重症溃疡性结肠炎的药物治疗

本文参照1993年全国慢性非感染性肠道疾病学术研讨会制定的溃疡性结肠炎的诊断标准,对北京协和医院1974年1月至1995年1月的溃疡性结肠炎住院病人共148例进行了分析,着重探讨了我院对重症溃疡性结肠炎的药物治疗经验。结果显示,21年间溃疡性结肠炎在内科消化病的年住院率呈上升趋势,重症患者占72.3％。其临床治疗方法仍以激素、水杨酸偶氮磺胺吡啶和免疫抑制剂为主要治疗药物。本病在我院内科治疗的临床缓解率达95.9％,其中重症的临床缓解率达95.3％。死亡率为6.08％。我们提出对溃疡性结肠炎的内科治疗应遵循尽早控制症状、维持缓解、预防复发、防治并发症和掌握手术时机的原则:并根据病变的范围、疾病的活动性和严重程度、病程、病人的全身情况,以前用药情况和有无并发症等进行综合治疗。     

溃疡性结肠炎的并发症

溃疡性结肠炎是慢性复发性疾病,其并发症直接影响该病的预后。本文以1993年全国慢性非感染肠道疾病学术研讨对本病会制定的诊断标准,对北京协和医院1974年1月至1995年1月溃疡性结肠炎住院和门诊病人483例进行了分析,着重探讨并发症的种类与疾病严重程度的关系以及对预后的影响。本组病人并发症的发生率为6.2％(30/483)。重症患者并发症的发生率为24.3％。并发症的种类,按其发生频率的多少依次排列如下:严重电解质紊乱(9.01％)、肠梗阻(8.11％)、人出血、菌群失调,肠穿孔(各3.60％)、败血症(2.70％)、肠瘘、癌变(各1.80％).中毒性肠扩张(0.90％)。本组溃疡性结肠炎早期并发症,除电解质紊乱外尚有大出血、中毒性肠扩张、败血症多见,随病程迁延则以肠梗阻、肠瘘、肠穿孔和癌变为主。并发症多发生于重度活动期(24.3％);其中病变累及全结肠为82％,左半结肠仅为18％。住院病人中该病病死率为6.08％,并发症组为23.08％,高于无并发症组(2％)。因此,对溃疡性结肠炎的并发症,要提请广大临床医师注意:需早期诊断,积极治疗,以减少病死率。     

解读非住院溃疡性结肠炎患者内科治疗临床实践指南——多伦多共识

2015年非住院溃疡性结肠炎患者内科治疗临床实践指南―多伦多共识主要包括5个方面要点:(1)5-氨基水杨酸类药物仍然是治疗轻中度溃疡性结肠炎的一线药物;(2)糖皮质激素只用于活动性溃疡性结肠炎的诱导缓解,不用于维持治疗;(3)免疫制剂不能用于诱导缓解,可以用于维持缓解,其作用和地位有所下降;(4)生物制剂已经成为中重度或者顽固性溃疡性结肠炎一线或者二线治疗药物;(5)粪微生物移植等探索性临床研究仍缺乏大规模多中心临床验证。本文对有关内容进行介绍并加以解读。     

Retrospective study of 404 cases of patients with ulcerative colitis in Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan university

目的 调查近20年来我院溃疡性结肠炎(UC)住院患者的患病情况和临床病理变化,探讨溃疡性结肠炎的发病情况和临床特征.方法 收集近20年我院确诊为溃疡性结肠炎患者的临床资料,统计患病情况、临床特征、内镜及病理特点、治疗情况、病程与预后.结果 近20年我院溃疡性结肠炎患者明显增多,并呈逐渐上升趋势.404例患者中,男女比例1.23∶1,年龄6～84岁,平均年龄(42.7±14.8)岁,平均病程3.4年.溃疡性结肠炎主要临床表现为血便(80.2％)、腹泻(74.O％).肠外表现17例(4.2％),并发症19例(4.7％).病变以慢性复发型(62.1％)为主,轻、中度病变多见(85.9％),部位以左半结肠为主(68.3％).93.8％的溃疡性结肠炎患者经氨基水杨酸类药物和糖皮质激素治疗有效,手术患者14例(3.5％),死亡1例.结论 近20年来我院溃疡性结肠炎患者患病呈上升趋势,患者年龄偏大,病情较轻,病程较短,肠外表现和并发症少,手术病例少,死亡率低,内科治疗预后较好.     

