颈胸段结核手术治疗方式的选择

目的：探讨颈胸段脊柱结核的手术方式选择及其临床预后。方法2007年1月～2012年1月共收治21例颈胸段脊柱结核患者,根据胸骨柄上缘和病变节段的关系,15例患者行一期前路病灶清除、植骨融合、内固定术。6例患者行一期前路病灶清除、植骨融合、后路植骨融合内固定术。术前神经功能按美国脊髓损伤协会（ American spinal injury association, ASIA）分级：B级2例,C级4例,D级8例,E级7例。结果所有患者均获得随访,平均随访41．6个月。所有患者术后1年均获得骨性愈合,无一例发生内固定松动、移位、断裂。颈胸段后凸Cobb 角由术前的30．8°±5．7°改善至末次随访的10．0°±2．3°;颈椎功能障碍指数（neck disability index, NDI）由术前的39．7±4．8改善至末次随访的23．1±3．4。术后患者的神经功能平均提高了1．6级,末次随访时ASIA分级D级2例,E级19例。结论对于颈胸段结核,低位颈前入路可以实现病灶的彻底清除。应根据胸骨柄上缘水平切迹线和病变节段的关系决定具体个体化固定方式。     

颈胸段结核手术治疗方式的选择

目的：探讨颈胸段脊柱结核的手术方式选择,及其临床预后。方法：2007年1月。2012年1月我院共收治21例颈胸段脊柱结核患者,根据胸骨柄上缘和病变节段的关系,15例患者行一期前路病灶清除、植骨融合、内固定术。6例患者行一期前路病灶清除、植骨融合,后路植骨融合内固定术。术前神经功能ASIA分级：B级2例,C级4例,D级8例,E级7例。结果：所有患者均获得随访,平均随访时间为41．6个月。所有患者在术后1年均获得骨性愈合,无1例发生内固定松动、移位、断裂。颈胸段后凸Cobb＇s角由术前的（30．8±5．7）°改善至末次随访的（10±2．3）°（P〈0．01）;ODI评分由术前的49．7±4．8改善至末次随访的23．1±3．4（P〈0．01）。术后患者的神经功能平均提高了1．6级,末次随访时ASIA分级D级2例,E级19例。结论：对于颈胸段结核,低位颈前入路可以实现病灶的彻底清除。应根据胸骨柄上缘水平切迹线和病变节段的关系,决定具体的个体化固定方式。     

一期后路固定前路病灶清除植骨治疗胸腰段椎体结核

目的探讨一期后路内固定联合前路病灶清除植骨融合治疗胸腰段椎体结核。方法2003年2月至2011年2月手术治疗胸腰段椎体结核23例,应用一期后路内固定联合经前路结核病灶清除植骨融合治疗胸腰椎体结核,根据术前、术后X线片分析植骨融合及术后畸形矫正效果。结果经14～54个月随访,脊髓功能得到不同程度的恢复,植骨融合满意,无内固定失败和脊柱结核病灶复发。结论一期后路内固定联合经前路结核病灶清除植骨融合治疗胸腰段椎体结核具有脊柱后凸侧弯畸形易于矫正、前路结核病灶减压彻底、内固定远离病灶等优点,是治疗脊柱胸腰段结核的一种有效手术方法。其缺点是手术创伤较大、时间较长、操作相对繁杂。     

一期前路病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗胸腰椎结核

目的总结一期前路病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗胸腰椎结核的经验。方法采用一期前路病灶清除、自体植骨、前路内固定治疗胸腰椎结核19例。结果平均随访15个月,脊髓神经功能得到不同程度地恢复,术后平均5.2个月达满意植骨融合,无内固定失败和脊柱结核病灶复发,后凸畸形矫正满意,Cobb角平均23.4°,平均矫正21.3°。结论一期前路病灶清除植骨融合内固定术可使病变节段在术后即刻重建稳定性,为脊柱融合和结核病灶的静止提供良好的力学环境,是外科治疗脊柱结核安全、有效的方法。     

脊柱结核病灶清除植骨内固定24例报告

目的：总结脊柱结核病灶清除植骨一期内固定的疗效及经验。方法：本组24例，年龄30～61岁，平均病程10．5个月，计中下颈段3例，中胸段7例，胸腰段5例，腰段5例，腰骶段4例。15例术前有不全瘫。均行前路病灶清除，19例同时行前路内固定，4例后路内固定。结果：24例随访8～12个月，术后4～8个月植骨融合，内固定无松动、无复发及感染。结论：脊柱结核前路病灶清除一期植骨内固定可行，应视病灶部位选择前路或后路内固定。     

脊柱结核病灶清除植骨内固定24例报告

目的:总结脊柱结核病灶清除植骨一期内固定的疗效及经验。方法:本组24例,年龄30～61岁,平均病程10.5个月,计中下颈段3例,中胸段7例,胸腰段5例,腰段5例,腰骶段4例。15例术前有不全瘫。均行前路病灶清除,19例同时行前路内固定,4例后路内固定。结果:24例随访8～12个月,术后4～8个月植骨融合,内固定无松动、无复发及感染。结论:脊柱结核前路病灶清除一期植骨内固定可行,应视病灶部位选择前路或后路内固定。     

