人参根及茎叶皂苷对群养及隔离孤独饲育小鼠神经药理作用的研究

人参根及茎叶皂苷５０－２００ｍｇ／ｋｇ能使群养小鼠的自发运动量明显增加，８周隔离局育小鼠比群养小鼠自发运动量明显增加，人参根皂苷能使其剂量依赖性能降低，而人参茎叶皂苷影响不明显；对戊巴比妥钠所致睡眠试验中，隔离孤独饲育小鼠经群养小鼠睡眠时间明显缩短，人参极皂苷５０－２００ｍｇ／ｋｇ使孤独饲育小鼠的睡眠时间随一增加而延长，２００ｍｇ／ｋｇ组与对照组比较，ｔ＝３．６６５，Ｐ〈０．０１。并能使８周隔离饲     

人参根及茎叶皂苷对群养及隔离孤独饲育小鼠神经精神药理作用的研究

人参根及茎叶皂苷 ５０～２００ ｍｇ／ｋｇ能使群养小鼠的自发运动量明显增加,８周隔离饲育小鼠比群养小鼠自发运动量明显增加,人参根皂苷能使其剂量依赖性降低,而人参茎叶皂苷影响不明显;对戊巴比妥钠所致睡眠试验中,隔离孤独饲育小鼠比群养小鼠睡眠时间明显缩短（ｔ＝４．３５６,Ｐ＜０．００１）。人参根皂苷 ５０～２００ ｍｇ／ｋｇ使孤独饲育小鼠的睡眠时间随剂量增加而延长,２００ ｍｇ／ｋｇ组与对照组比较,ｔ＝３． ６６５,Ｐ＜０．０１。并能使 ８周隔离饲育的小鼠 ２０ ｍｉｎ内连续攻击时间有意义地下降（ｔ＝４．５４０,Ｐ＝０．００１）,但人参茎叶皂苷效果不明显。证明人参根及茎叶皂苷具有中枢兴奋作用,同时人参根皂苷还具有中枢镇静作用。     

速溶芦笋粉改善小鼠睡眠的研究

目的:观察速溶芦笋粉对小鼠睡眠的改善作用。方法:18～22 g健康雄性昆明种小鼠,随机分为5组,每组10只,皂苷含量为15%速溶芦笋粉低、中、高剂量组(85,170,510 mg·kg-1)、空白对照组、阳性对照组(酸枣仁皂苷360 mg·kg-1),连续ig 30 d后,进行戊巴比妥钠阈下剂量催眠试验、戊巴比妥钠睡眠潜伏期试验、延长戊巴比妥钠睡眠时间试验,观察对小鼠睡眠的影响。结果:速溶芦笋粉具有协同戊巴比妥钠阈下剂量催眠作用、可显著缩短戊巴比妥钠睡眠潜伏期、显著延长戊巴比妥钠睡眠时间。结论:速溶芦笋粉具有改善睡眠的作用。     

刺人参改善睡眠的有效部位筛选

目的:筛选刺人参改善睡眠作用的有效部位.方法:选用ICR小鼠随机分为空白对照组、地西泮组及7个给药组:刺人参水提液组、刺人参醇提液组、上清液组、沉淀物组、10％乙醇洗脱组、30％乙醇洗脱组、60％乙醇洗脱组.空白对照组和地西泮组给予生理盐水,给药组给予相应药液,各给药组剂量(生药)均为64 g·kg-1,每天ig 1次,ig体积为20 mL· kg-1,连续7d,采用戊巴比妥钠协同小鼠睡眠实验方法,记录各组小鼠的睡眠潜伏期和睡眠时间.结果:①刺人参水提液协同戊巴比妥钠所致小鼠睡眠潜伏期为(2.82±0.47) min,睡眠时间为(44.5±4.23) min;醇提液协同戊巴比妥钠所致小鼠睡眠潜伏期为(2.87±0.51) min,睡眠时间为(45.24±4.74)min,且与空白对照组睡眠潜伏期(4.63 +0.62) min,睡眠时间(21.47±3.79) min相比均有显著性差异(P＜0.05).②刺人参水提液经过醇沉后,其上清液与空白组比较明显缩短了睡眠潜伏期(2.85±0.43) min和延长睡眠时间(46.25±5.4) min,差异具有显著性意义(P＜0.05).沉淀物与空白组比较没有明显的差异.③60％乙醇洗脱部位对戊巴比妥钠诱导的小鼠明显的缩短睡眠潜伏期(3.14±0.46) min和延长睡眠时间(45.37±5.22)min,与空白对照组比较有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论:刺人参改善睡眠作用的有效部位是刺人参水提液经醇沉后的上清液60％乙醇洗脱部位.     