溃疡性结肠炎临床特征分析及其处理对策评价

目的通过分析溃疡性结肠炎（UC）住院患者的临床特征并随访其预后,以评价目前溃疡性结肠炎的处理对策。方法收集2002年～2007年我院住院的溃疡性结肠炎患者,并对其病情、随访治疗和预后进行评估。结果共纳人溃疡性结肠炎患者64例,男女比例为1．56：1,年龄14～71岁,平均年龄（40±17）岁。消化系统表现以腹泻最多（95．3％）,其次为便血（84．4％）和腹痛（76．6％）,全身表现以发热（92．2％）多见。病变累及全结肠者占50．8％,重度活动期患者占82．8％。治疗药物主要为单纯氨基水杨酸制剂（67．2％）和氨基水杨酸制剂联合糖皮质激素（28．1％）。经内科治疗后完全缓解者占26．6％,有效者占71．9％。50％患者治疗后复发。结论本组溃疡性结肠炎以全结肠病变和重度活动期患者居多,肠外表现少,并发症少,癌变率较低,绝大多数患者经氨基水杨酸制剂和糖皮质激素治疗后可取得较好疗效,但复发率较高。     

联合用药保留灌肠治疗溃疡性结肠炎26例疗效观察

溃疡性结肠炎主要采用内科治疗，其目的是控制急性发作，维持缓解，减少复发，防治并发症。药物治疗常选用氨基水杨酸制剂、糖皮质激素及免疫抑制剂，多采用口服及静脉给药。我们2002-03／2004-01应用联合用药保留灌肠治疗溃疡性结肠炎26例，取得了较好的临床效果，现总结报告如下。     

急性重度溃疡性结肠炎的病情判断和内科救治

<正>急性重症溃疡性结肠炎(acute severe ulcerative colitis,ASUC)是内科急症,约1/4的溃疡性结肠炎患者会发展成重症,严重时会危及生命。尽管大多数患者可通过内科药物转换治疗得以缓解,但仍有14%～20%的患者需手术转换治疗[1]。一般认为,大型综合医院炎症性肠病专业多学科诊治团队应将ASUC的病死率控制在1%以下。内科医生如何制定正确的诊疗策略对病情的预后至关重要,本文着重阐述ASUC的病情判断及内科救治     

药物保留灌肠治疗溃疡性结肠炎84例的效果观察

目的探讨药物保留灌肠治疗溃疡性结肠炎的,临床效果。方法随机选取84例溃疡性结肠炎者给予药物保留灌肠治疗（观察组）,同期选取85例给予常规口服药物治疗（对照组）,对两组患者临床治疗效果、临床症状消失时间和疾病活动指数等相关指标进行观察比较分析。结果观察组治疗总有效率（90．5％）高于对照组（64．7％）;与对照组比较,观察组患者临床症状消失时间缩短,疾病活动指数减少,差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0．05）。结论药物保留灌肠是治疗溃疡性结肠炎的有效方法,操作简便,值得临床推广应用。     

老年及老年前期初发型溃疡性结肠炎患者的临床和内镜特点

目的 探讨老年及老年前期初发型溃疡性结肠炎以及中青年初发型溃疡性结肠炎的临床和内镜下特点及治疗效果,以提高对老年初发型溃疡性结肠炎的进一步认识.方法 回顾性分析老年及老年前期与中青年初发型溃疡性结肠炎的发病部位,病变程度,病理表现及治疗缓解情况.结果 老年及老年前期初发型溃疡性结肠炎病变范围以直乙结肠及左半结肠为主,较中青年患者的发生率明显增高;老年及老年前期患者与中青年患者在疾病分度及病理表现上无明显差别.结论 两组应用水杨酸制剂及糖皮质激素治疗的缓解率无明显差别.     

