水飞蓟宾对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞释放纤维化因子的影响

目的：研究水飞蓟宾对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞释放纤维化因子的影响。方法：小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞先后用卡西霉素和脂多糖刺激培养24h诱导纤维化因子。巨噬细胞培养上清中促胶原合成活性和转化生长因子p活性分别采用^3H-脯氨酸掺入法和雕肺上皮My-1-Lu细胞测定。结果：水飞蓟宾（6．25—50μg／mL）以浓度依赖方式抑制巨噬细胞产生胶原刺激活性和转化生长因子β1。结论：水飞蓟宾减少巨噬细胞释放促纤维化因子可能是其保肝抗硬化机制之一。     

4种黄酮化合物对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞纤维化因子产生及作用的影响

目的：研究黄颜木素、槲皮素、芹菜素和根皮素对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞纤维化因子的产生及作用的影响。方法：小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞先后用卡西霉素和脂多糖刺激培养24h诱导纤维化因子。巨噬细胞上清促肝星状细胞增殖和胶原合成分别采用结晶紫染色法和^3H-脯氨酸掺入法测定。转化生长因子β活性采用雕肺上皮Mv-1-Lu细胞测定。结果：黄颜木素、槲皮素、芹菜素和根皮素（12．5～50μmol／L）以浓度依赖方式抑制巨噬细胞产生胶原刺激活性和转化生长因子β1，但对巨噬细胞产生促细胞增殖作用无影响。结论：黄颜木素、槲皮素、芹菜素和根皮素具有减少促纤维化因子产生的作用。     

苦参碱抑制小鼠腹膜巨噬细胞纤维化细胞因子的产生和作用

目的：研究苦参碱对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞释放纤维化细胞因子以及对巨噬细胞条件培养基（MCM）促HSC-T6大鼠储脂细胞和NIH3T3成纤维细胞增殖和胶原合成的影响。方法：巨噬细胞先后用卡西霉素1μmol/L和脂多糖100μg/L刺激诱导产生纤维化因子,细胞上清中促细胞增殖活性和促胶原合成活性分别用结晶紫染色法和[^3H]-脯氨酸掺入法测定,转化生长因子β活性采用貂肺上皮Mv-l-Lu细胞增殖抑制法测定。结果：苦参碱（0.5-2mmol/L）显著抑制LPS诱导的促胶原合成活性和TGFβ的产生,但不能抑制巨噬细胞产生促细胞增殖活性;苦参碱还能剂量依赖地抑制MCM诱导的HSC-T6细胞以及NIH3T3细胞增殖和胶原合成。结论：苦参碱抗肝纤维化作用与抑制巨噬细胞纤维化因子的产生和阻断其作用有关。     

山莨菪碱对内毒素刺激的巨噬细胞和内皮细胞前列腺素合成的影响

山莨菪碱抑制内毒素对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞合成PCI₂,TXA₂,及PGF_2α等的刺激作用。巨噬细胞预先经山莨菪碱处理,内毒素刺激的前列腺素合成也受抑制。在³H-花生四烯酸标记的牛主动脉内皮细胞,山莨菪碱也抑制内毒素刺激的³H标记物质的释放和PGI₂的合成。结果提示山莨菪碱在体外抑制内毒素刺激的前列腺素合成,这种作用可能发生在环氧化酶反应或者更可能是在花生四烯酸释放过程。     

高寒乳白栓菌多糖免疫调节及体外抗氧化活性研究

目的 观察高寒乳白栓菌多糖（Alpine-TLBP）的免疫调节功能及体外抗氧化活性。方法 以Alpine-TLBP（50、100、200 mg/kg）口服给药,测定正常小鼠胸腺指数、脾脏指数和腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能水平;水杨酸捕捉法测定Alpine-TLBP对·OH 的清除能力;邻苯三酚自氧化法测定Alpine-TLBP 对O₂-·的清除能力。结果 在50～200 mg/L Alpine-TLBP 能显著增加正常小鼠的胸腺和脾脏的质量,提高脏器指数,且明显增强小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬百分率和吞噬指数;且在50～500 μg/mL具有较强的清除·OH 和O₂-·的能力,IC₅₀ 分别为142.2 μg/mL 和203.2 μg/mL,呈剂量相关性。结论 Alpine-TLBP 能增强正常小鼠的免疫功能,且具有较强的清除·OH 和O₂-·的能力。     

