急性氧乐果中毒大鼠血清酶的变化及维生素C保护作用

目的探讨急性氧乐果中毒大鼠血清丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的动态变化及维生素C的保护作用.方法 72只Wistar大鼠皮下注射不同浓度(0.1、0.5LD50)的氧乐果制备急性有机磷中毒(AOPP)模型,并给予维生素C 200mg/kg治疗,动态检测各组大鼠血清MDA、SOD、GSH-Px含量.结果 0.1LD50和0.5LD50组MDA含量明显高于对照组(P＜0.05),SOD和GSH-Px含量明显低于对照组(P＜0.05):而0.5LD50组MDA含量明显高于0.1LD50组(P＜0.05),SOD和GSH-Px含量明显低于0.1LD50组(P＜0.05);而给予VitC治疗后,MDA含量明显降低,SOD和GSH-Px含量明显升高.结论急性有机磷中毒时氧自由基参与了组织细胞的损伤,VitC治疗有一定的保护作用.     

牛磺酸对重复高正加速度(+Gz)应激大鼠心肌酶活性及抗氧化能力的影响

目的观察牛磺酸对高正加速度(+Gz)应激大鼠心肌酶活性及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响,探讨牛磺酸对心脏的保护作用。方法24只雄性大鼠随机分成对照组、+10Gz应激组和牛磺酸(Tau)组。经动物离心机+10Gz暴露后,麻醉后腹主动脉采血,测定各组大鼠心肌酶活性及心肌组织和血清中SOD的活性和MDA的含量。结果与牛磺酸组和对照组比较,+10Gz应激组大鼠血清肌酸激酶(CK)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和α-羟丁酸脱氢酶(α-HDB)活性均显著增加(P<0.05,P<0.01),牛磺酸组和对照组比较差异无显著性(P>0.05);与牛磺酸组和对照组比较,+10Gz应激组大鼠血清和组织中SOD活性降低,MDA含量增高。结论牛磺酸可以使+Gz应激大鼠抗氧化防御系统功能提高,心肌酶的活性降低,对+Gz应激大鼠的心脏具有保护作用。     

1,2-二甲基-3-羟基-4-吡啶酮和牛磺酸联合干预对铝染毒大鼠大脑皮层抗氧化系统的保护作用

目的探讨1,2-二甲基-3-羟基-4-吡啶酮(deferipone,DFP)和牛磺酸联合作用对染铝大鼠大脑皮层抗氧化系统的影响。方法将70只健康SPF级雄性Wistar大鼠按体重随机分为7组,以灌胃方式染毒,其中,阴性对照组给予1 ml生理盐水,连续8周;铝染毒组、牛磺酸干预组、低剂量DFP干预组、高剂量DFP干预组、牛磺酸+低剂量DFP干预组和牛磺酸+高剂量DFP干预组在前4周分别给予281.40 mg/kg三氯化铝溶液,后4周分别给予1 ml生理盐水、400 mg/kg牛磺酸、13.82 mg/kg DFP、27.44 mg/kg DFP、400 mg/kg牛磺酸、400 mg/kg牛磺酸;牛磺酸+低剂量DFP干预组和牛磺酸+高剂量DFP干预组给予400 mg/kg牛磺酸6 h后分别给予13.82、27.44 mg/kg DFP,每天1次。测定大鼠大脑皮层SOD、GSH-Px活力和MDA含量。结果与阴性对照组比较,铝染毒组大鼠大脑皮层SOD和GSH-Px活力均较低,而MDA含量较高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。与铝染毒组相比,在单独干预组中,仅高剂量DFP干预组可以显著提高SOD和GSH-Px活力,降低MDA的含量;牛磺酸干预组可以显著提高GSH-Px的活力水平以及降低MDA含量。在DFP和牛磺酸的联合作用下,大鼠大脑皮层的SOD和GSH-Px活力水平以及MDA含量均基本恢复正常。其中,与牛磺酸干预组和低剂量DFP干预组比较,牛磺酸+DFP干预组可以显著提高SOD和GSH-Px活力,降低MDA含量;且以牛磺酸+低剂量DFP干预组尤为显著。结论在本实验剂量范围内,牛磺酸和DFP联合干预可以对染铝大鼠大脑皮层的抗氧化系统起到保护作用,且效果优于牛磺酸或DFP单独干预。     

花青素对大鼠视网膜光化学损伤保护作用

目的 观察黑米皮花青素(BRACs)对视网膜光化学损伤(RPD)的保护效应与抗氧化能力的关系.方法60只SD大鼠随机分为对照组、光照组和BRACs干预组,采用苏木素-伊红染色和透射电镜技术观察视网膜形态结构变化,测定眼眶血中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性.结果 光照组大鼠视网膜结构紊乱,MDA含量(8.82 nmoL/mL)和SOD活性(27.08 U/mL)明显高于对照组(P＜0.05),GST活性(24.96 U/mL)低于对照组(P＜0.05);与光照组比较,BRACs干预组视网膜形态结构基本正常,MDA含量(6.85 nmol/mL)下降(P＜0.05),SOD、GSH-Px、GST活性(28.90,433.69,34.75U/mL)升高(P＜0.05).结论 BRACs对大鼠视网膜光化学损伤具有保护作用.     

