骨科患者创面感染的42株铜绿假单胞菌中,19株对亚胺培南耐药,23株对亚胺培南敏感,耐药率为45.2%,19株耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌对头孢他啶、庆大霉素、左氧氟沙星、阿米卡星和美罗培南的耐药率分别为89.5%、94.7%、78.9%、89.5%和73.7%;其中耐药组对其他抗菌药物的耐药率明显高于敏感组;耐药组OprD2相对含量为(2.34±0.88)%,明显低于敏感组的(6.34±1.22)%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),耐药组可存在OprD2蛋白的丢失;纸片协同试验在耐药组检测出6株产生协同效应,产生金属酶,敏感组出现1例;耐药组中氰氯苯腙(CCCP)存在时MIC值下降3/4的有3株,存在主动外排系统,敏感组中不存在。结论临床医师使用抗菌药物应该结合患者的临床情况,并做好临床检测,同时铜绿假单胞菌耐亚胺培南的耐药机制复杂,应进行更深入的研究,开发新的抗菌药物。     

铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药性

目的探讨铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素的耐药性和耐药机制。方法选取温州医学院附属第一医院162株铜绿假单胞菌临床分离株,采用琼脂稀释法检测抗生素亚胺培南和美罗培南对铜绿假单胞菌的最低抑菌浓度(M IC);PCR扩增分离株外膜蛋白基因OprD2和碳青霉烯酶基因VIM、IMP、SPM、KPC,对阳性产物测序确定基因亚型;羰基氰氯苯腙(CCCP)协同抑制试验检测膜外排机制。结果 162株分离菌株中,亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为37.0%和30.9%;60株耐亚胺培南和/或美罗培南菌株(简称耐药株)中,50株对2种抗生素均耐药,另10株仅对亚胺培南耐药;耐药株中有18株OprD2基因缺失,102株不耐亚胺培南或美罗培南菌株(简称敏感株)中有20株OprD2基因缺失;耐药株中检出13株碳青霉烯酶阳性,其中5株产VIM型,8株产IMP型,敏感株中未检出VIM、IMP基因,所有菌株中未检出SPM-1、KPC基因;耐药株有48.3%外排泵表型试验阳性,以亚胺培南和美罗培南作为底物的分别有19株和24株,敏感株有10.8%外排试验阳性。结论铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药严重,与外膜蛋白OprD2缺失、产碳青霉烯酶和主动外排共同作用有关。     

铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药机制的研究

目的 研究铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药机制。方法 用PCR法对铜绿假单胞菌亚胺培南耐药相关的金属β-内酰胺酶IMP、VIM基因和外膜蛋白OprD2基因等3种主要耐药基因进行了检测与分析。结果 35株耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌IMP和VIM型金属酶基因检测均阴性，35株耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌OprD2基因检测均阴性，但35株铜绿假单胞菌23S rRNA基因扩增阳性。结论 研究表明湖北襄樊地区铜绿假单胞菌不产生金属酶，但从遗传学角度证实外膜蛋白OprD2基因缺失是襄樊铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药的重要机制。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.