阿魏酸钠抑制肝星状细胞合成胶原的机制

目的对阿魏酸钠抑制肝星状细胞合成胶原的机制进行探讨。方法³H-脯氨酸参入法检测胶原合成，ELISA方法检测阿魏酸钠对转化生长因子β₁(TGFβ₁)分泌的影响，Mv1Lu细胞增殖抑制实验考察阿魏酸钠对TGFβ₁活性的影响。结果阿魏酸钠对TGFβ₁处理条件下HSC-T6细胞中胶原的合成有抑制作用；能够降低HSC-T6细胞在氧化应激状态下TGFβ₁的表达水平；对TGFβ₁的活性有影响。结论阿魏酸钠抑制肝星状细胞合成胶原与其干预TGFβ₁活性，减少氧化应激状态下HSC-T6细胞分泌TGFβ₁的作用有关。     

地榆鞣质提取物对TGF-β1诱导人肾小管上皮细胞增殖的影响

摘 要 目的： 通过观察地榆鞣质提取物（STE）对生长转化因子（TGF-β₁）诱导人肾小管上皮细胞（HK-2）增殖的影响,探讨地榆在防治肾间质纤维化方面的作用。方法: 将HK-2细胞用含10%胎牛血清的DMEM高糖培养基培养,实验分为5组：空白对照组、TGF-β₁组（5 ng· mL^-1 TGF-β₁）、干预1组（5 ng· mL^-1 TGF-β₁+12.5 μg·mL^-1 STE）、干预2组（5 ng· mL^-1 TGF-β₁+25μg·mL^-1 STE）、干预3组（5 ng·mL^-1 TGF-β₁+50μg·mL^-1 STE）,孵育24 h。在倒置显微镜下观察各组细胞形态的改变,并通过CCK8法测定地榆鞣质对细胞增殖的影响。结果: TGF-β₁ 5 ng·mL^-1能显著诱导人肾小管上皮细胞增殖,并促进其细胞形态向纤维化转变,相比于空白对照组具有显著差异（P<0.05）;但与地榆鞣质提取物（STE）共同作用后,其促进细胞增殖的作用受到一定抑制（P<0.05）,细胞形态也趋于正常,且呈剂量依赖性。结论:地榆鞣质提取物能抑制HK-2细胞的增殖,在一定程度上具有防止肾间质纤维化的作用。     

染料木素和槲皮素体外抗肝纤维化作用

目的　研究染料木素和槲皮素对体外肝维化的保护作用。方法　细胞增殖和胶原合成分别用结晶紫染色法和³H-脯氨酸参入法。原胶原mRNA水平用RT-PCR法测定。结果　染料木素(25 - 70 μmol·L^-1 )和槲皮素(6.25- 5 0 μmol·L^-1 )浓度依赖抑制PDGF促HSC-T6细胞增殖和TGFβ₁ 刺激的胶原合成及I型原胶原mRNA的表达。结论　染料木素和槲皮素抑制PDGF和TGFβ₁ 对星状细胞的作用可能对肝纤维化有保护作用     

银杏内酯B对脂多糖刺激的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞TNFα生成及大鼠胸腔多形核白细胞NF-κB活化的影响

目的研究银杏内酯B对脂多糖刺激的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞TNFα生成及大鼠胸腔多形核白细胞NF-κB活化的影响。方法用L929细胞结晶紫染色法检测TNFα的含量，用电泳迁移率改变检测法检测NF-κB的结合活性。结果1和10 μmol·L^-1银杏内酯B能够显著抑制LPS刺激的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞TNFα的生成，其IC₅₀为0.26 μmol·L^-1；1 mg·L^-1 LPS和1 nmol·L^-1 PAF均可活化大鼠胸腔多形核白细胞NF-κB；银杏内酯B能够抑制LPS或 PAF刺激的NF-κB活化。结论银杏内酯B能够抑制LPS刺激的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞TNFα生成及大鼠胸腔多形核白细胞NF-κB的活化。PAF参与LPS激活NF-κB的过程。     

牡丹皮对脂多糖诱导大鼠系膜细胞的保护作用

目的 观察牡丹皮对脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠系膜细胞（GMC）转化生长因子-β1（TGF-β1）、血小板衍生性生长因子（PDGF）和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达的影响。方法 用脂多糖 (20 mg·L^-1)刺激大鼠系膜细胞,经牡丹皮(50、100、200 mg·L^-1)培养48 h后,采用ELISA法检测转化生长因子-β1的分泌水平;实时定量PCR方法检测血小板衍生性生长因子和血管内皮生长因子 mRNA的表达。结果 牡丹皮可以抑制脂多糖诱导的大鼠系膜细胞转化生长因子-β1的分泌,下调血小板衍生性生长因子和血管内皮生长因子的表达。结论 牡丹皮可能通过减少转化生长因子-β1的分泌,抑制血小板衍生性生长因子和血管内皮生长因子的表达,对受损的大鼠系膜细胞起保护作用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.