脊柱结核病灶清除植骨内固定24例报告

目的:总结脊柱结核病灶清除植骨一期内固定的疗效及经验.方法:本组24例,年龄30～61岁,平均病程10.5个月,计中下颈段3例,中胸段7例,胸腰段5例,腰段5例,腰骶段4例.15例术前有不全瘫.均行前路病灶清除,19例同时行前路内固定,4例后路内固定.结果:24例随访8～12个月,术后4～8个月植骨融合,内固定无松动、无复发及感染.结论:脊柱结核前路病灶清除一期植骨内固定可行,应视病灶部位选择前路或后路内固定.     

前路内固定治疗胸腰椎结核伴后凸畸形与截瘫

目的：探讨前路植骨内固定治疗胸腰段脊柱结核伴后凸畸形与截瘫的疗效。方法：1996年～2002年4月采用前路病灶清除，植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎结核伴后凸畸形与截瘫62例，观察术后植骨融合、畸形矫正、截瘫恢复及结核病灶愈合情况。结果：平均随访2年2个月，56例患者获访，平均融合时间为3．6个月。骨性融合率100％。在胸段、胸腰段及腰段后凸畸形分别平均纠正29°、15°及9°，随访时无矫正度丢失；伴截瘫者11例，Frankel神经功能平均恢复2级；本组脊柱结核均治愈。结论：一期前路病灶清除植骨内固定，融合时间短，畸形矫正效果好，减压彻底，有利于截瘫恢复。     

前方入路病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗颈胸段结核

目的:探讨前方入路结核病灶清除、自体或同种异体髂骨移植、钢板内固定治疗颈胸段结核的效果。方法:2000年6月至2010年12月,采用标准右前方入路联合胸骨柄正中劈开显露病变椎体,行病灶清除、植骨融合和内固定术治疗颈胸段结核患者20例,男17例,女3例;年龄25～46岁,平均38岁;病史3个月～2年,平均12个月。患者慢性发病,颈部持续性疼痛、僵硬、畸形,同时伴有低热、盗汗、消瘦等全身症状。术前X线片、CT、MRI检查提示病变部位:C7-T110例,T16例,T1-T33例,T2-T31例。颈胸段后凸Cobb角25°～60°,平均35°。术前Frankel分级:A级2例,B级4例,C级7例,D级2例,E级5例。术后定期复查X线片了解Cobb角变化和椎间植骨融合情况,采用NDI(颈椎残障功能量表)和Frankel分级评定术后临床症状和脊髓功能恢复情况。结果:术中无大血管、脊髓或喉返神经损伤,20例患者均获随访,时间16～39个月,平均25个月。所有患者结核症状消失,无复发、切口感染、窦道形成或内固定失败等并发症,复查血沉结果正常。术后3～6个月复查X线片提示椎间植骨均获骨性愈合,内固定位置正常。末次随访Cobb角10°～16°,平均12°。NDI评分从术前的(48.2±2.9)分降低至终末随访的(22.5±3.1)分。除2例术前脊髓功能A级末次随访未见恢复外,其余患者脊髓功能Frankel分级平均提高1.5级,其中A级2例,B级1例,C级1例,D级3例,E级13例。结论:经前方入路显露颈胸段结核病灶安全可靠,椎管减压效果显著,病灶清除后行自体或同种异体髂骨植骨,钢板内固定可有效重建颈胸段脊柱的稳定性。     

一期后路内固定前路病灶清除植骨融合术治疗胸腰段脊柱结核

目的探讨一期后路内固定前路病灶清除植骨融合术治疗胸腰段脊柱结核的手术效果。方法对75例胸腰段脊柱结核患者均采用一期后路内固定前路病灶清除植骨融合术。其中后路采用AF内固定、前路采用自体肋骨支撑植骨8例,后路采用钉棒系统内固定、前路采用自体肋骨支撑植骨40例,后路用钉棒系统固定、前路采用钛网植骨27例。结果手术时间150～270 min;术中失血量750～2 100 ml。术中无大血管、硬脊膜损伤。术后并发症:前路切口感染1例,脊神经根激惹1例,交感神经激惹1例,均在3个月内恢复。75例均获随访,时间20～60个月。植骨融合率:术后6个月为91.5%,术后1年为100%。末次随访时Frankel分级:B级6例均恢复至D级,C、D级37例均恢复至E级。两下肢感觉运动功能、括约肌功能均得到一定程度恢复。无内固定松动断裂,结核病灶无复发。结论术前经过充分准备,以规范的全身抗结核治疗(化疗)为基础,加强营养支持治疗,采用后路固定前路病灶清除植骨融合术可以获得满意疗效。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.