高架十字迷路课题中人参根和茎叶皂苷抗焦虑效果的研究

目的：研究人参根和茎叶皂苷抗焦虑效果。方法：高架十字迷路法。结果：中枢兴奋药咖啡因40－80mg/kgig给药能使小鼠在开放通路中连续停留时间缩短,在封闭通路中停留时间延长。而中枢抑药定定1．5－3．0mg/kg却能明显地延长小鼠在开放通路中的停留时间,人参根和茎叶皂苷50－200mg/kgig给药后同样地使小鼠在开放通路中连续停时间延长,并且能使小鼠在开放路中往返次数增加。结论：人参根和茎叶皂苷有明显的抗焦虑效果。     

人参益智胶囊改善小鼠睡眠作用及其机制的研究

目的:研究人参益智胶囊改善睡眠作用的相关药效学研究并探讨其作用机制。方法:采用镇静催眠实验观察空白对照组、枣仁安神颗粒组、复方制剂人参益智胶囊1.583g/kg、0.498g/kg、0.239g/kg剂量组对小鼠自主活动的影响,研究人参益智胶囊协同戊巴比妥钠改善小鼠睡眠的作用,采用荧光法对小鼠脑内5-羟色胺(5-HT)、多巴胺(DA)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)的含量进行测定。结果:人参益智胶囊组的受试小鼠自主活动次数显著减少,阈下剂量戊巴比妥钠致睡眠的小鼠数量明显增加,阈剂量戊巴比妥钠致小鼠睡眠的时间延长;0.498g/kg、1.583g/kg剂量组的小鼠脑内多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素含量比空白组有显著增加。结论:人参益智胶囊对小鼠的睡眠具有明显的改善作用,其作用机制可能与脑内5-HT、NE神经递质含量增加有关。     

刺人参的有效部位改善睡眠作用及作用机制的研究

目的:研究刺人参的有效部位改善睡眠作用及作用机制。方法:在以往已确定了刺人参的改善睡眠有效部位的实验基础上,选择ICR种属的小鼠,利用戊巴比妥钠所致小鼠睡眠时间的实验方法,以睡眠潜伏时间和睡眠持续时间为观察指标,开展了刺人参的有效部位改善睡眠作用的量-效与时-效关系的研究;然后,开展了刺人参有效部位改善睡眠作用的机制研究。结果:1.刺人参有效部位改善睡眠的作用呈现一定的量效关系。主要表现为缩短戊巴比妥钠所致小鼠睡眠潜伏期且延长其睡眠时间。其起效剂量为16g/kg,最佳有效剂量为64g/kg。2.刺人参有效部位改善睡眠的作用呈现一定的时效关系。其起效给药时间为5天,最佳给药时间为7天。3.刺人参有效部位(64g/kg)给药7天能明显增加小鼠海马中DA、NE、以及NO的含量,而降低皮质与下丘脑中DA、NE以及NO的含量。有降低小鼠海马、皮质、下丘脑中的5-HT、NOS含量的趋势。结论:1.刺人参有效部位在一定的用药时间和用药剂量范围内有显著的改善睡眠的作用。最佳有效剂量为64g/kg,最佳给药时间为7天。2.刺人参有效部位改善睡眠的作用与中枢神经递质(DA、NE、5-HT)调节机制和一氧化氮调节机制有关。     

