广东省2011—2013年腹泻病例非O1/O139群霍乱弧菌耐药性及分子特征

目的分析2011—2013年广东省腹泻病例非O1/O139群霍乱弧菌的耐药性及分子特征,为霍乱防控提供依据。方法选取2011—2013年广东省腹泻病例非O1/O139群霍乱弧菌分离株20株,以及同时期海水产品分离株4株,采用抗菌药物敏感试验、毒力基因PCR检测和脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分子分型方法,分析其耐药性及分子特征。结果抗菌药物敏感性试验结果显示,分离株对复方新诺明、萘啶酸和四环素的耐药率分别为70.8%(17/24),37.5%(9/24)和20.8%(5/24);对头孢曲松和阿米卡星则完全敏感。毒力基因PCR检测结果显示,所有的菌株均携带hly A和toxR基因,而所有菌株均未检出ctxA、tcp A、ace、zot、st等5种毒力基因。菌株经NotⅠ酶切后的PFGE型别表现出明显的多样性,病例菌株与海水产品分离株的带型差别较大。结论广东省非O1/O139群霍乱弧菌毒力基因和遗传特征复杂多样,菌株对多种抗菌药物高度耐药,耐药率较高,需加强腹泻病例中非O1/O139群霍乱弧菌的菌株型别变异及耐药监测。     

下城区健康人群粪便中检出O1和O139群霍乱弧菌毒力株和无毒力株

目的：对下城区饮食、服务行业人员粪便标本进行霍乱弧菌监测。方法：2007年1月-2007年9月采集25052名饮食、服务行业从业人员健康体检者粪便标本,分别接种于碱性蛋白胨水增菌后分离4号琼脂。通过培养特性、菌落形态、革兰染色、动力和生化试验等检查,对所分离的疑似霍乱弧菌菌株进行初步鉴定,采用霍乱弧菌O1群及O139群单克隆抗体的玻片凝集试验、噬菌体生物分型、霍乱弧菌ctxA和tcpA基因PCR检测进一步鉴定各霍乱菌株。结果：上述标本中检出O1血清群和O139血清群霍乱弧菌各1株。1株O1血清群霍乱弧菌噬菌体生物分型为1 L,属埃尔托生物型非流行菌株,霍乱弧菌ctxA和tcpA毒力基因PCR检测结果为ctxA阴性,tcpA阳性,判定为有毒力的非流行菌株。另1株O139血清群霍乱弧菌ctxA和tcpA基因PCR检测结果均为阴性,为无毒力非流行菌株。结论：尽管所检出的2株霍乱弧菌均为非流行菌株,但因携带者从事职业的特殊性,仍应引起高度重视。     

112株霍乱弧菌的生物学特性、毒力基因和耐药变迁的研究

目的：了解浙江温岭霍乱弧菌的生物学特性、毒力基因和耐药情况,为霍乱防治提供科学依据.方法：以霍乱弧菌主要毒力因子基因ctx为引物,对112株霍乱弧菌（O1群92株、O139群20株）进行了PCR扩增.采用WHO推荐的改良K-B纸片法,对所有菌株进行了18种抗菌药物的药敏试验.结果：除外环境检出的4株O1群霍乱弧菌菌株外,其余的霍乱菌株均扩增出与阳性对照一致的ctx毒力基因条带.药敏试验结果显示O139群霍乱弧菌的耐药性明显高于O1群霍乱弧菌,不同年份的菌株耐药的程度不一致.结论：从所有病人中分离到的菌株均为产毒株,与致病性和流行强度有关,治疗霍乱病人应结合本地区情况,根据不同菌型选择相应的抗生素药物.     

