凝血功能异常在危重烧伤患者病情和预后评估中的作用

目的 研究危重(重度、特重度)烧伤患者凝血功能的改变,及其对病情严重度和预后的判断价值.方法 以我院烧伤科收治的113例危重烧伤患者作为研究对象,按有无并发全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)分为SIRS组和非SIRS组;SIRS组分为生存组和死亡组;按各凝血指标值分为凝血指标正常组和异常组.测定血浆凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血酶原时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、D-二聚体(D-dimer)及血小板(PLT),同时记录患者的急性生理和慢性健康状况评分Ⅲ(APACHEⅢ).结果入院时SIRS组FIB、PLT显著高于非SIRS组(P<0.05),PT、APTT较非SIRS组显著缩短(P<0.05).死亡组D-dimer、PLT显著高于生存组(P<0.05),PT、APTT较生存组显著缩短(P<0.05).凝血指标异常组APACHEⅢ评分显著高于正常组(P<0.05).结论 危重烧伤患者凝血功能出现明显异常,其中PT、APTT、D-dimer、PLT对病情严重度及预后有重要的判断价值.     

凝血功能监测在老年AECOPD患者病情和预后评估中的临床意义

目的：研究老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重（AECOPD）患者凝血功能的异常在评估病情严重度和预后的临床价值。方法：以我院呼吸、危重病科收治的102例老年AECOPD患者作为研究对象,按有无并发全身炎症反应综合征（SIRS）分为SIRS组和非SIRS组;根据预后分为生存组和死亡组。入院后即测定血浆凝血酶原时间（PT）、活化部分凝血酶原时间（APTT）、纤维蛋白原（FIB）、D-二聚体（D-dimer）及血小板（PLT）,同时记录患者的急性生理和慢性健康状况评分（APACHEⅡ）。结果：SIRS组、非SIRS组比较,SIRS组PT、APTT较后者低,而FIB较后者高,两组PLT无明显统计学差异;死亡组PT、APTT明显低于存活组,FIB高于存活组,而PLT死亡组明显低于存活组。PT、APTT、FIB、PLT与APACHEⅡ评分直线相关分析相关系数分别为：-0.395、-0.499、0.509、0.434,且PT、APTT、FIB、D-dimer、PLT异常组与正常组比较APACHEⅡ评分有显著统计学差异。结论：老年AECOPD患者凝血功能出现显著异常,其中PT、APTT、D-dimer、PLT对病情严重度及预后有重要的判断价值。     

脓毒症休克患者凝血功能紊乱与病情严重度及预后的关系

目的 探讨脓毒症休克患者凝血功能紊乱与病情严重度及预后的关系.方法 2004-12～2007-01收住我院ICU和EICU的脓毒症休克患者,通过测定血浆凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)和血小板计数(PLT)分为凝血功能正常组和凝血功能异常组,追踪其预后情况判断凝血功能障碍与病情严重度的关系及对预后的影响.结果 PT异常组、PT和APTT均异常组患者死亡率明显高于其结果正常的对照组(P<0.05);而APTT异常组和PLT异常组分别与其结果正常的对照组死亡率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).PLT计数下降组和PT异常组APACHEⅡ评分均明显高于PLT正常组和PT正常组(P<0.05).结论 与凝血功能相关的主要指标 PLT、PT、APTT的检测对判断脓毒症休克患者的预后及评估病情严重度有一定指导意义.     

重度脓毒症凝血功能紊乱与病情严重度及预后的关系

目的 探讨重度脓毒症凝血功能紊乱与病情严重度及预后的关系.方法 将2002年11月至2005年3月收住全国20家三级医院脓毒症并发急性器官功能不全患者694例分为死亡组和生存组,分析比较两组患者主要凝血指标的差异及主要凝血指标异常与病情严重度（APACHE-Ⅱ评分）的关系.结果 （1）死亡组患者与凝血功能相关的主要指标：血小板明显低于存活组（P＜0.05）,D-dimer明显高于生存组（P＜0.05）,凝血酶元时间（PT）、部份凝血活酶时间（APTT）、TT均较生存组延长（P＜0.05）.（2）血小板下降、血小板下降与D-dimer同时升高,APTT和FDP异常患者的APACHE-Ⅱ评分明显高于生存组（P＜0.05）.结论 与凝血功能相关的主要指标：血小板、D-dimer、PT、APTT、TT的检测对判断重度脓毒症的预后及评估病情严重度有一定指导意义.     