牛磺酸对铅脂质过氧化损伤的拮抗作用

目的探讨牛磺酸(Tau)对铅致细胞脂质过氧化损伤的拮抗作用.方法 40只Wistar大鼠分为5组,即:空白对照组,染铅组,Tau的100、400、800组:为染铅4周后分别以100、400、800 mg@kg-1@d-1 Tau灌胃4周.第8周末处死动物,测定血铅、血清丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和肝、肾组织MDA、SOD、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)等指标水平.结果①Tau 100、Tau 400组大鼠血铅水平明显降低,与染铅组相比,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).②Tau 100、Tau 400组大鼠血清MDA含量降低,SOD活力升高,与染铅组相比,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).③各染铅组大鼠肝、肾组织MDA和GSH含量显著升高,SOD、GSH-Px活力明显降低,而Tau可拮抗铅的上述作用.其中,与染铅组相比,Tau 400、Tau 800组大鼠肝、肾MDA和GSH含量显著降低,SOD和GSH-Px活力明显恢复(P＜0.01或P＜0.05).结论 Tau可拮抗铅致大鼠血、肝、肾脂质过氧化损伤,对染铅大鼠有保护作用.     

牛磺酸联合维生素E对小鼠酒精性肝损伤的保护作用

为探讨牛磺酸联合维生素E对小鼠酒精性肝损伤的保护效果,将10月龄清洁级雄性昆明小鼠60只按体重随机分为3组,分别为正常对照(生理盐水)组、酒精性肝损伤组、牛磺酸+维生素E干预组,每组20只。酒精性肝损伤组和牛磺酸+维生素E干预组每天7:00以50度白酒灌胃,牛磺酸+维生素E干预组于19:00以0.5mol/L的牛磺酸灌胃,灌胃量均为10ml/kg,每天1次;维生素E通过添加在普通饲料中进行补充(400mg/kg饲料);连续染毒2周。测定血中甘油三酯(TG)、丙二醛(MDA)、脂褐质(LF)的含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活力,并对大鼠肝脏进行病理及免疫组化量化分析。结果显示,酒精性肝损伤小鼠血清TG、MDA和LF含量较高,SOD、GSH-Px活力均较低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。而牛磺酸+维生素E能显著降低酒精性肝损伤小鼠血清TG、MDA和LF的含量,并增强血清中SOD以及GSH-Px的活力,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。病理学观察显示,牛磺酸+维生素E能干预可显著改善酒精对小鼠肝脏的损伤。免疫组化定量分析显示,酒精性肝损伤组面密度高于正常对照组和牛磺酸+维生素E干预组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。表明牛磺酸联合维生素E可能通过抗氧化的途径来减轻酒精对肝脏的损伤。     

不同碘摄入水平对仔代大鼠脑组织抗氧化能力及相关基因表达的影响

目的通过研究不同碘摄入量的仔代大鼠脑组织抗氧化酶活力及其相关基因表达、过氧化产物含量,探讨碘对大鼠脑组织抗氧化能力的影响.方法将断乳后1个月的Wistar大鼠随机分为4组(即低碘组,适碘组,10倍碘组,50倍碘组),每组20只,分别饮用含不同碘浓度的水,每组每日总碘摄入量分别为＜1、6.15、61.5和307.5μg/d.饲养3个月后随机交配,仔鼠饲养28 d后,断头取其脑组织,称重,进行抗氧化酶活力及过氧化产物浓度测定,以RT-PCR方法检测抗氧化酶基因表达水平.结果与适碘组相比,大鼠脑内丙二醛(MDA)含量仅在低碘组明显升高(P＜0.01),超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力在低碘组升高(P＜0.05),在50倍碘组明显降低(P＜0.01);SOD/MDA在低碘组和50倍碘组均明显降低(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力在低碘组、10倍碘组和50倍碘组降低(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),GSH-Px/MDA也明显降低(P＜0.01).与适碘组相比,在10倍碘组和50倍碘组SODmRNA表达降低,各组GSH-Px mRNA表达无明显变化.结论碘缺乏和碘过量都可对仔代大鼠脑组织抗氧化能力有影响,造成脑组织自由基损伤,且低碘组比高碘组损伤明显;SOD和GSH-Px活力受转录、翻译、翻译后修饰等多水平调控.     