非O1/非O139群霍乱弧菌感染病例分离株分子流行病学分析

目的 分析安徽省马鞍山市连续2个月内监测到的6例具有霍乱疑似症状、感染非O1/非O139群霍乱弧菌的病例,判断疫情的聚集性.方法 对病例分离株进行生化和血清型别鉴定以及溶血试验,药敏试验检测抗生素耐药谱,应用荧光PCR和常规PCR进行霍乱弧菌特异基因、毒力及其相关基因的检测,包括ompW、ctx 、tcpA、toxR、hlyA 、zot、ace、rstR和gⅢCTX,应用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分析其分子型别.结果 生化鉴定和血清学试验鉴别腹泻病例6株菌株为非O1/非O139霍乱弧菌,均产生β溶血;14种药物中有12种属于全部敏感;荧光PCR检测霍乱弧菌特异性基因ompW均为阳性,ctx、tcpA 、zot、ace、rstR和gⅢCTX基因均为阴性,toxR 、hlyA基因有5株菌扩增阳性,1株菌(1001434446)为阴性;PFGE显示6株菌带型均不相同,但有2株非常相似,分离株与霍乱弧菌产毒株相似性很低.结论 6例感染非产毒的非O1/非O139群霍乱弧菌病例发病虽相对集中,但属于散发病例,在局部地区频繁出现,提示其公共卫生意义不可忽视.     

珠江河口水体霍乱弧菌监测及菌株毒力基因分布特征

目的 了解珠江河口水体中O1群和O139群霍乱弧菌的分布状况,分析菌株的分子特征和毒力基因特征.方法 对2009年1月至2010年12月从珠江河口水体中分离的59株O1群和10株O139群霍乱弧菌,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)方法体外检测ctxA、tcpA、ace、zot、tcpl,hlyA、toxR和ompU等毒力相关基因,并进行毒力相关基因分型分析,对限制性内切酶Not Ⅰ消化后的基因组DNA进行脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分析,采用BioNumerics软件分析图谱,得到菌株带型相似性的聚类分析树状图.结果 2009-2010年共采集1 152份水体标本,分离得到O1/O139群霍乱弧菌69株,其中O1群埃尔托霍乱弧菌59株(小川型18株,稻叶型41株),O139群霍乱弧菌10株.PCR检测69株菌ctxA全部阴性,hlyA和toxR全部阳性,基因分型可分成9个型.稻叶型菌株中,34.15％(14/41)为hlyA+ toxR+ ompU+ ace+ zot+ tcpⅠ+型;小川型菌株中,66.67％(12/18)为hlyA+toxR+型;O139群菌株中,70％(7/10)为hlyA+ toxR+型.PFGE分型发现,O139群菌株PFGE相似度为69.9％～ 95.5％;O1群菌株相似度为72.8％～ 100.0％,可分成3个聚类.结论 在霍乱流行间歇期,该地区外环境水体中O1群和O139群霍乱弧菌非产毒株广泛存在,基因型别多样.     

江西省2006-2008年人间霍乱弧菌致病力及药敏检测

目的掌握江西省人群中霍乱弧菌菌型变迁、毒力基因、耐药情况,为霍乱防治提供科学依据。方法采用血清学分型法对人群分离的霍乱弧菌进行分型,同时以主要毒力基因ctx为引物对分离的霍乱弧菌进行PCR扩增,并采用改良K-B纸片法对部分菌株进行10种抗生素的药物敏感试验。结果 2006-2008年期间,共从人群中分离到霍乱菌株139株(O139群136株,O1群小川型3株),其中从患者中分离到O139群41株、O1群小川型1株;从密切接触者中分离到O139群95株、O1群小川型2株。毒力实验结果显示O139群中除1株外,其余的均扩增出与阳性对照一致的毒力基因(ctx)条带,而O1群小川型均未扩增出毒力基因(ctx)条带,与阴性对照一致。药敏结果显示:O139群和O1群小川型霍乱弧菌均对利福平、丁胺卡那、氟哌酸、环丙沙星、头孢噻肟100%敏感,耐药性在90%以上的药物是四环素、强力霉素。结论江西省2006-2008年间人群中分离到的霍乱弧菌中,O139群与O1群小川型并存,O139群为优势菌;O139群菌株绝大多数为产毒株,小川型均为非产毒株。药敏结果供霍乱治疗和必要时的预防药物选择提供依据。     