喀什地区维吾尔族溃疡性结肠炎临床特征分析

背景:近年来溃疡性结肠炎(UC)的发病率逐年升高,且发病特征具有明显的地域和种族差异。目的:探讨喀什地区维吾尔族(维族)UC的临床特征。方法:纳入2003年2月-2012年2月新疆喀什地区第二人民医院确诊的维族UC患者,对入组患者的一般情况、UC临床类型、疾病严重程度、病变部位、并发症以及治疗情况进行回顾性分析。结果:共126例患者纳入研究。男女比例为1.03∶1(64/62),青年为高发年龄段(48.4%);临床类型以慢性复发型多见(50.0%);疾病严重程度以中重度多见(83.3%);病变部位以左半结肠为多见(45.2%);并发症发生率低(4.8%);治疗以内科药物为主。结论:喀什地区维族UC患者男女性别无明显差异,以青年高发,慢性复发型多见,疾病严重程度以中重度多见,病变部位以左半结肠多见,并发症发生率低,治疗以内科药物为主。     

Case of ulcerative colitis refractory to intravenous cyclosporine therapy successfully treated with infliximab]

A 26-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with relapse of ulcerative colitis (UC). We diagnosed it as a refractory UC because intravenous corticosteroid therapy had no effect. Intravenous cyclosporine therapy and other conventional therapies did not lead to remission. Then the possibility of infliximab was discussed with the patient and her parents and treatment with infliximab was started. Infliximab was infused intravenously at a dose of 5mg per kilograms of body weight. Immediately after the first infusion, clinical symptoms improved, and clinical remission was achieved within 12 weeks. It is suggested that infliximab can be effective for refractory UC.     

Update on the Management of Ulcerative Colitis

The treatment options for inflammatory bowel disease have expanded with the introduction of biological therapies. Recently published controlled clinical trials were searched and those that impact the clinical management of ulcerative colitis (UC) are discussed in this review. In the management of mild to moderate UC, mesalamine still remains the first choice of drug. The newly developed once daily formulations have shown equal efficacy to divided doses and possibly portend better compliance owing to a simplified regimen. In outpatients with moderate to severe UC, recent data indicate that infliximab induced and maintained remission leads to decreased colectomy rates and fewer hospitalizations. An alternative anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agent, adalimumab, was also recently shown to be effective for induction of remission in moderate to severe UC. The use of immunosuppressives, such as azathioprine and mercaptopurine, is associated with decreased colectomy rates and thioguanine was shown to be effective in maintaining clinical remission in those who are intolerant to azathioprine/mercaptopurine. In hospitalized patients with steroid resistant severe UC, infliximab and tacrolimus may be alternatives to cyclosporine in those who are otherwise candidates for colectomy. Adequate long-term maintenance therapy with immunosuppressives or anti-TNF therapy is required after rescue therapy for a sustained benefit. Future research is needed to position the available anti-TNF agents and combined immunosuppressive therapy in the treatment of UC to achieve and maintain steroid free remission.     

Inflammatory bowel disease: current therapeutic options

Medical management of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) includes two treatment strategies: induction and maintenance of remission. 5-Aminosalicylates are mostly used for mild active IBD and for maintenance treatment in ulcerative colitis (UC). Glucocorticoids remain, despite their frequent (and occasionally severe) side effects, as the mainstay for induction of remission in moderate to severe active IBD, both UC and Crohn's disease (CD). Cyclosporine and infliximab have emerged as the main, rapid-acting, alternatives in steroid-refractory UC and CD, respectively. Thiopurines (azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine) are the most efficient and used immunomodulators in IBD; steroid refractoriness, steroid dependency, and long-term maintenance of remission for both UC and CD are their main indications. Methotrexate and infliximab may be used in the same clinical settings as thiopurines in CD, but not in UC; however, these drugs are a second-line treatment because of safety profile and economic costs.     