人参茎叶皂苷中人参皂苷Re含量的反相高效液相色谱测定方法的改进

目的 改进高效液相色谱法测定人参茎叶皂苷中人参皂苷Re的方法.方法 最佳色谱条件:ODS(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)为色谱柱,采用梯度洗脱(乙腈与水),检测波长203 nm,流速1.0 ml/min.结果 人参皂苷Re的回归方程为Y=9 505.448 8X-1 159.607 0,r＝0.999 8,线性范围为1.88 ～60.16 μg/ml,平均回收率为99.35% (RSD=0.49%,n=6).结论 采用改进的测定方法 简单、准确和重现性好,适合人参茎叶皂苷中人参皂苷Re的质量控制.     

酸枣仁不同炮制品及炒酸枣仁中总黄酮与总皂苷的镇静催眠作用比较

目的：研究比较酸枣仁生品和炒品及总黄酮和总皂苷的镇静催眠作用。方法：采用小鼠活动记数法和协同阈下剂量戊巴比妥钠镇静催眠法。结果：酸枣仁生品以20g／kg剂量及酸枣仁炒品以10g／kg剂量灌胃给药，可显著减少小鼠自发活动次数；酸枣仁生品和炒品以10g／kg和20g／kg剂量灌胃给药均可协同阈下剂量戊巴比妥钠使入睡小鼠数目显著增多。总皂苷以240mg／kg和480mg／kg剂量给药可显著减少小鼠自发活动次数，以480mg／kg剂量给药可显著增加阈下剂量戊巴比妥钠所致翻正反射消失小鼠数；总黄酮以300mg／kg剂量给药可显著减少小鼠自发活动次数、增加阈下剂量戊巴比妥钠所致翻正反射消失小鼠数。结论：酸枣仁生品和炒品均有抑制小鼠自发活动及协同戊巴比妥钠镇静催眠作用，且炒酸枣仁中总黄酮和总皂苷均有抑制小鼠自发活动和协同戊巴比妥钠镇静催眠作用。     

强身健脑片药效学实验研究

目的 :对强身健脑片进行了与功能主治有关的主要药效学实验研究。方法 :强身健脑片对小鼠游泳时间的影响 ,强身健脑片对小鼠自发活动的影响 ,强身健脑片对戊巴比妥钠阈下催眠作用的影响 ,强身健脑片对戊巴比妥钠睡眠时间的影响。结果 :强身健脑片高剂量组能明显延长小鼠游泳时间 ,与空白对照组有显著性差异 (P<0 .0 1) ;强身健脑片各剂量组对小鼠自发活动均有抑制作用 ,与空白对照组相比有显著性差异 (P<0 .0 5 ,P<0 .0 1) ;强身健脑片高、中两剂量组可增加小鼠戊巴比妥钠阈下剂量的睡眠动物数 ,与空白对照组相比有显著性差异 (P<0 .0 5 ,P<0 .0 1) ;强身健脑片高、中、低剂量组可延长小鼠持续时间 ,与空白对照组相比有显著性差异 (P<0 .0 5 ,P<0 .0 1)。结论 :通过药效学试验表明强身健脑片具有一定的抗疲劳和镇静作用     

Quantitative Analysis of Eight Ginsenosides in Red Ginseng Using Ginsenoside Rg1 as Single Reference Standard

Objective: To develop a reversed?phase high?performance liquid chromatography method for the quantification of major ginsenosides in red ginseng (RG, the steamed and dried root of the cultivar of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey). Methods: A feasible method was developed in strict accordance with chromatographic properties of eight ginsenosides. Their contents could be unveiled with conventional external standard method, or as an alternative, using ginsenoside Rg1 as the single reference standard by means of seven conversion factors. Those parameters had been validated on different chromatographic columns and instruments. Results: Twenty-one batches of RG samples were determined. In addition, the chromatograms of RG and confusing species, including Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolium, and Panax notoginseng, were apparently different. Conclusions: The method was proved to be efficient for the quality control of RG.     

