南京市区独生子女与非独生子女依恋特点的比较

目的 从依恋理论的视角对南京市区经济文化水平条件下独生子女与非独生子女的依恋特点进行分析。方法 利用2010-2013年调查的南京市区正常儿童一般情况调查表与青少年依恋问卷资料,对99名独生子女与87名非独生子女的问卷结果进行比较,分析两组儿童的依恋特点,以及父母文化程度、性别、不同年龄阶段对依恋特点的影响。结果 独生子女组家庭依恋亲和性、消极性、依赖性、焦虑性,朋友依恋亲和性、消极性、依赖性、焦虑性得分与非独生子女组差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。父母文化程度、性别、不同年龄阶段对独生子女与非独生子女青少年依恋问卷各因子影响无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论 南京市区独生子女与非独生子女的依恋特征相同。父母文化程度、性别、不同年龄阶段对独生子女与非独生子女的依恋特征无影响。     

广州某高校独生子女学生生死观及其影响因素分析

目的 探讨广州市某高校独生子女大学生的生死观及其影响因素,为促进独生子女大学生身心健康发展提供依据.方法 多阶段分层随机抽取广州市某高校52名独生子女和228名非独生子女大学生,采用自拟调查问卷调查其生死观情况,通过拟合3个Logistic回归模型,分析筛选出生死观的主要影响因素.结果 独生子女自杀行为发生率(8.2％)高于非独生子女(0.9％),差异有统计学意义,且独生子女生死观10个维度的得分均比非独生子女低.独生子女生死观较非独生子女消极(OR =2.455),在调整人际关系、自信心、情绪、交友恋爱、挫折解决能力和个人信仰等因素影响后,独生子女生死观依然较消极( OR=1.425),但差异无统计学意义.结论 是否独生子女并非影响生死观的独立危险因素.高校应与家庭相结合,共同帮助独生子女大学生树立正确的生死观.     

中国独生子女大学生性别角色特质分析

了解独生子女大学生性别角色类型分布状况,为独生子女的性别教育提供科学依据.方法 采用中国大学生性别角色量表(CSRI-50),对分层整群抽取的中国27所大学1890名独生子女和3 097名非独生子女大学生进行调查.结果 独生子女大学生未分化比例高于非独生子女,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).独生子女中,男大学生双性化比例高于女大学生;来自城市的大学生女性化比例高于来自农村的学生;担任过班干部的大学生未分化比例低,双性化比例高,差异有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).结论 独生子女未分化比例高,性别角色发展存在较大偏差.民主型教养方式及社会实践有利于性别角色发展,而专制与溺爱的教养方式容易导致性别角色发展出现偏差.     

陕西省一年级小学生口腔健康状况和行为调查

目的 了解并分析陕西省小学生口腔健康状况和行为情况,为采取小学校口腔健康干预措施提供依据.方法 根据调查目标设定小学生口腔健康检查表和口腔健康家长问卷表,采用分层抽样的方法选择调查样本895名,由经过培训并通过标准一致性检验合格的20名口腔执业医师进行口腔健康检查.有效样本887名,调查表合格率为99.1％.利用FoxPr0 6.0软件建立数据库,SPSS 13.0软件进行统计描述分析.结果 患龋人数503人,龋失补牙数为1 805颗,患龋率为56.71％,龋均为(2.03±2.64),龋齿充填率为7.15％,刷牙率为75.87％,含氟牙膏使用率为37.09％,1 a内牙科就诊率为47.35％.结论 一年级小学生口腔健康状况不乐观,应采取多种形式加强口腔健康教育和口腔医疗服务,提高小学生口腔健康水平.     

2010年教育系统职工口腔健康状况评价

[目的]为规范口腔健康教育工作,帮助教育系统职工掌握正确的口腔卫生保健知识,养成良好的口腔卫生习惯,对某系统职工口腔健康状况进行普查,掌握职工口腔健康状况。[方法]采用普查方式,参考WHO推荐的口腔健康调查方法,对教育系统职工进行口腔健康情况检查并进行统计分析。[结果]研究中有口腔异常情况人数占所有职工人数的50.34%,男、女职工口腔异常情况经χ2检验,差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05);有牙周组织疾病人数共599人,龋病553人,有牙齿缺损缺失情况751人,其余不良口腔情况540人,经χ2检验(P﹤0.05),职工不良口腔情况在各年龄分布不同,差异有统计学意义。[结论]良好的卫生习惯可有效改善职工口腔健康状况,牙周疾病、龋齿是防治工作重点,今后应采取措施提高职工口腔保健意识,培养正确的口腔卫生习惯。     

老年人健康管理社区卫生服务适宜技术应用需求研究

目的 了解我国城市社区老年人健康状况及医疗服务需求,为提高社区老年人生活质量提供参考依据.方法 采用随机抽样方法收集调查问卷,对获得样本数据采用x2检验进行健康状况评价及医疗服务需求分析.结果 本社区老年人自报慢性病患病者占62.69％;生活完全不能自理者占3.11％;生活不能自理时主要选择在家中护理方式,占75.13％;医疗服务需求选择就近医疗者占63.73％;临终服务的选择差异无统计学意义.结论 我国城市社区老年人慢性病患病率高,对医疗服务需求大,应进一步扩大社区卫生服务对社区老年人的覆盖面,完善社区医疗服务功能,满足老年人的医疗卫生服务需求.     