谷胱甘肽和α-硫辛酸对锰致大鼠体内过氧化反应的影响

将Wistar大鼠32只随机分为4组,即对照组、单纯染锰组、硫辛酸(LA)干预组、谷胱甘肽(GSH)干预组。对照组腹腔注射生理盐水,其余各组腹腔注射MnCl2150μmol/kg,2 h后,对照组、单纯染锰组皮下注射生理盐水,每周染毒5次;硫辛酸干预组皮下注射LA 35μmol/kg,谷胱甘肽干预组皮下注射GSH 1 mmol/kg,隔日干预,共计4周。测定肝、脑和肾组织中的谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛含量(MDA)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性。结果与对照组比较,单纯染锰组肝、脑、肾组织中的MDA含量均升高(P<0.05),GSH含量和GSH-Px、SOD的活性都有不同程度的降低;两干预组肾组织中MDA含量降低(P<0.01,P<0.05)。与单纯染锰组比较,GSH干预组肝组织的MDA、GSH含量降低(P<0.05),SOD、GSH-Px活性升高(P<0.05),脑和肾组织的MDA含量降低(P<0.05,P<0.01);LA干预组肝组织SOD、GSH-Px的活性升高(P<0.01),脑、肾组织的MDA含量降低(P<0.05,P<0.01)。提示GSH和LA对锰致大鼠氧化损伤有一定的拮抗作用。     

1,2-二甲基-3-羟基-4-吡啶酮和牛磺酸联合应用对铝染毒大鼠肾功能及抗氧化系统的保护作用

目的探讨1,2-二甲基-3-羟基-4-吡啶酮(deferipone,DFP)和牛磺酸联合作用对染铝大鼠肾脏功能、抗氧化系统及ATP酶活力的影响。方法将56只SPF级雄性Wistar大鼠按体重随机分为7组,以灌胃方式染毒。其中,阴性对照组给予1.0 ml/d生理盐水,连续8周。前4周,铝染毒组、牛磺酸干预组、低剂量DFP干预组、高剂量DFP干预组、牛磺酸与低剂量DFP联用组、牛磺酸与高剂量DFP联用组均给予281.40 mg/(kg·d)AlCl_3·6H_2O;后4周,各组分别给予1.0 ml/d生理盐水、400 mg/(kg·d)牛磺酸、13.82 mg/(kg·d)DFP、27.44 mg/(kg·d)DFP、400 mg/(kg·d)牛磺酸+13.82 mg/(kg·d)DFP、400 mg/(kg·d)牛磺酸+27.44 mg/(kg·d)DFP。测定大鼠肾脏Na~+K~+-ATP酶、Mg~(2+)-ATP酶、Ca~(2+)-ATP酶、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力和丙二醛(MDA)含量及肌酐(Cr)、尿素氮(BUN)含量。结果与铝染毒组相比,各干预组大鼠肾脏GSH-Px、Na~+K~+-ATP酶、Mg~(2+)-ATP酶活力均明显升高,肾脏MDA含量和血清BUN含量均明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);且高剂量DFP干预组及联合用药组大鼠肾脏SOD活力明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。与单独用药组相比,联合用药组Na~+K~+-ATP酶、Mg~(2+)-ATP酶、SOD、GSH-Px活力明显升高,MDA和血清BUN含量明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。各组间Ca~(2+)-ATP酶活力及血清Cr含量无明显差异(P0.05)。结论在一定剂量范围内,与牛磺酸或DFP单独用药相比,牛磺酸和DFP联合用药可以对染铝大鼠肾脏功能及抗氧化系统起到更好的保护作用。     

氟对原代培养大鼠海马神经元氧化应激的影响与DNA损伤作用

目的研究氟对原代培养大鼠海马神经元氧化应激和DNA损伤的影响.方法 SD大鼠原代培养的海马神经元暴露于20、40、80μg/ml氟化钠24h后,检测海马神经元超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力,还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)的含量,细胞外乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活力以及DNA损伤的情况.结果40、80μg/ml染毒组海马神经元内MDA含量高于对照组(P＜0.05),20、40、80 μg/ml染毒组GSH含量、GSH-Px活力低于对照组(P＜0.05),80μg/ml染毒组SOD活力低于对照组(P＜0.05).40、80μg/ml组细胞外LDH活力比对照组高(P＜0.05).彗星Olive尾矩升高(P＜0.01),相同剂量染氟组细胞内MDA含量与彗星Olive尾矩存在统计学的正相关关系(r=.895,P＜0.05).结论氟可引起大鼠海马神经元氧化应激和DNA损伤,氧化应激可能在氟致DNA损伤中起重要作用.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.