Enrichment of the less polar ginsenoside (Rg3) from ginseng grown in New Zealand by post-harvest processing and extraction

Background: Previous studies showed that New Zealand-grown ginseng contains an abundance of ginsenosides and that rare less polar ginsenosides, such as Rg3, exhibit more pharmacological activities than polar ginsenosides, which are the major components of ginseng. Methods: The ginsenoside profile of New Zealand-grown Panax ginseng was manipulated by treatment with acetic acid, sodium hydroxide, pH, and high temperature. The abundance of 23 ginsenosides extracted by different treatments was quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. Results:Treatment with 0.5 mol/L acetic acid can stimulate the degradation of polar ginsenosides to less polar ginsenosides (5.6％Rg3 was accumulated, P<0.0001). Furthermore, when ginseng root was treated at 121 ℃ for 100 min in a pH 3.0 acetic acid aqueous solution, the majority of the polar ginsenosides were converted into less polar ginsenosides. Specifically, 83.46 ± 3.69％(P= 0.0360) of the less polar ginsenosides and 41.01 ± 2.39％(P=0.0412) of Rg3 were enriched. In contrast, alkali treatment did not convert the polar ginsenosides into less polar ginsenosides at mild temperature and less conversion was observed compared with acid treatment at high temperature. Conclusion: This is the first attempt to manipulate the ginsenoside profile of New Zealand-grown ginseng. The conditions (high temperature with low pH) may be modified to produce and enrich the less polar ginsenoside fraction (especially Rg3) from the total ginseng extract.     

不同海拔高度对人参总皂苷含量的影响△

目的:研究人参总皂苷含量随海拔的变化趋势,为人参药材的道地性开发和人参适宜栽培区域的划分提供科学的依据.方法:采集不同海拔、不同年生人参,采用索氏提取法提取人参根中的人参总皂苷,并用比色法测定人参总皂苷含量.结果:人参总皂苷的含量随着年生的增长而增加;在集安、珲春及抚松地区,人参总皂苷的含量随海拔升高而升高;在长白高海拔地区,人参总皂苷的含量随海拔的升高而降低;在同海拔地区,集安地区人参总皂苷含量明显高于抚松地区.结论:海拔400～952 m人参总皂苷含量较高,是人参栽培的适宜海拔高度.     

不同海拔高度对人参总皂苷含量的影响

目的：研究人参总皂苷含量随海拔的变化趋势,为人参药材的道地性开发和人参适宜栽培区域的划分提供科学的依据。方法：采集不同海拔、不同年生人参,采用索氏提取法提取人参根中的人参总皂苷,并用比色法测定人参总皂苷含量。结果：人参总皂苷的含量随着年生的增长而增加;在集安、珲春及抚松地区,人参总皂苷的含量随海拔升高而升高;在长白高海拔地区,人参总皂苷的含量随海拔的升高而降低;在同海拔地区,集安地区人参总皂苷含量明显高于抚松地区。结论：海拔400～952m人参总皂苷含量较高,是人参栽培的适宜海拔高度。     

Application of monoclonal antibody against ginsenoside in ginseng research: a review

Panax genus belonging to a family of Araliaceae grow in Asia(9 species)and in North America(2 species).Especially Panax ginseng was listed in Chinese medical book,Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica approximately 2 thousand years ago and Panax species are now one of the most important natural medicine.Since Panax species contain approximately 260 ginsenosides,its quality control and pharmacological movement of ginsenoside in body are not enough understanding.Monoclonal antibodies against ginsenosides were prepared and set up the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay system for the quality control of natural product.Furthermore,we developed Eastern blotting system using monoclonal antibodies resulted that protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol group ginsenosides can be separately stained by two corresponding monoclonal antibodies,respectively.It became evident that the ginseng slice was stained by Eastern blotting system.Histochemical staining of ginseng can make clear the ginsenoside-Rb1 distribution in cells and tissues.Double Eastern blotting system facilitated by two monoclonal antibodies like anti-ginsenoside-Rb1 and anti-ginsenoside-Rg1 monoclonal antibodies gives several information such as sugar number,structure,and qualitative/quantitative evaluation.Immunoaffinity column combined with monoclonal antibodies succeeded one-step isolation of ginsenoside and make it possible to prepare knockout extract of which only antigen molecule was removed suggesting the pharmacological and biological value of antigen molecule in the crude extract.     