多发伤患者凝血功能变化与预后的关系研究

目的:研究多发伤患者凝血功能变化情况与预后的关系。方法:将228例多发伤患者按ISS评分分为ISS≤25组(A组)及25ISS≤75组(B组),并根据患者存活情况分为存活组与死亡组。回顾性分析患者临床资料,研究患者凝血功能变化与预后的关系。结果:各个时间段,A组活化部分凝血酶原时间(APTT)、血浆凝血酶原时间(PT)均显著小于B组,血小板(PLT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)均显著高于B组,存活组患者第1d ISS评分、APACHⅡ均显著低于死亡组,GCS评分显著高于死亡组,P均0.05。此外,患者ISS评分、APACHⅡ与PLT、FIB均存在明显的负相关性,与PT、APTT存在明显的正相关性;GCS评分与PLT、FIB存在明显正相关,与PT、APTT存在明显的负相关性。结论 :多发伤患者的凝血功能均出现不同程度上的异常,值得重视。     

山莨菪碱对多器官功能障碍综合征患者凝血功能的影响

目的探讨MODS患者凝血系统的变化及山莨菪碱对其凝血异常的影响.方法46例MODS患者随机分为A、B两组,A组为常规治疗组,B组在常规治疗的基础上加用山莨菪碱,观察治疗前及治疗第4、7天的APACHEⅡ评分及Marshall评分和凝血指标包括凝血酶原时间(PT)、部分激活的凝血酶原时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、抗凝血酶Ⅲ(AT-Ⅲ)、血小板计数(PLT)及血浆D-二聚体(D-D)情况,对其变化趋势进行分析,20名健康成人作对照组.结果治疗前所有入选MODS患者均存在凝血异常,表现为APTT、PT、TT延长(P＜0.01),AT-Ⅲ活性下降(P＜0.01),血浆D-D明显升高(P＜0.01),血小板计数下降(P＜0.01);经治疗后两评分水平均改善,同时APTT、PT、TT逐渐趋于正常,AT-Ⅲ活性恢复,血小板计数回升,D-D明显下降,所有改变均以B组明显,且第4天时即已表现出明显变化.结论MODS患者存在凝血异常,该异常主要表现为凝血、纤溶激活而抗凝抑制,山莨菪碱能使MODS患者的凝血异常改善.     

双胎孕妇血浆凝血、纤溶指标变化及意义

目的研究双胎孕妇血浆凝血、纤溶指标的改变情况及临床意义。方法测定894例双胎孕妇血浆凝血指标[纤维蛋白原(Fib)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)及凝血酶时间(TT)]、纤溶指标[D-二聚体(D-dimer)和纤维蛋白降解产物(FDP)]水平,并与849例单胎孕妇检测水平比较。结果与单胎中孕组相比,双胎中孕组的D-dimer及FDP水平明显升高(P0.05),而PT、TT、APTT及Fib水平无明显改变(P0.05);与单胎晚孕组相比,双胎晚孕组的D-dimer及FDP水平明显升高(P0.05),而PT、TT、APTT及Fib水平无明显改变(P0.05)。双胎中孕组D-dimer和FDP参考范围分别为0.0-6.8mg/L和0.7-9.7mg/L;双胎晚孕组D-dimer和FDP参考范围分别为0.5-17.2mg/L和1.0-30.0mg/L。结论双胎孕妇孕中晚期和单胎孕妇一样呈现高凝状态,但纤溶活性较单胎孕妇明显增强。     

妊高征患者凝血系列及血小板水平的变化及其临床意义

目的 分析妊高征患者凝血系列各指标及血小板水平的变化.方法 选择妊高征患者及正常孕妇各50例,分别检测两组凝血酶原时间(PT)、部分活化凝血酶原时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、凝血酶时间(TT)及血小板(PLT)水平的指标,并将两组指标进行对比分析.结果 妊高征患者PT及PLT水平明显低于正常孕妇组,APTT、TT、FIB水平明显高于正常孕妇组.结论 妊高征孕妇可同时存在凝血异常及血小板减少,且二者变化存在一定相关性.     

多发性创伤患者凝血功能改变与预后的关系

目的：探讨多发性创伤患者凝血功能紊乱与病情严重程度及预后的关系。方法：选择入住ICU多发性创伤患者68例,检测凝血功能与血小板计数,记录伤后生命体征及器官功能变化进行和急性生理和慢性健康状况（A-PACHE）评分。结果：多发性创伤患者大多出现不同程度凝血功能改变,凝血功能改变明显者其APACHE评分也越高,病情越重,多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）发生率越高。死亡组D-二聚体（D-dimer）明显高于生存组,PLT明显低于生存组,TT、APTT、PT明显较生存组延长。结论：监测多发性创伤患者存在凝血功能变化,对评估伤情、判断预后和指导早期治疗,以减少MODS及弥漫性血管内凝血（DIC）等严重并发症的发生,具有重要的临床意义。     

多器官功能障碍综合征患者的凝血功能变化与APACHE Ⅱ评分的关系

目的探讨多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)患者凝血功能变化与APACHEⅡ评分的关系。方法将2013年12月至2015年5月收治的90例MODS患者根据入院时APACHEⅡ评分分为A组(<10分,36例)、B组(10~19分,32例)、C组(≥20分,22例),同时根据预后分为生存组(62例)和死亡组(28例),比较A、B、C 3组及生存组、死亡组凝血功能指标水平,探讨凝血功能指标与APACHEⅡ评分的相关性。结果 A组PT、APTT水平明显低于B、C组,生存组PT、APTT水平明显低于死亡组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);A、B、C 3组PLT水平差异均有统计学意义,生存组PLT水平高于死亡组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);MODS患者凝血功能指标PT、APTT、PLT水平与APACHEⅡ评分呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论凝血功能指标和APACHEⅡ评分可用于判定MODS预后,进而为临床治疗提供参考。 更多还原     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.