间隔15年中国海军人员口腔健康状况对比

[目的]了解海军人员口腔健康情况,对比观察其间隔15年口腔健康情况.[方法]根据全军口腔健康调查标准,设定口腔健康状况调查记录方法.采用分层、整群抽样方法抽取样本.采用Foxpro6.0软件建立数据库,SPSS11.5软件进行统计描述分析.[结果]1993年和2008年分别调查海军男性人员3 530人和2 927人,龋均值从0.40上升到0.69,患龋率从21.8%上升到30.2%,牙周健康率从60.6%下降到43.9%.[结论]海军官兵口腔健康状况不客乐观,其口腔疾病情况有加重的趋势,需要改善口腔疾病医疗条件、加强口腔疾病预防工作、尽快建立口腔疾病防治程序.     

保定市独生子女与非独生子女父母教养方式、成就动机及自尊的研究

目的探讨父母教养方式对城市独生子女与非独生子女自尊及成就动机的影响。方法随机整群抽取保定市区12所中学的655名居住地为城市的学生作为研究对象。采用基本情况调查表、父母教养方式问卷(EMBU)、自尊量表(ESE)、成就动机量表进行调查。使用SPSS 17.0软件进行分析。结果在父母教养方式的比较中,城市独生子女的父亲采取偏爱被试、拒绝否认的教养方式明显高于非独生子女的父亲[(11.75±3.80)vs(10.11±3.42),t=5.39;(11.02±3.29)vs(10.40±3.54),t=2.14],差异具有统计学意义(Ps0.01,Ps0.05);城市独生子女的母亲采取偏爱被试的教养方式明显高于非独生子女的母亲[(11.78±3.82)vs(10.13±3.46),t=5.37],差异具有统计学意义(P0.001)。在成就动机量表比较中,城市独生子女追求成功[(49.00±11.51)vs(52.55±10.55),t=3.68]及避免失败因子得分均低于非独生子女[(44.02±10.44)vs(45.97±10.92),t=2.14],差异具有统计学意义(Ps0.01,Ps0.05)。城市独生子女自尊量表得分低于非独生子女,差异具有统计学意义[(21.18±4.53)vs(22.01±5.04),t=2.05,P=0.041]。结论不同的父母教养方式可能是导致城市独生子女与非独生子女在自尊及成就动机方面出现差异的原因之一。     

中国城市独生子女与非独生子女婚前性行为及影响因素研究

目的:了解中国城市独生子女与非独生子女婚前性行为发生状况及影响因素,为开展城市青年健康教育提供科学依据。方法:2009年11～12月,采用多阶段随机抽样的方法对北京、保定、西安和黄石等4个城市中年龄20～34岁的1474名独生子女和1808名非独生子女进行入户问卷调查,选取其中1631名未婚者进行分析。结果:①发生婚前性行为比例独生子女为23.6%,非独生子女为27.0%,差异无统计学意义;②初次婚前性行为的年龄为21.27±2.47岁,其中独生子女为21.39±2.77岁,非独生子女为21.15±2.14岁,差异无统计学意义;③多因素分析结果表明,男性、大龄、文化程度低、有异性朋友、无业,以及不与父母同住者更易发生婚前性行为(P<0.05)。结论:中国城市青年的婚前性行为发生比例较高,与其是否为独生子女无关,而与所处的时代及社会环境有关。因此,有关部门应针对城市青年的特点开展有针对性的、系统全面的生殖健康教育。     

海南医学生口腔卫生保健调查

目的 了解海南省医学生口腔健康和健康行为现状,为进行口腔健康教育提供科学依据.方法 采用自制的调查表对762名海南省医学生进行横断面调查.结果 ①龋齿患病率44.88％,男女间差异无统计学意义(x2=2.689,P=0.101);25.85％的学生牙龈经常出血,男女间差异无统计学意义(x2=0.027,P=0.870).②29.13％的学生选用小头软毛牙刷,男女间差异有统计学意义(x2=18.843,P=0.003);3个月内换1次牙刷学生占78.61％,男女间差异有统计学意义(x2=7.731,P=0.005);37.79％的学生使用竖刷方式.③每年应进行口腔检查1次的知晓率为49.87％,男女间差异有统计学意义(x2=7.593,P=0.006);知晓牙齿矫正技术的学生占87.66％,不同年级间牙齿矫正技术知晓率差异有统计学意义(x2=26.861,P＜0.001).结论 医学生口腔健康状况不容乐观,口腔健康行为有待提高,在医学院校开展口腔健康教育相关课程十分必要.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.