重型溃疡性结肠炎的临床特点与治疗转归

目的评价重型溃疡性结肠炎（UC）的临床疗效及治疗转归,寻找提示疗效及预后的相关因素.方法回顾性分析41例住院重型UC患者的病例资料.记录临床表现及诊疗经过,对柳氮磺胺吡啶（SASP）/5氨基水杨酸（5-ASA）、皮质激素、免疫抑制剂等药物疗效进行评价,并对手术病例进行分析.结果重型UC患者占同期住院UC患者的28.5%（41/144）,其中17.1%（7/41）伴肠道外表现;92.7%（38/41）为全结肠型病变,初发型、慢性持续型及慢性复发型分别占36.9%（15/41）、36.9%（15/41）和26.8%（11/41）;控制急性发作主要药物为激素,占61.0%（25/41）;31例（75.6%）重型UC经药物治疗缓解,7例（17.1%）最终手术治疗.发病年龄轻、全结肠病变、低血红蛋白、低血清白蛋白是提示药物疗效差、需手术治疗的相关因素.结论对于重型UC,除积极系统的药物治疗外,应及时评估药物疗效及手术需求.     

Ulcerative colitis: prevention of relapse

The clinical management of ulcerative colitis (UC) involves first treating the acute symptoms to induce remission, and then successfully maintaining it. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acids are safe and useful for maintaining remission in patients with UC. In terms of adherence, a once-daily form of 5-aminosalicylic acid is superior in maintaining remission as compared with split dosing. Patients at high risk of relapse may be candidates for treatment with thiopurines and/or biologics in the early stages of UC. Calcineurin inhibitors, such as cyclosporine and tacrolimus, are effective for severe, steroid-refractory UC patients. It is suggested that these patients use thiopurines as their maintenance therapy once they achieve remission with calcineurin inhibitors. Recent studies have confirmed that biologics are effective for inducing clinical and endoscopic remission of UC, and thus they may improve long-term prognosis of UC.     

Therapeutic efficacy of leukocytapheresis in a pregnant woman with severe active ulcerative colitis

Leukocytapheresis has recently been used to induce remission in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) who fail to respond to corticosteroids. We could not find a report in the literature on leukocytapheresis for UC with gestational exacerbation. We have recently encountered this unique condition and report the details here. A 30-year-old Japanese woman with left-sided severe UC was corticosteroid-dependent and had recurrence of the active disease during tapering of corticosteroid. She declined any dose increase and the use of any immunosuppressive agent because she was in the 13th week of pregnancy. Then, concomitant leukocytapheresis was performed without increasing the corticosteroid dose. Recovery was rapid and dramatic. Mucous and bloody stool decreased after the first session, and she had remission 2 weeks later. She underwent a total of four sessions without complications. After 6 weeks, she was discharged from our hospital and underwent maintenance treatment as an outpatient with mesalazine and corticosteroid tapering. Subsequently, she gave birth to a healthy baby girl by an uncomplicated vaginal delivery while keeping the remitted stage of UC.     

Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of ulcerative colitis in Chinese population: experience from a single center in Hong Kong

Background and Aim: Rising incidence and prevalence of ulcerative colitis (UC) had been observed in Asian countries. We conducted a study in an Asian center, aiming to describe the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of UC in local Chinese population. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of patients with diagnosis of UC in our hospital from June 1990 to December 2006. The diagnosis of UC has to satisfy the internationally accepted criteria. All patients were Chinese residents in a well‐defined catchment area. Clinical and epidemiological data were obtained from medical records and patient interviews. Results: Seventy‐three Chinese UC patients had been managed in our hospital. The hospital‐based prevalence had risen by three times over a 10‐year period, but no definite rising incidence can be demonstrated. The mean age at diagnosis was 40.6 years and the median duration of disease is 72 months. In our patient cohort, 38.4% had ulcerative proctitis and 26% had left‐sided UC, whereas 35.6% had extensive UC at presentation. The majority presented with mild (39.7%) or moderate (30.2%) disease activity, but 27.4% presented with severe disease. Two patients (2.7%) present with fulminant disease with one of them developed toxic megacolon. Extra‐gastrointestinal manifestations occurred in 13.7%. During the follow‐up period, most patients (86.3%) were in disease remission. Four patients (5.5%) underwent colectomy, four patients (5.5%) died, and two patients (2.7%) were lost to follow up. Conclusion: The prevalence but not the incidence of UC is rising in Chinese population. It usually affects young patients and a substantial proportion of patients presented with severe and fulminant disease. The disease activity of most Chinese patients can be controlled with medical treatment, though a small proportion of patients need surgery or have fatal outcome.     