广东省外环境O1/O139群霍乱弧菌毒力基因分型

目的 分析广东省外环境来源O1/O139群霍乱弧菌毒力基因的携带及基因分型特征,为霍乱防控提供依据.方法 选取2008 -2009年广东省O1/O139群霍乱弧菌水体分离株69株,水产品分离株16株和同期病例分离株5株,应用多重聚合酶链反应对ctxA、ace、zot、tcpA、tcpl、hlyA、ompU、toxR等8种毒力基因进行检测和分型分析.结果 90株O1/O139群霍乱弧菌均携带hlyA和toxR基因;5株病例菌株中有3株携带8种毒力基因,另外2株小川型菌株为非产毒株,基因型为hlyA+ toxR+ ompU+ zot+ tcpA+ tcpl+型和hlyA+ toxR+ tcpA+型;水体菌株中,稻叶型菌株以hlyA+ toxR+ ompU+ ace+ zot+ tcpl+型(34.15％)为主,小川型(66.67％)和O139群(70％)以hlyA+ toxR+型为主;水产品菌株中,稻叶型菌株以hlyA+ toxR+ ompU+ tcpl+型(75.00％)为主,小川型菌株各种基因型别均有分布,无明显优势基因型别.结论 广东省外环境来源O1/O139群霍乱弧菌以非产毒株广泛存在,毒力基因型别多样.     

2005年-2010年武汉市霍乱弧菌监测分析

目的:对2005年-2010年霍乱弧菌监测中分离的25株疑似菌株进行系统鉴定。方法:分离培养、血清学试验、系统生化鉴定(VITEK32)、PCR检测其分型及毒素基因、药敏试验。结果:25株菌鉴定为霍乱弧菌的有21株,与霍乱弧菌发生交叉凝集4株;病例监测主要为O139霍乱弧菌、外环境监测主要为O1群霍乱弧菌;病例监测菌株携带霍乱弧菌毒素基因(ctxAB)、其他菌株均不携带霍乱弧菌毒素基因(ctxAB)。药敏实验结果对诺氟沙星和环丙沙星敏感,对其他抗生素有不同程度的耐药。结论:武汉市霍乱弧菌在病例监测中主要为O139群霍乱弧菌产毒株、外环境监测中主要为O1群霍乱弧菌非产毒株,不同型别菌株存在不同程度耐药性。     

脉冲场凝胶电泳分型方法追溯霍乱传染源

目的　了解四川省 2 0 0 4年霍乱疫情分离菌株与常规监测的外环境和水产品中霍乱弧菌分离株之间的遗传相关性 ,追溯传染源 ,为预测疫情和制定防治措施提供依据。方法　O139群霍乱弧菌编码脂多糖 (LPS)特异性基因引物聚合酶链反应 (PCR)复核菌株 ,霍乱毒素 (CT)基因引物PCR检测霍乱毒力基因 ,脉冲场凝胶电泳 (PFGE)进行菌株的分子分型。结果　 2 5株受试菌株LPS基因 2对引物PCR结果均为阳性。所有 6株河水中分离的菌株均为CT基因阴性 ,其余均具有CT基因。 2 4株菌PFGE可分为 13个型。结论　LPS基因PCR检测结果从分子水平证实受试菌株均为O139群霍乱弧菌。河水中分离的 6株菌是非产毒株 ,其余菌株均具有致病性。环境水分离的O139群非产毒株之间以及产毒株与非产毒株之间遗传相关性较远。产毒株之间具有较高的同源性。四川省从甲鱼分离的O139群霍乱弧菌与同期流行的O139群霍乱弧菌分型的带型一致 ,在国内首次以分子流行病学分析提示甲鱼可能是四川省近年霍乱疫情主要传染来源之一。     

2009-2012年江西省外环境霍乱弧菌致病力及药敏检测

目的掌握江西省外环境中霍乱弧菌菌型分布、毒力基因、耐药现状,为霍乱防治提供科学依据。方法采用血清学分型法对外环境中分离的霍乱弧菌进行分型,同时以主要毒力基因ctx为引物对检索的霍乱弧菌进行PCR扩增,并应用K-B纸片法对部分菌株进行10种抗生素的药物敏感试验。结果 2009-2012年期间,共从外环境中分离到霍乱菌株156株。毒力实验结果显示37株O139群中15株扩增出与阳性对照一致的毒力基因(ctx)条带,而119株O1群除2株小川型外,其余均未扩增出毒力基因(ctx)条带,与阴性对照一致。药敏结果显示:O139群和O1群对丁胺卡那霉素、诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、头孢噻肟90%以上敏感。结论江西省2009-2012年间外环境中分离到的霍乱弧菌中,O139群与O1群并存,O1群为优势菌;水产品中O139群菌株绝大多数为产毒株,而O1群菌株绝大多数为非产毒株。应重点加强水产品的霍乱监测。药敏结果供霍乱治疗和必要时的预防药物选择提供依据。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.