薄层扫描法比较人参和西洋参的研究

采用薄层扫描法对人参和西洋参进行了分析,找出了人参和西洋参各自的特征性成分,并且鉴定人参特征成分ＲＣ为人参皂甙Ｒｆ,西洋参特征成分ＲＡ为２４－（Ｒ）－假人参皂苷Ｆ１１。而且比较了它们的主要人参皂甙在量上的差异,为区别人参和西洋参提供了 方法和依据。     

Ginsenosides Rg5 and Rh3 protect scopolamine-induced memory deficits in mice

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Panax ginseng (family Araliaceae) is traditionally used as a remedy for cancer, inflammation, stress and aging.

Aim of study

To explore whether ginsenosides Rg5 and Rh3, the main constituents of heat-processed ginseng (the root of Panax ginseng), could protect memory deficit.

Materials and methods

We isolated ginsenosides Rh3 and Rg5 from heated-processed ginseng treated with and without human feces, respectively. Then we investigated their protective effects on memory impairment using the passive avoidance, Y-maze and Morris water maze tasks in mice. Memory deficit was induced in mice by the intraperitoneal injection of scopolamine.

Results

Ginsenosides Rg5 or Rh3 increased the latency time reduced by scopolamine in passive avoidance test. Treatment with ginsenoside Rg5 or Rh3 significantly reversed the lowered spontaneous alteration induced by scopolamine in Y-maze task. Ginsenoisde Rg5 or Rh3 (10 mg/kg) significantly shortened the escape latencies prolonged by treatment with scopolamine on the last day of training trial sessions in Morris water maze task. Furthermore, ginsenosides Rg5 and Rh3 inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity in a dose-dependent manner, with IC₅₀ values of 18.4 and 10.2 μM, respectively. The inhibitory potency of ginsenoside Rh3 is comparable with that of donepezil (IC₅₀=9.9 μM). These ginsenosides also reversed hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation reduced by scopolamine. Of them, ginsenoside Rh3 more potently protected memory deficit.

Conclusions

Ginsenoside Rg5 and its metabolite ginsenoside Rh3 may protect memory deficit by inhibiting AChE activity and increasing BDNF expression and CREB activation.     

玉仁丰乳丸质量标准研究

采用薄层色谱法对制剂中的黄芪、王不留行、川芎进行了鉴别，采用双波长薄层扫描法以人参皂苷Rg1为指标进行了含量测定。方法回收率为97．54％，RSD=3．43％，玉仁丰乳丸中人参皂苷Rg1测定含量为0．55％（n=3）。方法准确，专属性强，可有效地控制该制剂的质量。     

人参中8种皂苷的HPLC测定

目的:为8种人参皂苷的含量测定建立一套方法。方法:色谱柱:ODS柱(Krom asil 250mm×4.6mm,5μm),DAD检测器;流动相:A为乙腈,B为水,梯度洗脱0~35 m in 19%A,35~55 m in 19%~29%A,55~75 m in29%A,75~100 m in 29%~40%A。流速:1 m l/m in,温度:室温,检测波长:203 nm。结果:用本方法对各种皂苷的测定结果:稳定性试验RSD为0.55%~2.26%,精密度试验RSD为0.85%~1.93%,重复性试验RSD为0.97%~2.72%。结论:本法稳定性好,精确度高,重复性好,可作为测定这8种皂苷的一个较好的方法。     

人参中皂苷类化学成分的研究△

人参是常用传统中药之一,主要分为水参、生晒参和红参.本文概述它们所含人参皂苷成分的研究,分析其人参皂苷结构类型特点,为确定它们的药效物质基础提供科学依据.水参和生晒参的人参皂苷苷元具有结构类型单一的特点,包括原人参二醇、原人参三醇和齐墩果酸3种类型,而红参中的人参皂苷苷元具有结构类型多样性的特点,它们与其生物活性具有密切相关性.