Efficacy and Safety of Adsorptive Granulocyte and Monocyte Apheresis in Elderly and Pregnant Patients With Ulcerative Colitis

In patients with active ulcerative colitis (UC), adsorptive granulocyte/monocyte apheresis (GMA) is expected to promote remission. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of GMA in patients with active UC. Twenty‐one UC patients including five pregnant or lactating mothers and four elderly patients (aged >60 years) received up to 10 GMA sessions. UC severity was evaluated at baseline and after GMA therapy according to Lichtiger's Clinical Activity Index (CAI). We defined clinical remission as CAI ≤4. Overall, the median CAI score after GMA therapy had decreased from 9 to 4 (P < 0.001). The clinical remission rate was 62%, but in the elderly and pregnant or lactating mothers, the remission rates were 100% and 60%, respectively. No severe adverse effects were seen in this study. Our results may support GMA as an effective and safe treatment for active UC patients, including elderly patients and pregnant cases.     

Intravenous cyclosporine versus intravenous corticosteroids as single therapy for severe attacks of ulcerative colitis

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Cyclosporine has been effective in patients with steroid-refractory attacks of ulcerative colitis (UC). We investigated the effects of intravenous (IV) cyclosporine as single IV therapy (without glucocorticosteroids) for severe UC and compared these with the response to glucocorticosteroids. METHODS: Patients with a severe attack of UC were randomized to treatment with IV cyclosporine, 4 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1), or with methylprednisolone, 40 mg/day, in a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. After 8 days, patients who had a response received the same medication orally in combination with azathioprine. Patients were followed up clinically, endoscopically, and by scintigraphy. Renal function was assessed using urinary inulin clearances. Endpoints were clinical improvement, discharge from the hospital, and remission up to 12 months after intravenous therapy. RESULTS: Thirty patients were included. After 8 days, 8 of 15 patients (53%) who received methylprednisolone had a response to therapy vs. 9 of 14 (64%) receiving cyclosporine. In nonresponders, 3 of 7 methylprednisolone patients and 1 of 3 cyclosporine patients improved when both treatments were combined. No serious drug-related toxicity was observed with either treatment. At 12 months, 7 of 9 patients (78%) initially controlled with cyclosporine maintained their remission vs. 3 of 8 (37%) initially treated with methylprednisolone. No clinically significant decrease of renal function was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Cyclosporine monotherapy is an effective and safe alternative to glucocorticosteroids in patients with severe attacks of UC.     

自体造血干细胞移植治疗难治性炎症性肠病10例回顾与随访

目的 回顾自体造血干细胞移植(HSCT)治疗10例炎症性肠病(IBD)患者的疗效及安全性.方法 2004年1月至2006年8月,采用HSCT治疗9例糖皮质激素及免疫抑制剂治疗无效的克罗恩病(CD)患者及1例Truelove临床重型溃疡性结肠炎(UC)患者.CD患者中2例CD活动指数(CDAD大于450(严重型),6例CDAI为150～450(活动型).1例UC患者为全结肠炎型.经环磷酰胺(CTX)及粒细胞刺激因子动员后,采集患者外周血于细胞,行CD34+细胞分选并置液氮保存,2周后行CTX及抗淋巴细胞球蛋白预处理,将解冻的干细胞回输.结果 HSCT后3和12个月时分别有5例和1例患者CDAI<150(完全缓解).2例术后CDAI分值下降但未达缓解标准;完全缓解者症状消失,血液检查指标正常,体重明显增加(5～20 kg).平均随访16.1个月,复发4例,除1例病情严重外,余均较术前病情减轻;5例患者获长期缓解.1例UC患者术后10个月无复发症状,血液检查指标均正常,但肠镜复查示无明显改善.与HSCT治疗相关的并发症有干细胞回输期间与白细胞减少相关的发热及感染、术后脱发,1例乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)携带者术后转氨酶水平及HBV-DNA滴度增高.结论 HSCT可改善其他方法治疗无效的难治性IBD,近期疗效满意,部分患者可获较长期的缓解,治疗期间无严重不良反应,但不能阻止病情复发,且不能改善患者肠道病理改变.